Chapter 2 Intellectual Revolutions PDF

CHAPTER 2 Learning Objectives: At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. discuss the paradigm shifts through history; 2. explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed the way how humans see the The previous chapter tackled how historical antecedents have...

CHAPTER 2 Learning Objectives: At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. discuss the paradigm shifts through history; 2. explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed the way how humans see the The previous chapter tackled how historical antecedents have affected the course of science and technology. It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants. Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION people. The developments during the Intellectual Revolution showed how society was transformed by science and technology. This chapter aims to establish the interaction between science and technology and society, cementing further the relationship as introduced in COPERNICAN REVOLUTION CLAUDIU S GEOCENTRI PTOLEM Y SM COPERNICAN 16TH REVOLUTION CENTURY NICOLAUS COPERNIC HELIOCENTRI NICOLAUS COPERNIC US Galileo Galilei  DARWINIAN REVOLUTION The Darwinian revolution was considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time. In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, and geologist, published his book, On the Origin of Species. In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution, which posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive' He stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a Process known as evolution. However, this theory became very controversial as people perceived it to be contradictory to the church's teachings that the source of life is a powerful creator. The theory emerged at a time when most of the population believed and accepted the biblical version of the Earth's creation. Because of this conflict, the people were divided-some believed that the theory explained the origin of life, but the religious and  FREUDIAN 19TH REVOLUTION CENTURY THEORY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behavior. In his theory, Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: Sigmund ID: EGO: SUPEREGO: -The id is the primitive -The ego is the realistic -The superego is the and instinctual part of part that mediates moral conscience that the mind that contains between the desires of incorporates societal basic drives and the id and the moral and parental hidden memories. constraints of the standards of right and -It operates on the superego. wrong. pleasure principle, -It operates on the -It strives for seeking immediate reality principle, perfection and judges’ gratification of all negotiating between the actions, leading to desires, wants, and id’s demands and the feelings of pride or needs. external world’s guilt. expectations. Example: A newborn’s Example: The personality is entirely Example: The ego helps superego might make id-driven, demanding a person make rational a person feel guilty  Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science since its concepts were more philosophical and supernatural. Many believed that Freud's theory had no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it. Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and in fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some mental disorders. Soon enough, people were able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted These three revolutionizing theories are just some of the many scientific ideas that transformed and molded societies and beliefs. The changes they brought to the perspectives and perceptions of the scientific community and the public are evidence of science and technology's link to humanity. Through scientific research and experimentations, people will continue to deepen their understanding of the world and the  Chapter Reflection 1. Why do you think were most intellectual ideas controversial? 2. Why did the people accept these new discoveries despite being contradictory to what was widely accepted at that time? 3. How do intellectual revolutions transform societies?