Health Beliefs Model PDF

INTRODUCTION  The health belief model (HBM) is a health behavior change and psychological model developed by Irwin Rosenstock in 1966 for studying and promoting the uptake of health services.  Subsequent changes to the model were made in 1988, to accommodate the role that knowledge and perceptions...

INTRODUCTION  The health belief model (HBM) is a health behavior change and psychological model developed by Irwin Rosenstock in 1966 for studying and promoting the uptake of health services.  Subsequent changes to the model were made in 1988, to accommodate the role that knowledge and perceptions play in personal responsibility. INTRODUCTION, CONT.  The HBM has been adapted to explain and predict: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=3ZFcYZJ8Os4  COMPONENTS OF THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (HBM) of susceptibility to disease (perceived personal vulnerability)  Perception  Perceived severity (seriousness)of disease costs of action  Perceived benefits of action  Perceived cues to action  Perceived PERCEPTION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY VULNERABILITY)  Perceived Susceptibility: (an individual's assessment of their risk of getting the condition) My chances of getting lung cancer  how likely do you think you will have this health issue?  PERCEIVED SEVERITY (SERIOUSNESS)  Perceived Severity: how serious a problem do you believe this health issue is? Refers to an individual's assessment of the seriousness of the condition, and its potential consequences  E.g. lung cancer is serious  PERCEIVED COSTS( NEGATIVE ) OF ACTION  Individual's assessment of the influences that discourage adoption of the promoted behavior  What are the potential negative aspects of doing this recommended behavior? E.g. stopping smoking will make me irritable. PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF ACTION  Perceived Benefits: an individual's assessment of the positive consequences of adopting the behavior.  how well does the recommended behavior reduce the risk(s) associated with this health issue? PERCEIVED CUES TO ACTION  An individual's perception of the levels of susceptibility and seriousness provide the force to act. Benefits (minus barriers) provide the path of action  Cues may be internal (symptoms of breathlessness) or external (information in form of health education leaflets) THE HBM-MEDIATING FACTORS Demographic variables (such as age, gender, ethnicity, occupation)  Socio-psychological variables (such as social economic status, personality, coping strategies)  Health motivation (whether an individual is driven to stick to a given health goal)  Perceived control (a measure of level of selfefficacy)  HEALTH BELIEFS MODEL HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (BECKER, 1974, 1988; JANZ & BECKER, 1984) INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS OF ACTION Perceived Susceptability to Disease “X” MODIFYING FACTORS LIKELIHOOD Demographic variables (age, sex, race, ethnicity, etc.) Perceived benefits of preventive action Sociopsychological variables Perceived barriers to preventive action Perceived Threat of Disease “X” Perceived Seriousness (Severity) of Disease “X” Cues to Action Mass media campaigns Advice from others Reminder postcard from physician/dentist Illness of family member or friend Newspaper or magazine article minus Likelihood of Taking Recommended Preventive Health Action THE REVISED HEALTH BELIEF MODEL Becker Rosenstock (1987) revised the HBM and added self-efficacy to the original factors of the model  Self-Efficacy: one’s “conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcomes” (Bandura, 1977).  SELF-EFFICACY (BANDURA, 1986, 2004) OUTCOME EXPECTATIONS PHYSICAL SOCIAL SELF-EVALUATIVE SELF-EFFICACY GOALS SOCIOSTRUCTURAL FACTORS FACILITATORS IMPEDIMENTS Adapted from Bandura (2004). Health Education & Behavior, 31, 143-164. BEHAVIOR Concept Definition Perceived Susceptibility Define population(s) at risk, risk levels; personalize risk based on a One's opinion of chances of getting person's features or behavior; a condition heighten perceived susceptibility if too low. Perceived Severity One's opinion of how serious a Specify consequences of the risk and condition and its consequences are the condition One's belief in the efficacy of the Perceived Benefits advised action to reduce risk or seriousness of impact Application Define action to take; how, where, when; clarify the positive effects to be expected. Perceived Barriers One's opinion of the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action Identify and reduce barriers through reassurance, incentives, assistance. Cues to Action Strategies to activate "readiness" Provide how-to information, promote awareness, reminders. Self-Efficacy Confidence in one's ability to take action Provide training, guidance in performing action.