Final Exam Understanding The Self Chapter 2 Lesson 1 PDF

FINAL EXAM UNDERSTANDING THE SELF CHAPTER 2: LESSON 1 PHYSICAL SELF and SEXUAL SELF Reproductive System ​ The system responsible for producing gametes (sperm and egg cells) and ensuring reproductive functions. In the embryo, reproductive structures begin forming around the...

FINAL EXAM UNDERSTANDING THE SELF CHAPTER 2: LESSON 1 PHYSICAL SELF and SEXUAL SELF Reproductive System ​ The system responsible for producing gametes (sperm and egg cells) and ensuring reproductive functions. In the embryo, reproductive structures begin forming around the eighth week and are initially identical (indifferent stage). Gonads ​ Reproductive glands (testes in males, ovaries in females) that produce gametes and hormones. Testosterone leads to male development, while the absence of testosterone results in female development. Hormones ​ Chemical substances regulating reproductive development. Testosterone is crucial for male development, while estrogen plays a key role in female puberty and fertility. Germ Cells ​ Specialized cells in the gonads responsible for producing gametes (sperm and eggs) through the process of meiosis. Cell Division and Multiplication of Cells ​ A process by which germ cells undergo meiosis, reducing chromosome numbers by half to produce gametes for reproduction. Turner's Syndrome ​ A genetic condition caused by the absence or incompleteness of one X chromosome in females, leading to short stature, infertility, and delayed puberty. Down's Syndrome ​ A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21), resulting in developmental delays, distinct physical features, and potential health issues. Puberty Period ​ The stage of life, typically between 10 and 15 years, when reproductive organs mature under rising hormone levels. ○​ Males: Begins ~13 years, marked by reproductive organ growth, pubic/axillary/facial hair, and mature semen production. ○​ Females: Starts ~11 years with breast budding; menarche (first menstrual period) occurs about two years later. Diseases Associated with the Reproductive System ​ Infections ○​ The most common problems associated with the reproductive system in adults. ○​ Vaginal infections are more prevalent in young and elderly women and those with low resistance to diseases. Erogenous Zones ​ Definition ○​ Parts of the body receptive to sexual arousal when touched. ​ Examples ○​ Common zones: mouth, breasts, genitals, anus. ○​ Additional areas: neck, thighs, abdomen, feet. ○​ Note: Preferences vary among individuals. Human Sexual Behavior ​ Definition ○​ Any activity inducing sexual arousal, whether solitary, between two people, or in a group. ​ Determinants ○​ Inherited sexual response patterns for reproduction. ○​ Societal restraints and influences on sexual expression. ​ Types of Behavior ○​ Solitary Behavior: Involving one individual. ○​ Sociosexual Behavior: Involving more than one person. ​ Heterosexual: Male and female. ​ Homosexual: Same gender. ​ Combination: Involving multiple individuals. Physiology of Human Sexual Responses ​ Sequential Phases 1.​ Excitement Phase ​ Increased pulse, blood pressure, skin temperature, and body part swelling. 2.​ Plateau Phase ​ Brief stage leading to orgasm if stimulation continues. 3.​ Sexual Climax ​ Intense pleasure, rapid pulse, pelvic muscle contractions, ejaculation (male). 4.​ Resolution Phase ​ Body returns to normal state. Nervous System Factors in Sexual Response ​ Role of Nervous System ○​ Autonomic system controls involuntary responses. ○​ Sensory messages sent to and interpreted by the brain. ○​ Brain directs muscles and glands for appropriate response. ​ Key Brain Areas ○​ Hypothalamus and limbic system regulate sexual responses. ○​ Experiments suggest innate patterns for mounting (masculine) and mounted (feminine) behaviors, though their role in humans remains unclear. Sexual Problems ​ Classifications 1.​ Physiological Problems ​ Causes: Genital abnormalities, neurophysiological issues, infections, or conditions like diabetes or cardiovascular problems. ​ Resolution: Often treatable with medication or surgery. 2.​ Psychological Problems ​ Causes: Social inhibitions, ignorance, myths, unrealistic ideals. ​ Example: Myths of ideal sexual performance lead to anxiety and guilt. 3.​ Social Problems ​ Influences societal perceptions and personal behaviors. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) ​ Definition ○​ Infections transmitted through sexual contact caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Common STDs and Their Definitions 1.​ Chlamydia ○​ A bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It often presents no symptoms but can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and infertility if untreated. 2.​ Gonorrhea ○​ A bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, affecting the genitals, rectum, and throat. Symptoms may include painful urination and abnormal discharge, but many cases are asymptomatic. 3.​ Syphilis ○​ A bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum. It progresses in stages and can cause painless sores, rashes, and severe complications like organ damage if untreated. 4.​ Chancroid ○​ A bacterial infection caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. It results in painful genital ulcers and swollen lymph nodes in the groin area.  5.​ Human Papillomavirus (HPV) ○​ A viral infection that can cause genital warts and is associated with cervical cancer. Some strains are preventable with vaccines. 6.​ Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) ○​ A viral infection that causes painful, recurrent blisters or sores. ​ HSV-1: Often causes oral herpes. ​ HSV-2: Primarily associated with genital infections. 7.​ Trichomonas Vaginalis ○​ A parasitic infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. It leads to symptomatic vaginitis with symptoms like itching, discharge, and discomfort during urination or intercourse. ​ Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception Natural Methods 1.​ Abstinence: 100% effective method. 2.​ Calendar Method: Avoid intercourse during fertile days. 3.​ Basal Body Temperature: Tracks ovulation via temperature changes. 4.​ Cervical Mucus Method: Monitors mucus changes during ovulation. 5.​ Symptothermal Method: Combines temperature and mucus tracking. 6.​ Ovulation Detection: Uses kits to predict ovulation via LH surge. 7.​ Coitus Interruptus: Withdrawal before ejaculation. Artificial Methods 1.​ Oral Contraceptives: Pills with estrogen and progesterone. 2.​ Transdermal Patch: Weekly hormone-releasing patch. 3.​ Vaginal Ring: Hormone-releasing ring inserted for three weeks. 4.​ Subdermal Implants: Rods inserted under the skin, effective for years. 5.​ Hormonal Injections: Administered every 12 weeks. 6.​ Intrauterine Device (IUD): Prevents fertilization for 5–7 years. 7.​ Chemical Barriers: Includes spermicides and vaginal gels. 8.​ Diaphragm: Disk placed over cervix to block sperm. 9.​ Cervical Cap: Rubber cap fitted on the cervix. 10.​Male and Female Condoms: Provide barrier protection during intercourse.  LESSON 2: MATERIAL SELF Material Self - The material self refers to the physical aspects of identity, including the body, clothes, family, and home. These elements become extensions of our self-concept as we invest emotionally and psychologically in them. The more we invest, the more we identify with them. Components of Material Self: 1.​ Body - The core of our identity, closely connected to our well-being. We care for it as it directly influences how we perceive ourselves. 2.​ Clothes - Clothing is an extension of the self. 3.​ Family - Our immediate family holds a crucial part of our self. Their successes and failures directly affect our own sense of identity. 4.​ Home - Home serves as a space that holds memories and marks the beginning of our selfhood. It is an extension of who we are. Herman Lotze’s Idea - Lotze proposed that "any time we bring an object in the surface of our body, we invest that object into the consciousness of our personal existence, taking in its contours to be our own and making it part of the self." This idea underscores how we incorporate external objects, like clothes, into our sense of self. We Are What We Have - According to Russell Belk, our possessions become part of our identity, especially when tied to significant people or events in our lives. Even after death, these possessions continue to symbolize the person’s identity. Effects of Material Possessions: 1.​ Achievement - Possessions represent fulfillment and accomplishments. 2.​ Loss - The loss of material possessions can bring about profound sadness and grief. 3.​ Expensiveness - Expensive items often hold greater value due to their rarity or cost. 4.​ Materialism - The desire for more possessions can lead to an unhealthy attachment to material wealth. 5.​ Compulsive Buying Disorder - An excessive, uncontrollable urge to purchase, which can lead to psychological distress and financial issues.  LESSON 3: SPIRITUAL SELF Spiritual Self - The spiritual self, according to William James in The Principles of Psychology (1890), is the most intimate part of the self. It involves an individual's moral sensibility, conscience, and the will to act. This form of self-awareness connects one with higher principles and a deeper sense of meaning in life. Spiritual self-identity is the inner journey one embarks upon, seeking a sense of purpose, connection, and belonging. As James suggests, this aspect of self is purer than any other form of satisfaction. The spiritual self plays a role in the way we perceive our place in the world, and it influences our values, beliefs, and sense of responsibility. Religion - Religion can be seen as a set of cultural beliefs and practices that bind individuals to a larger spiritual system. It involves the recognition of divine beings, sacred rituals, and a community of believers. Rebecca Stein (2011) defines religion with several key characteristics: 1.​ Belief in anthropomorphic supernatural beings like gods and spirits. 2.​ Reverence for the sacred, evoking awe and respect. 3.​ A belief in supernatural power that influences both spiritual and material worlds. 4.​ Ritual acts that manipulate sacred objects to communicate with divine entities. 5.​ The articulation of moral codes and worldviews through sacred texts and narratives. 6.​ The creation and maintenance of social bonds within a community, offering explanations for the unknown and providing a sense of control. Ritual - Ritual refers to ceremonial actions that are prescribed by tradition or sacred law. It involves specific and observable behaviors that communicate spiritual meanings. According to Penner (2017), rituals share three essential characteristics: 1.​ A feeling of respect, awe, and reverence towards the sacred. 2.​ Dependence on a belief system, often expressed through myths. 3.​ Symbolism, where actions represent deeper spiritual meanings. Rituals serve as expressions of religious beliefs and are often symbols that connect the material world to the spiritual world. The performance of rituals is a key aspect of the spiritual self, as it provides an avenue to express devotion and belief. Some World Religious Beliefs and Practices: ​ Buddhism: ○​ Beliefs: Life is filled with suffering, and the cycle of desire and aversion (the reactive cycle) perpetuates dissatisfaction. This can be broken through meditation and wisdom.  ○​ Practices: There are two primary meditation techniques: samatha, which focuses on mindfulness and loving-kindness, and vipassana, which aims to cultivate insight into the true nature of reality. ​ Christianity: ○​ Beliefs: Christianity centers around the belief in one God in three persons—Father, Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. Eternal life is attainable through faith in Jesus Christ, who sacrificed himself for humanity’s sins and was resurrected. ○​ Practices: Key practices include baptism (a symbol of rebirth in the Christian faith) and communion (which commemorates Christ's sacrifice and teaches unconditional love, especially for the marginalized). ​ Hinduism: ○​ Beliefs: Hinduism teaches that existence is cyclical, with souls reincarnating through a process governed by karma. Actions in one life impact the next. ○​ Practices: Major festivals like Diwali (Festival of Lights) and Navrati (celebrating the triumph of good over evil) play an important role in Hindu worship. Hindu practices are highly diverse, with devotion to different deities and texts like the Vedas, Mahabharata, and Ramayana guiding believers. ​ Islam: ○​ Beliefs: Islam centers on the worship of Allah, with Muhammad as the final prophet. Muslims adhere to the Quran, believing it to be the direct word of God. The Five Pillars of Islam define the essential practices for Muslims. ○​ Practices: These include faith (Shahada), prayer (Salah), almsgiving (Zakat), fasting during Ramadan (Sawm), and pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj). ​ Judaism: ○​ Beliefs: Judaism is the belief in one God who created the world and continues to govern it. The faith revolves around adherence to God’s commandments, as outlined in the Torah. ○​ Practices: Important Jewish rituals include celebrating Rosh Hashanah (New Year), Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), and Passover (Pesach), alongside observing the Sabbath (Shabbat) from Friday evening to Saturday evening. Logotherapy - Developed by Viktor Frankl, logotherapy is a psychotherapy approach based on the belief that the primary motivational force in humans is the search for meaning in life. Frankl emphasizes that, even in suffering, individuals can find purpose and meaning. Logotherapy helps individuals find personal meaning regardless of their circumstances. Logotherapy Assumptions: 1.​ Human beings are a body, mind, and spirit: Frankl emphasizes that while the body and mind are "what we have," the spirit is "what we are." 2.​ Life has meaning in all circumstances: Even in the worst situations, there is always an underlying meaning that can be understood, known as "ultimate meaning." 3.​ People have a will to meaning: The primary human drive is not for power or pleasure, but for finding meaning in life. 4.​ Freedom to find meaning: Despite external circumstances, humans can choose their attitudes and how to respond to life's challenges. 5.​ Life demands meaningful responses: Meaning can be found by responding to life's demands with responsible action, whether following societal values or acting according to one's conscience. 6.​ The individual is unique: Each person is irreplaceable, with a unique set of circumstances, decisions, and potential for meaning.  LESSON 4: THE POLITCAL SELF and BEING FILIPINO THE POLITICAL SELF A Filipino's identity is shaped by more than just physical traits such as dark hair, flat noses, or skin color. Rather, it is influenced by cultural, historical, and political factors, and by the values and traits passed down through generations. The idea of being Filipino extends beyond citizenship—it involves a shared history and culture that unites Filipinos in ways that surpass legal definitions. WHO IS A FILIPINO? According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Filipinos are individuals born to Filipino parents, those born before January 17, 1973, to Filipino mothers who opt for Philippine citizenship, and those who are naturalized. While citizenship is essential, identity goes beyond legal status; it is closely tied to shared values, cultural practices, and history. THE FILIPINO HOSPITALITY Filipinos are known for their hospitality, always welcoming guests with warmth. This trait includes offering food, shelter, and a comfortable space, showing kindness and generosity as if the guest is family. Filipino hospitality is deeply rooted in cultural traditions and is a key characteristic of the Filipino identity. RESPECT FOR ELDERS Filipinos show deep respect for their elders through gestures like “Mano po!” (a hand-kissing greeting) and the use of polite terms like "po" and "opo." Elders are addressed with specific titles such as Ate (older sister), Kuya (older brother), and Lolo/Lola (grandparents). This reverence for elders is a cornerstone of Filipino family values. CLOSE FAMILY TIES Family is central to Filipino culture. Filipinos maintain close bonds with relatives, regardless of age. They often live in extended families, with generations sharing the same home. Family reunions during holidays and fiestas are common, reflecting the importance of family ties in Filipino life. CHEERFUL PERSONALITY The Filipino personality is marked by cheerfulness and resilience. Even in the face of adversity, such as natural disasters, Filipinos often greet tough situations with a smile. This optimism allows them to cope with challenges and maintain a positive outlook on life. SELF-SACRIFICE Self-sacrifice is a notable Filipino value, where individuals are willing to make personal sacrifices for the welfare of their families and loved ones. Many Filipinos work abroad, sending money back home to provide better opportunities for their relatives. BAYANIHAN Bayanihan represents the spirit of communal cooperation and unity. It’s the Filipino tradition of helping others without expecting anything in return. This value is especially evident in times of calamity, where Filipinos rally together to support those in need, offering both material and emotional aid. "BAHALA NA" "Bahala na," a Filipino phrase rooted in faith, reflects a mindset of leaving things to fate or God’s will. It mirrors the Filipino tendency to approach life with an optimistic outlook, trusting that situations will unfold in their favor, regardless of uncertainty. COLONIAL MENTALITY Colonial mentality refers to the tendency of Filipinos to prefer foreign products and ideals over their own. This mindset stems from centuries of foreign rule and is still visible in the preference for Western beauty standards, products, and culture. Overcoming colonial mentality is essential for fostering a sense of national pride. "MANANA" HABIT The "Manana" habit, or procrastination, is a common Filipino trait. Derived from the phrase “Mamaya na” (meaning “later”), this habit involves delaying tasks, leading to increased stress and workload. It’s an attitude that can hinder progress and needs to be overcome for personal and national development. NINGAS KUGON Ningas Kugon refers to the tendency to start things with enthusiasm but lose interest quickly when faced with challenges. Like the Cogon grass that burns out easily, Filipinos may often abandon efforts once they become difficult. It’s a problem that can be overcome with perseverance and discipline. PRIDE Filipinos are known for their pride, which can sometimes prevent them from apologizing or reconciling. This pride often leads to conflicts, where individuals wait for the other to apologize first. It’s essential to recognize when to set aside pride for the sake of family and relationships. CRAB MENTALITY Crab mentality is a toxic trait where individuals resent the success or progress of others. It’s akin to crabs in a bucket, pulling each other down rather than lifting one another up. Overcoming this mindset requires a shift in focus from competition to cooperation. FILIPINO TIME Filipino Time refers to the casual attitude towards punctuality, where people often arrive late for appointments or gatherings. This cultural norm reflects the relaxed pace of life, but it can also lead to inefficiency and frustration in more formal or professional settings. FILIPINO MARKERS Proverbs or Salawikain Filipino proverbs (salawikain) convey life lessons and values that shape Filipino thought. They can teach ethics, values, and observations about human nature. These proverbs are a key element of Filipino identity. Superstitions Filipino superstitions, passed down through generations, reflect a unique blend of beliefs. Some of these are influenced by foreign cultures, while others are deeply rooted in local traditions, offering insight into Filipino ways of thinking. Myths and Legends Myths and legends in the Philippines explain natural phenomena and cultural traditions. These stories often teach valuable life lessons and are an essential part of the country’s folklore and heritage. Heroes and Icons Filipino heroes, such as Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio, symbolize patriotism and the fight for freedom. Modern icons like Manny Pacquiao and Lea Salonga represent Filipino excellence on the global stage, reminding Filipinos of their capacity for greatness. HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINO 1.​ Be an active Filipino citizen​ Engage in community and national development by staying informed and participating in government programs. 2.​ Study Philippine history​ Understanding the sacrifices made throughout Philippine history will deepen your love for the country and inspire actions that contribute to its progress. 3.​ Support local products​ By purchasing local products, you help strengthen the economy and support Filipino craftsmanship. 4.​ Speak the Filipino language​ Speaking Filipino is not only a symbol of cultural pride but also a means of fostering unity among Filipinos. 5.​ Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging with dissent​ In the digital age, it’s important to verify information and engage in constructive dialogue, ensuring that Filipino democracy thrives in a truthful and responsible manner.  LESSON 5: DIGITAL SELF DIGITAL SELF In today's digital era, the Internet has become an essential part of daily life. It's a space where people explore various purposes such as research, communication, business, and leisure. However, as we navigate the online world, we often assume different identities, switching between our real identity and our online persona. The behaviors and interactions we have in the digital world can be significantly different from how we present ourselves offline. WHO AM I IN THE CYBERWORLD? More people are now actively engaged in using the Internet, and as users, we are not just participants in the digital world but also creators of our digital selves. Social media platforms, websites, and online communities allow us to explore, define, and sometimes reinvent our identities. TIM BERNERS-LEE As the founder of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee’s creation changed the way we interact with the world online. His vision was for the Web to be a place for sharing and connection, but the way people present themselves and interact in this space has evolved into a new form of identity—one that is fluid and can be manipulated according to the user's desires. SELECTIVE SELF-PRESENTATION AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT According to theorists such as Goffman (1959) and Leary (1995), self-presentation is the process of managing how we are perceived by others. In online spaces, individuals carefully curate what they share, managing their identity in response to the feedback they receive. This selective presentation helps in shaping our image and influencing how others interact with us. PERSONAL IDENTITY Personal identity is the aspect of the self that sets us apart from others. In the digital world, personal identity is often shaped by the information we choose to share about ourselves, from photos to posts to shared opinions. SOCIAL IDENTITY Social identity, on the other hand, is influenced by the groups and communities we are a part of. Our social identity in the digital world can be expressed through our participation in specific online communities or affiliations with particular causes or groups. GENDER AND SEXUALITY ONLINE Gender and sexuality are complex constructs that are often understood in the digital space as fluid and adaptable. Marwick (2013) explains that while sex is a biological trait, gender and sexuality are shaped by societal expectations and individual expressions. Online platforms offer a unique space where users can explore and express their gender and sexual identities in ways that might not be possible offline. PERFORMING GENDER ONLINE Gender is often understood as performative, as explained by Judith Butler (1990). This means that our gender identity is shaped by repeated actions, behaviors, and presentations, and not something inherent or fixed. Online platforms, with their anonymous nature, provide an environment where people can play with, alter, or even create entirely new gender identities. (APPS FOR MEN AND WOMEN) ​ 4chan, Digg, Reddit – Primarily used by men. These platforms often emphasize discussions around hobbies, interests, and subcultures, and are known for their less regulated nature, which appeals to many male users. ​ Facebook, Flickr, LiveJournal, Tumblr, Twitter, YouTube – Primarily used by women. These platforms offer a mix of social interaction, creative expression, and personal sharing, often with an emphasis on community-building and emotional engagement, making them particularly popular with women. ​ Wikipedia – Used by both men and women. Wikipedia serves as a collaborative platform where users contribute and edit content, offering an accessible resource for knowledge-sharing across all demographics. PROPER WAY OF DEMONSTRATING VALUES AND ATTITUDES ONLINE It’s essential to maintain proper behavior online, as our actions in cyberspace can have lasting consequences. Here are a few tips for demonstrating values and attitudes: ​ Stick to safer sites. ​ Guard your passwords. ​ Limit what you share. ​ Remember that anything you put online or post on a site is there forever, even if you try to delete it. ​ Do not be mean or embarrass other people online. ​ Always report strange or inappropriate behavior online. ​ Be choosy about your online friends. ​ Be patient. ​ Control or limit your time using your gadgets. ​ SETTING BOUNDARIES TO YOUR ONLINE SELF: SMART SHARING When it comes to sharing online, it’s essential to be mindful of what you post. Here are some guidelines for smart sharing: ​ Is this post/story necessary?​ Consider if there's a real benefit to your post. Is it funny, warm-hearted, or teachable? Avoid sharing just for the sake of making noise online. ​ Have we (as a family or parent/child) resolved this issue?​ Sensitive or emotional issues should not be made public unless they have been resolved in a healthy and private manner. ​ Is it appropriate?​ Does this post align with your personal values and the values of your family or community? ​ Will this seem as funny in 5, 10, or 15 years?​ Consider if the post will still seem appropriate and relevant in the long term. If not, perhaps it’s better shared privately with a small group of people.