Chapter 2 Cardiovascular Disorders PDF

A. B. C. D. E. i. ii. iii. iv. 1. i. ii. iii. 2. i. ii. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. For further reading: https://www.m...

A. B. C. D. E. i. ii. iii. iv. 1. i. ii. iii. 2. i. ii. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. For further reading: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314963.php 16 a. b. c. d. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 17  1. 2. 3. 4. For further reading: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK213/ a) b) --> --> --> --> --> For further reading: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK359/ i. i. ii. For further reading: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK360/ 18  i. ii. iii. iv. v. For further reading: https://www.medicinenet.com/fainting/article.htm#fainting_syncope_facts https://www.medicinenet.com/dizziness_dizzy/article.htm#dizziness_facts Causes: A. CVD: ischemic heart disease, pulmonary infarction, aortic dissection, aneurysm, pericarditis, pericardial effusion. B. Respiratory: pleurisy, pleural effusion, Pneumothorax, lung collapse, malignancy, inflammation C. Mediastinal: Tumours and Oesophageal spasm. D. Chest wall: Rib fracture, bone ache, osteoporosis, myalgia, muscle strain Ischemic heart disease (IHD): can present with angina or infarction C/P of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) Severe agonizing chest pain, With sweating Sense of impending death For further reading: https://www.medicinenet.com/chest_pain/article.htm IV- PALPITATION =awareness of heart beats Causes: Related to abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmias) 19 For further reading: https://www.medicinenet.com/palpitations_overview/article.htm i. ii. iii. iv. v. I- A- B- A- B- A- B- 20 A- B- C- D- II- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A. B. For further reading: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/303533-overview https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK367/ 21 A. a. b. c. d. e. B. I- II- III- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 22 23 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 24  2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Lower limb oedema is an output of liquid plasma from blood vessels into the interstitial tissue in the legs. It is manifested by an increase in the volume of one or both legs, in whole or in part. Oedema of the lower limbs can be hard or soft, red or white, and may preserve for a while the imprint of fingers: this is called pitting oedema. Lower limb oedema may affect both legs evenly and then be due to renal, hepatic, heart failure, thyroid disorders or medications. When only one leg is affected, an obstruction of lymphatic or venous circulation is suspected, or infection or nerve damage. The patient notes a swelling of one or both lower limbs, either in part or affecting the whole leg. Oedema can move quickly or slowly, it can be painful, accompanied by tingling, stiffness and ulceration of the skin. 25 Inspection: 1. Chest veins a. SVC obstruction, thrombosis b. Mediastinal mass 2. Pericordial bulge a. RV enlargement since childhood b. LV aneurysm 3. Pectus excavatum (shown in fig.) 4. Pectus carinatum 5. Visible Pulsations 6. Apical Pulse: site a. Impalpable: obesity, effusion b. Upward shift: pregnancy, ascites c. Out & Downward shift: LV enlargement d. Epigastric pulsations: RV enlargement, Aortic aneurysm Auscultation: Cardiac sounds Normal S1 & S2 Additional S3 &S4 Murmurs: abnormal sound Site:>>>>>>> Aortic, mitral, pulmonary, Pericordial Character: soft, harsh, rumbling, machinery Timing: Systolic or Diastolic Pericardial rub 26