Cardiovascular Disorder PDF

Cardiovascular disorder Prof: Shazly Baghdadi Ali Assist. Prof. OF PULMONOLOGY ASWAN UNIVERSITY 1/11/2021 ⚫ Facts: – The heart is about the size of a fist and weighs less than 1 pound – The average bpm is 72 – The average adult heart...

Cardiovascular disorder Prof: Shazly Baghdadi Ali Assist. Prof. OF PULMONOLOGY ASWAN UNIVERSITY 1/11/2021 ⚫ Facts: – The heart is about the size of a fist and weighs less than 1 pound – The average bpm is 72 – The average adult heart pumps about 6000-7500 liters of blood per day through 60,000 miles of blood vessels each minute at rest.  Coronary artery disease (CAD)  Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)  Stroke  Heart failure  Arrhythmias  Definition: Narrowing of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup.   Causes: Atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, smoking.   Symptoms: Chest pain, shortness of breath, heart attack.  Definition: High force of blood against artery walls.  Types: Primary (no identifiable cause) and Secondary (caused by another condition).  Risks: Stroke, heart attack, kidney disease.  Definition: Heart's inability to pump blood effectively.   Types: Left-sided, right-sided, and congestive heart failure.   Symptoms: Fatigue, swelling in legs, rapid heart rate.  Definition: Abnormal heart rhythms.  Types: Tachycardia, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation.  Symptoms: Palpitations, dizziness, chest pain.  Non-Modifiable: Age, family history, genetics.   Modifiable: Smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, obesity, high blood pressure. Common Tests: EKG, Echocardiogram, Blood tests, Stress test, Angiogram.  Monitoring: Blood pressure, cholesterol levels.  Lifestyle Changes: Diet, exercise, smoking cessation.   Medications: ACE inhibitors, beta- blockers, anticoagulants.   Procedures: Angioplasty, stent placement, bypass surgery.  Patient Education: Teach patients about lifestyle changes, medication adherence.  Monitoring: Watch for signs of complications, monitor vitals.  Rehabilitation Support: Encourage participation in cardiac rehab.  Healthy Lifestyle Tips: Diet, exercise, stress management.  Screenings and Check-ups: Importance of regular health assessments.  Vaccinations: Flu shot to prevent related complications.  Definition: Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup, reducing blood flow to the heart.  Prevalence: Leading cause of death globally.  Why It’s Important for Nurses: Key role in early detection, patient education, and management.  Atherosclerosis: Plaque buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in artery walls.  Process: 1. Fatty deposits accumulate. 2. Inflammation contributes to plaque growth. 3. Narrowing or blockage limits blood flow. Common Symptoms: Angina (chest pain), shortness of breath, fatigue, heart attack. Silent CAD: Many have no symptoms until a heart attack occurs. Tests Used:  Electrocardiogram (EKG): Checks for abnormal rhythms.  Stress Test: Monitors heart under physical stress.  Echocardiogram: Uses sound waves to create heart images.  Coronary Angiography: X-ray imaging of blood vessels.  Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): Blockage in coronary artery.  Arrhythmias: Irregular heartbeats.  Heart Failure: Heart’s inability to pump effectively.  Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Heart suddenly stops due to electrical disturbance. Lifestyle Modifications:  Diet, exercise, weight management, and smoking cessation.  Medications:  Statins, aspirin, beta-blockers, nitrates.  Surgical Options:  Angioplasty with stenting, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).  Monitoring: Observe for signs of angina, check vitals.  Patient Education: Importance of medication adherence, lifestyle changes.  Support: Emotional and psychological support.  Rehabilitation: Encouraging cardiac rehabilitation participation.  Lifestyle Changes: Healthy diet, exercise, reducing alcohol, and quitting smoking.  Self-Monitoring: Teach patients how to monitor symptoms.  Regular Check-ups: Encourage frequent health assessments.  Definition: Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is the force of blood against artery walls consistently above normal levels.  Importance: Leading risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease.  Prevalence: Affects millions globally, often goes undiagnosed.  Systolic Pressure: Pressure in arteries when the heart beats.  Diastolic Pressure: Pressure in arteries between beats.  Normal vs. Elevated vs. High:  Normal: