chapter 1.docx

Chapter I: Introduction to Information and Communication Technology Week Topic Activities Week 1-3 (January 9-27) Chapter I: Introduction to Information and Communication Technology What is Information Technology History of computers Uses of ICT in daily lives Impact of ICT in the society...

Chapter I: Introduction to Information and Communication Technology Week Topic Activities Week 1-3 (January 9-27) Chapter I: Introduction to Information and Communication Technology What is Information Technology History of computers Uses of ICT in daily lives Impact of ICT in the society Chapter Exercise Objectives: Explain the differences of Data and Information Describe the computer system components Differentiate the Various devices that have been used for computations in the past. Compare the major milestones in development of modern day computers Identify different online systems, functions, and platforms available today. What is Information Technology? As defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware". A term used to refer to a wide variety of items and abilities used in the creation, storage, and dispersal of data and information. Its three main components are computers, communications networks, and know-how. It deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information Data and Information Information Technology --focuses on both the transformation of data into information and the management of that information Data- raw, unorganized facts, figures and symbols fed to a computer during the input processes. Information --produced when data is manipulated by the computer's processor into a meaningful and useful form. Operations of Computer There are four major operations of a computer: Input -- is the raw data entered into a computer from the input devices Process -- is the operation of data as per given instruction. Output -- is the processed data given by the computer. Storage -- saving the results in storage devices. When you enter data or instruction in computer, these are stored somewhere in the computer system. Because a computer cannot process or analyze all input data instantaneously, it has to store the data. The computer will get the data / instructions from the storage unit when it has to process it. It may also have to store data to do additional processing later. Figure 1.1 shows the four major computer operations and how the different computer system components interact together. Figure 1.1 Four major computer operations retrieved from History of Computers The Technological Edge: Electronics Quipa (15^th^ and 16^th^ centuries) At the height of their empire, the Incas used complex chains of knotted twine to represent a variety of data, including tribute payments, lists of arms and troops, and notable dates in the kingdom's chronicles (Figure 1.2). Figure1.2 Quipa Abacus An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Figure1.3 Abacus Napier's Bones Invented by John Napier in 1614. Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. Figure1.4 Napier's Bones Slide Rule Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. Used primarily for -- multiplication -- division -- roots -- logarithms -- Trigonometry Not normally used for addition or subtraction. Pascaline Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive. Figure 1.5 Pascal's calculator Stepped Reckoner Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically. Figure 1.6 Step Reckoner Leibniz's calculator (1674) German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz invents the first mechanical calculator capable of multiplication. Figure 1.7 Leibniz's calculator Jacquard Loom French weaver Joseph-Marie Jacquard creates an automatic, programmable weaving machine that creates fabrics with richly detailed patterns (1804). It Is controlled by means of punched cards. Figure1.8 Jacquard's loom Babbage's difference engine \(1822) English mathematician and scientist Charles Babbage designs a complex, clockwork calculator capable of solving equations and printing the results. Despite repeated attempts, Babbage, was never able to get the device to work. Hollerith's tabulating machine \(1890) Created to tally the results of the U.S. Census, this machine uses punched cards as a data input mechanism. The successor to Hollerith's company is International Business Machines (IBM). Figure 1.9 Hollerith's tabulating machine Difference Engine and Analytical Engine It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 It is the first mechanical computer. Difference Engine Figure 1.10 Difference Engine and Analytical Engine Zuse's Z1 \(1938) German inventor Konrad Zuse creates a programmable electronic calculator. An improved version, the Z3 of 1941, was the world's first calculator capable of automatic operation. Figure 1.11 Zuse's Z1 Mark I \(1943) In a partnership with Harvard University, IBM creates a huge, programmable electronic calculator that used electromechanical relays as switching devices. Figure 1.12 Mark I GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT Table 1.1 shows the generations of computers (Based on design, suitability and reliability) Table 1.1 Generations of Computer Development THE FIRST GENERATION (1946-1959) 1946 -- ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator) \- designed by J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly from the University of Pennsylvania. \- it was the first electronic computer and was considered the first generation of computer \- the computer was roughly 167 square meters and weighed 27 tons that uses vacuum tubes. \- Figure 1.13 ENIAC UNIVAC 1 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. EDVAC EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer The First Stored Program Computer Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER (1959 -- 1965) TRANSISTORS Second-generation computers looked much more like the computers we use today. Although they still used punched cards for input, they had printers, tape storage, and disk storage. Smaller, faster and more dependable that the vacuum tubes of the first generation computers. Generated less heat and consumed less electricity but were still very costly. The two programming languages introduced during the second generation, Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and Formula Translator (FORTRAN), remain among the most widely-used programming languages even today. COBOL is preferred by businesses, and FORTRAN is used by scientists and engineers. A leading second-generation computer was IBM's fully transistorized 1401, which brought the mainframe computer to an increasing number of businesses. (A mainframe computer is a large, expensive computer designed to meet all of an organization's computing needs.) In 1963, an important development was the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), a character set that enables computers to exchange information and the first computer industry standard. Although ASCII didn't have much of an impact for 15 years, it would later help to demonstrate the importance of standardization to industry executives. In 1964, IBM announced a new line of computers called System/360 that changed the way people thought about computers. An entire line of compatible computers (computers that could use the same programs and peripherals), System/360 eliminated the distinction between computers designed primarily for business and those designed primarily for science. The computer's instruction set was big enough to encompass both uses. Figure 1.14 Transistors THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER (1965 -- 1971) Invented by Jack St. Clair Kirby and Robert Noyce in 1958 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC) that was used instead of TRANSISTORS as the interior sections to build the computer A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors that even the full circuit board of a transistor can be replaced entirely with one chip; smaller, unfailing, effective computers. Remote processing, time sharing and multiprogramming operating systems were used. Digital Electronic Corporation (DEC) first commercially-available minicomputer, the PDP-8, did not require the attention of a full-time computer operator. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER (1971 -- 1980) VLSI (VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATED) CIRCUITS were used to build computers. These circuits have about 5,000 transistors and other circuit elements with their connected circuits on a single chip known as the microprocessor. Personal computers became more powerful, dense, reliable and inexpensive using these chips. Other application that uses these chips are pocket calculators, TV, automotive devices and audio and video appliances. In the early 1970s, an Intel Corporation engineer, Dr. Ted Hoff, created Intel 4004, the world's first microprocessor. Jobs and Wozniak founded Apple Computer, Inc., in April 1977. Its first product, the Apple FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER (1980 -- onwards) ULSI (ULTRA LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) TECHNOLOGY is the developed VLSI -- it involves computer intelligence which is associated with AI (Artificial Intelligence), natural language processing and expert systems that interpret the means and practices of producing computers that think like human beings. Uses of ICT in daily lives Some of the sectors where ICT is used widely are as shown in figure 1.15.: Figure 1.15 Some sectors of ICT Education Teaching learning process -- With the help of ICT, teaching learning process can be made more interactive and hence resulting in more efficient. With the help of presentations, designing and simulation several tough topics can be taught and learned in easier way. Students-use the computers as a reference tool. They also use it for their E-learning Publication -- The notes and other important documents can be digitized and hence transmitted easily. Books can easily be converted to e-books which becomes more handy and easy to carry and use its contents Evaluation -- With the help of various softwares online tests can be done easily and the result, progress report and feedback can be received immediately. Research -- With the help of various search engines and several web sites, doing research has become easy. Moreover with the help of internet a person can have access to any library of the world and can talk to eminent scholars using e-mails, chatting, video conferencing etc. Administration -- The administration of any educational organization can be handled more efficiently with the help of various tools of ICT like CCTV, computers etc. (ICT -- ITS NATURE, AIM, SCOPE AND UTILITY) Figure 1.16. ICT in education Source: Banking The computer is the nerve centre of the banking system around the world. It functions to control the entire banking system that also includes 'Electronic Banking Services' Customers -- can make any transaction at the 24 hour service centers or via online Bank administrators- can oversee the entire banking activities such as reconciliations, inter-branch transactions (IBT), telegraphic transfer and others by referring to the banking system Industry Computers are used to facilitate production planning and control systems, to support chain management and to help in product design in the industrial sector. Workers -- use machines that are connected to computer to operate. In some productions, robots are used to take over jobs that are dangerous to the workers. Researches -- use computers to analyse and collect research data for future reference Administrators -- use computers oversee the entire operations in the plant or factory to detect specific errors or detect that occurred in the process. Business Businessman -- can access company accounts for loan, business transactions and update on their cash flow at any time (Panitiaict, 2010) Internet The majority of people in the developed world now have access either at home or at work, and have the opportunity to use online information resources, or communicate with others using email, instant messaging or discussion groups. New online communities have developed and existing communities have created new ways of communicating. However, issues of identity and security have become a concern. New technologies have engendered new types of crime, including identity theft and financial frauds. These problems have fostered the development of new security technologies. The Internet has become a major factor in enabling information sharing and has had a huge impact on the availability of information of all kinds. Material on the internet reflects widely differing viewpoints and sources: from official news bulletins to unofficial rumours, and from commercial megastores to community portals. The internet has revolutionised the way information can be published, raising questions about the authority and regulation of content. Because of the way the internet has been designed, no individual government, company or person has control over it. Entertainment The world of entertainment is constantly evolving with the advent of new technologies. Digital broadcasting has changed the way we experience television, with more interactive programming and participation. Digital cameras, printers and scanners have enabled more people to experiment with image production. Computer gaming has been an important influence in the development of graphical interfaces. Technology has been at the forefront of changes in the production and distribution of music, as well as in the ways in which people can access and listen to music. Public services In Notre Dame de Chartres Hospital, the patient records are easily shared between departments within a hospital. These electronic patient records can be transferable across the whole health service, so that medical staff can access them from any part of the hospital. Patients who have records in the hospital can already access their via the website of Notre Dame de Chartres Hospital. In this time, doctors may be able to make use of computer networks to make a diagnosis if they are unable to see the patient in person. Passenger information is increasingly available via networked computers: for example train timetables, information in stations and airports, real-time information over the internet. Networked communication systems are also crucial in the control of transport systems, from traffic lights and pedestrian crossings to air traffic control and train signals. Many government services in the UK are now available online. For example, you can renew or apply for a passport, book a driving test, claim benefits, fill in your tax return -- you can even report suspect activity to MI5! Local authorities provide information services online, and there are numerous opportunities to learn online such as the many courses available with The Open University (University, 2016). Scope of ICT in the Society The society is the biggest beneficiary of ICT revolution. The scope of ICT in the society are as follows (ICT -- ITS NATURE, AIM, SCOPE AND UTILITY): Socialization -- With the help of ICT people are spending considerable time on social networks on the virtual world through e-mail, mobile, blogs, downloading etc. This has changed the social behavior which is the emergence of a society of digital age -- the Information Society. Various social networks like facebook, twitter etc. are expanding very rapidly. The society in the digital age is constantly upgrading its personal, political and business bonds, promptly accommodating to new technologies and services. Further, videoconferencing, Skype and such have made socialization simple and more realistic. Direct Communications -- Direct communications remain one of the main roles of the ICT. E-mail, blog, twitter, facebook etc. are some of the tools developed by ICT to facilitate cheap and efficient communication. Mobile devices, instant messengers, voice and video calls over the internet, such as Skype and others have become common low-cost option for real-time communication. Access to Information -- Another major benefit of ICT is the easiness of accessing information. The internet has emerged as a medium of conveying information in text, visual or audible form. The ICT makes it very easy to access any information from the cyberspace on just one click. Sharing Information and Online Communities -- Inclusiveness and openness of internet are among its greatest values. Variety of online services allows netizens to contribute and share information globally. Several online communities exist which can be joined by anyone having the common interest. The internet provides enormous potential for open discussions, knowledge sharing and production. The web pages, blogs, chatting etc are very simple ICT tools for sharing information. Many commercial websites offer users to share their videos, audios, photos or text documents which are publicly accessible and searchable across the world. Collaborative Work -- Information and communication technology has made it possible for people, who are geographically far from one another, to work collaboratively without any physical contact. The big corporate houses, scientists, engineers etc. are using the ICT for collaborative work, which helps them cut the cost and give better results. Variety of advanced ICT services like instant chat messengers, voice-over-IP (VoIP) voice communications via internet, video-calls, webinars etc. facilitate for the remote meetings. Access to databases of institutions or groups can also be provided remotely from the server by using computers, laptops or mobile gadgets. Learning -- The features of the online environment provided by the internet, easy collaboration, communication and documents sharing provide an excellent framework for sharing the knowledge. When the knowledge is shared, it leads to learning. Future Society -- The emerging online application has not only changed the communication methods, but also on social habits and behavior. Growing number of internet users are becoming dependant on the online information. They search information through the online search engines (Radunovic, 2010). Other major scope of ICT are: Encouraging balanced regional growth : ICT sector can give employment and generate revenue for smaller cities by spreading its business operations to those cities. It can assist in improving the supply of talent pool and development of physical and social infrastructure. Corporate Governance: Global exposure has created good corporate governance practices with the IT companies. This encourages other industries to follow better governance and embrace higher standards of disclosure. Healthcare: Health care is the world's largest industry. India has to be prepared to meet the health care challenges of the new millennium. In today's context health care is recognized as a system that requires a multi-pronged approach and total professionalism to achieve quality and cost effectiveness. Hospitals today have to meet the need of patients and the total focus has shifted to patient services instead of only medical and surgical therapies. Health area can have several critical and important ICT solutions like tele-medicine consultation in rural areas, consulatation from expert doctors through teleconferencing or video conferencing, reports can be send to the doctor through e-mail etc. In the developing country like India, health of its citizen is a very important issue. Application of ICT in health sector will facilitate the expansion of medical aid to far flung areas of the country. Impact of ICT in the Society : The impact of information technology can be visualized at local, national, regional and global level both in positive and negative form. The followings are the major affected areas due to information technology. Positive Impact Negative Impact Access to information ∙ huge increase in access to information and services due to capability of bandwidth, broadband and connection speed on the internet ∙ saves time and is inexpensive ∙ better and cheaper communications like VoIP phone and Instant Messaging ∙ new opportunities for leisure and entertainment, contacts, relationships with people around the world ∙ ability to obtain goods and services from a wider range of suppliers. ∙ higher standard of living ∙ hope for the poor ∙ availability of public services ∙ digital divide between those who can access information and those who cannot ∙ reducing education and understanding due to the vast amount of misleading and incorrect information. ∙ tendency to choose online communication rather than having real time conversations. ∙ rise of individualistic and introvert people ∙ rise of theft, hacking, online gambling, hypersexualisation of youth and pornification of sexual relations ∙ lack of privacy Employment ∙ created new segment of employment ∙ emergence of a new class of IT literate people ∙ reduced employment ∙ machines have replaced several categories of job employments New tools, new opportunities ∙ development of new tools which have enabled people to produce results that would previously required a specialist ∙ tools for people to overcome disabilities. E.g. screen magnification or screen reading software enables partially sighted or blind people to work with ordinary text rather than Braille. ∙ enhanced security through tools like hidden cameras, webcam, biometric systems etc. ∙ use of new tools for unethical work ∙ rumours and gossips spread fast through the use of ICT Chapter Exercise Name: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Section: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Part 1. Figure 1.1 Four major computer operations retrieved from Discuss the information processing cycle basing from Figure 1.1. (10pts) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ What are the major hardware technology characterizes each of the four generations of computers? (5pts) Part 2. Using the graph in Figure 2, explain your answer on the following questions: (3pts each) Figure 1. Internet's impact on Student Research In what percentage does the teachers surveyed mostly positive impact when comes to "enables students to find and used resources that would otherwise not be available to them"? What percentage didn't think that the amount of information available online today is overwhelming for most students? What percentage does the teachers surveyed agrees with the idea that the internet "makes students more self-sufficient researchers who are who are less reliant on adult help"? Did more students agreed or disagreed on the idea that using digital technologies makes it harder for them to find and use credible sources? Why do you think students might not like this idea? Would you think the search engines have conditioned students to expect to find information quickly and easily? References: Books Revano, T. (2019), Living in the Information Technology Era,Mindshappers Co., Inc Potts, et al., (2011), Nelson Information Technology VCE Units 1 and 2 5^th^ Edition, Cengage Learning Australia Reynolds, G. (2012), Ethics in information technology, Australia : Course Technology, Cengage Learning Web Prepared by: FREVY T. ORENCIA (SGD) Instructor Approved by: MARIA TERESA T. CACHERO (SGD) Chairperson