Living in the IT Era - JRMSU - PDF

Polytechnic University of the Philippines COLLEGE OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES Table of Contents MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY........... 1 Overview......................................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives........................................................................................................................................ 1 Lesson 1: Information and Communication Technology........................................................... 1 History of ICT................................................................................................................................... 1 Uses of ICT In Our Daily Lives........................................................................................................... 2 Communication.................................................................................................................................................... 2 Job Opportunities................................................................................................................................................ 2 Education............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Socializing............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Impact of ICT in The Society............................................................................................................. 3 Positive impacts of Information and Communication Technology...................................................................... 3 Negative impacts of Information and Communication Technology.................................................................... 4 References....................................................................................................................................... 4 Assessment...................................................................................................................................... 4 MODULE 2: HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS......................................... 5 Objectives........................................................................................................................................ 5 Definition of Computer.................................................................................................................... 5 Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives.............................................................................................. 5 History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods................................................................................................... 8 Basic Computing Periods - Ages......................................................................................................................... 15 History of Computer: Generations of Computer.............................................................................................. 18 References..................................................................................................................................... 20 Assessment.................................................................................................................................... 20 MODULE 3: THE WEB AND THE INTERNET............................................................................. 22 Overview....................................................................................................................................... 22 GEED 20133 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA i Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 22 Lesson 1: The Web................................................................................................................ 22 A. Web 1.0 (Read Only Static Web)................................................................................................................... 22 B. Web 2.0 (Read-write interactive web)........................................................................................................... 23 C. Web 3.0: (Read-write intelligent web).......................................................................................................... 24 Lesson 2: The Internet........................................................................................................... 27 A. Brief History of Internet................................................................................................................................. 27 B. Major Components of the Internet............................................................................................................... 27 C. Uses of Internet............................................................................................................................................. 28 D. Internet Terms and Definition....................................................................................................................... 28 Online Resources / Videos............................................................................................................. 29 References..................................................................................................................................... 29 PAGE | Assessment.................................................................................................................................... 30 MODULE 4: THE NETIQUETTE AND THE COMPUTER ETHICS................................................... 31 Overview....................................................................................................................................... 31 Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 31 Lesson 1: Netiquette............................................................................................................. 31 What is Netiquette?....................................................................................................................... 31 REMEMBER THE GOLDEN RULE......................................................................................................................... 31 AVOID SLANG, ACRONYMS, AND TEXT TALK..................................................................................................... 32 AVOID “SCREAMING” IN TYPED MESSAGES...................................................................................................... 32 PROOFREAD YOUR MESSAGES BEFORE SENDING............................................................................................. 32 EXERCISE GOOD JUDGMENT WHEN SHARING INFORMATION WITH OTHERS.................................................. 32 RESPECT DIVERSITY IN VIEWPOINTS.................................................................................................................. 32 Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics....................................................................................... 33 Lesson 2: Cybercrimes........................................................................................................... 35 What is Cyber?............................................................................................................................... 35 GEED 20133 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA ii Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Cybercrime......................................................................................................................................................... 35 Cybercriminals................................................................................................................................................... 35 Republic Act No. 10175 Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012............................................................................ 35 Republic Act No. 10173 Data Privacy Act of 2012............................................................................................. 35 COMMON FORMS OF CYBERCRIMES:............................................................................................. 35 a. Copyright.................................................................................................................................................. 35 b. Plagiarism................................................................................................................................................. 35 c. Computer Addiction................................................................................................................................. 35 CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES..................................................................................................................... 36 a. Hacking..................................................................................................................................................... 36 b. Computer-related forgery, fraud and/or identity theft........................................................................... 36 c. Electronic theft......................................................................................................................................... 36 d. Cyberbullying............................................................................................................................................ 36 e. Cybersex................................................................................................................................................... 36 f. Child Pornography.................................................................................................................................... 36 g. Cyber Defamation.................................................................................................................................... 37 Lesson 3: Internet Threats..................................................................................................... 38 Hacking.............................................................................................................................................................. 38 Malware............................................................................................................................................................. 38 Pharming............................................................................................................................................................ 38 Phishing.............................................................................................................................................................. 39 Ransomware...................................................................................................................................................... 39 Spam.................................................................................................................................................................. 40 Spyware (Spyware & Adware)........................................................................................................................... 40 Trojan Horses..................................................................................................................................................... 40 Viruses............................................................................................................................................................... 41 Wi-Fi Eavesdropping.......................................................................................................................................... 41 Worms............................................................................................................................................................... 41 References..................................................................................................................................... 42 GEED 20133 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA PAGE | iii Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES PAGE | Assessment.................................................................................................................................... 42 MODULE 5: DIGITAL TEACHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE................................................... 43 Overview....................................................................................................................................... 43 Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 43 Lesson 1: Introduction to the Digital Age.............................................................................. 44 The ICT and its role in Social Change.............................................................................................. 44 Entertainment.................................................................................................................................................... 44 Business............................................................................................................................................................. 45 Education........................................................................................................................................................... 45 Jobs and earnings............................................................................................................................................... 46 Health................................................................................................................................................................ 47 Theories in Technology.................................................................................................................. 48 Technological Determinism............................................................................................................................... 48 Social Constructivism......................................................................................................................................... 49 Technological Change........................................................................................................................................ 49 References..................................................................................................................................... 50 Activities/Assessment.................................................................................................................... 50 MODULE 6: IT CULTURE AND THE SOCIETY............................................................................ 51 Overview....................................................................................................................................... 51 Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 51 Lesson 1: Internet of Things.................................................................................................. 51 How IoT works............................................................................................................................... 52 Why IoT is important..................................................................................................................... 52 How Does This Impact You?............................................................................................................................... 53 IoT Through the Years.................................................................................................................... 53 IoT benefits to organizations.......................................................................................................... 55 GEED 20133 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA iv Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Pros and cons of IoT....................................................................................................................... 56 Advantages of IoT.............................................................................................................................................. 56 Disadvantages of IoT.......................................................................................................................................... 56 Consumer and enterprise IoT applications..................................................................................... 56 IoT security and privacy issues....................................................................................................... 57 The Future of the Internet of Things............................................................................................... 58 Online Resources / Videos............................................................................................................. 59 Lesson 2: Current Trends and Emerging Technologies........................................................... 60 Overview....................................................................................................................................... 60 Current Trends in Information Technology..................................................................................... 60 a. Cloud Computing...................................................................................................................................... 60 b. Mobile Computing and Applications........................................................................................................ 60 GEED 20133 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA PAGE | v Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES c. Big Data Analytics..................................................................................................................................... 61 d. Automation................................................................................................................................................... 61 Emerging Trends in Information Technology.................................................................................. 61 a. Artificial Intelligence and Smart Machines............................................................................................... 61 b. Virtual Reality........................................................................................................................................... 63 c. Augmented Reality................................................................................................................................... 64 d. Blockchain Data........................................................................................................................................ 66 e. Internet of Things..................................................................................................................................... 66 f. 5G............................................................................................................................................................. 66 Referrences................................................................................................................................... 67 Assessment.................................................................................................................................... 67 MODULE 7: IMAGING AND DESIGN FOR SOCIAL IMPACT....................................................... 68 Overview....................................................................................................................................... 68 Lesson 1: Graphic Design Fundamentals............................................................................... 68 Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 68 What is Graphic Design?................................................................................................................ 68 Line.................................................................................................................................................................... 68 Shape................................................................................................................................................................. 70 Form................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Texture............................................................................................................................................................... 71 Balance.............................................................................................................................................................. 72 Lesson 2: Branding and Identity............................................................................................ 73 Lesson 3: Layout and Composition........................................................................................ 75 Proximity....................................................................................................................................... 75 White Space................................................................................................................................... 75 Alignment...................................................................................................................................... 78 GEED 20133 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA PAGE | vi Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Contrast......................................................................................................................................... 78 Repetition...................................................................................................................................... 78 Lesson 4: Typography........................................................................................................... 79 Types of Fonts................................................................................................................................ 79 Serif.................................................................................................................................................................... 79 Sans Serif............................................................................................................................................................ 80 Display................................................................................................................................................................ 80 Choosing a font or typeface........................................................................................................... 80 Lesson 5: Color...................................................................................................................... 81 Color Schemes............................................................................................................................... 81 Monochromatic Color Scheme.......................................................................................................................... 82 Achromatic Color Scheme.................................................................................................................................. 82 Analogous Color Scheme................................................................................................................................... 82 Complementary Color Scheme.......................................................................................................................... 83 Split-Complementary Color Scheme.................................................................................................................. 83 Triadic Color Scheme......................................................................................................................................... 84 Tetradic Color Scheme....................................................................................................................................... 85 Understanding Color Profiles......................................................................................................... 85 Lesson 6: Image.................................................................................................................... 86 Image File Types............................................................................................................................ 86 Raster Image File Extensions............................................................................................................................. 87 Online Videos to Watch:................................................................................................................ 87 References / Sources:.................................................................................................................... 87 Assessment/Exercises.................................................................................................................... 88 MODULE 8: PHOTO IMAGING AND POST PROCESSING.......................................................... 89 Overview....................................................................................................................................... 89 Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 89 Photography.................................................................................................................................. 89 GEED 20133 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA PAGE | vii Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES There are three basic types of Photography:.................................................................................. 90 Landscape Photography..................................................................................................................................... 90 Portrait Photography......................................................................................................................................... 91 Documentary Photography................................................................................................................................ 92 Exposure........................................................................................................................................ 93 Top Ten Tips in Taking Great Pictures............................................................................................. 98 Post Processing............................................................................................................................ 100 Post Processing Software................................................................................................................................. 100 Workflow of Post Processing........................................................................................................................... 100 Online Resources......................................................................................................................... 101 Post processing Tutorial................................................................................................................................... 101 References................................................................................................................................... 101 Assessment/Exercises.................................................................................................................. 101 MODULE 9: CREATING INFOGRAPHICS FOR SOCIAL CAMPAIGNS......................................... 102 Overview..................................................................................................................................... 102 Objectives.................................................................................................................................... 103 Plan your infographic design........................................................................................................ 103 Create an infographic outline....................................................................................................... 104 Write a compelling title............................................................................................................... 104 Use a grid design or wireframe for your infographic design.......................................................... 104 Use the right infographic layout for your data.............................................................................. 105 Follow data visualization best practices....................................................................................... 107 Choose the best chart types for your data.................................................................................... 107 Incorporate different infographic design elements....................................................................... 109 Use photography in your infographic design................................................................................ 111 GEED 20133 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA PAGE | viii Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Use contrast in your infographic design....................................................................................... 111 Contrast using colors....................................................................................................................................... 111 Contrast using typography sizes...................................................................................................................... 111 Contrasting visuals........................................................................................................................................... 112 Create symmetrical and asymmetrical balance............................................................................ 113 Use color effectively.................................................................................................................... 114 Make sure there's consistency in your infographic design............................................................ 115 Leave plenty of negative space in your infographic design........................................................... 116 Practice, practice, practice........................................................................................................... 118 Online Resources......................................................................................................................... 118 References................................................................................................................................... 118 Assessment.................................................................................................................................. 118 GEED 20133 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA PAGE | ix Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Overview The quickening pace of evolution in technology is very evident in this era. It seems that it is progressing faster than ever. From year to year, the evolution of technology is one of staggering promise and opportunity--as well as uncertainty. Basically, technology has been around before, and as long as there are people, information technology will be there also because there were always ways of communicating through technology available at that point in time. The future may be unknown, but digital advancement continues to reshape our world in ways that encourage people to form new habits, find new ways to work together, and become better human beings. And, in most cases, these changes translate into a range of opportunities and disruptions across every industry. Humans have always been quick to adapt technologies for better and faster communication. Objectives After successful completion of this module, the student can be able to; Demonstrate a sense of readiness for the upcoming semester; Identify their learning outcomes and expectations for the course; Recognize their capacity to create new understandings from reflecting on the course; Know the role and importance of ICT. Lesson 1: Information and Communication Technology History of ICT ICT, or information and communications technology (or technologies), is the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing. Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is generally accepted to mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that combined allow people and organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments and criminal enterprises) to interact in the digital world. SCIENCES GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 1 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Uses of ICT In Our Daily Lives Communication We all know that ICT take a major role for us by means of communicating, way back in the past our parents use to make letter and send it via post mail. But now with the help of ICT it is easier to communicate with our love ones. We can use cellular phones that design for communicating with other people even they are miles away far from you. Nowadays people are in touch with the help of ICT. Through chatting, E-mail, voice mail and social networking people communicate with each other. It is the cheapest means of communication. ICT allows students to monitor and manage their own learning, think critically and creatively, solve simulated real-world problems, work collaboratively, engage in ethical decision-making, and adopt a global perspective towards issues and ideas. It also provides students from remote areas access to expert teachers and learning resources, and gives administrators and policy makers the data and expertise they need to work more efficiently. Job Opportunities In the employment sector, ICT enables organizations to operate more efficiently, so employing staff with ICT skills is vital to the smooth running of any business. Being able to use ICT systems effectively allows employees more time to concentrate on areas of their job role that require soft skills. For example, many pharmacies use robot technology to assist with picking prescribed drugs. This allows highly trained pharmaceutical staff to focus on jobs requiring human intelligence and interaction, such as dispensing and checking medication. Nowadays, employers expect their staff to have basic ICT skills. This expectation even applies to job roles where ICT skills may not have been an essential requirement in the past. Nowadays, finding a job is different, you can just use your smart phone, laptop, desktop or any gadgets that is available in the comfort of your home. Education Information and Communications Technology (ICT) can impact student learning when teachers are digitally literate and understand how to integrate it into curriculum. Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.(6) In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the teaching learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards with interactive digital whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other devices for learning during GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 2 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES class time, and the “flipped classroom” model where students watch lectures at home on the computer and use classroom time for more interactive exercises. When teachers are digitally literate and trained to use ICT, these approaches can lead to higher order thinking skills, provide creative and individualized options for students to express their understandings, and leave students better prepared to deal with ongoing technological change in society and the workplace. Socializing Social media has changed the world. The rapid and vast adoption of these technologies is changing how we find partners, how we access information from the news, and how we organize to demand political change. The internet and social media provide young people with a range of benefits, and opportunities to empower themselves in a variety of ways. Young people can maintain social connections and support networks that otherwise wouldn't be possible and can access more information than ever before. The communities and social interactions young people form online can be invaluable for bolstering and developing young people's self-confidence and social skills. As the ICT has become ubiquitous, faster and increasingly accessible to non-technical communities, social networking and collaborative services have grown rapidly enabling people to communicate and share interest in many more ways, sites like Facebook, Twitter LinkedIn You tube, Flicker, second life delicious blogs wiki’s and many more let people of all ages rapidly share their interest of the movement without others everywhere. But Facebook seems to be the leading areas of where people communicate and share their opinions. What a change! “Nothing is permanent, but change” (As Heraditus in the 4thcentury BC). Internet can be seen as the international networks of interconnection of computer networks, the main purpose for the institution of internet are quest for information i.e. browsing, electronic mail, knew groups fill transfer and access and use of other computer. Socialization can be seen as a process by which a child adapts a behavior to be an effective member of the society, which can only be achieved through learning or education. Impact of ICT in The Society Positive impacts of Information and Communication Technology Access to information: Increase in access to information and services that has accompanied the growth of the Internet. Some of the positive aspects of this increased access are better, and often cheaper, communications, such as VoIP phone and Instant Messaging. Improved access to education, e.g. distance learning and online tutorials. New ways of learning, e.g. interactive multi-media and virtual reality. New tools, new opportunities: ICT gives access to new tools that did not previously exist: digital cameras, photo-editing software and high quality printers, screen magnification or screen reading software enables partially sighted or blind people to work with ordinary text rather than Braille. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 3 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Communication: Cost savings by using e.g. VoIP instead of normal telephone, email / messaging instead of post, video conferencing instead of traveling to meetings, e-commerce web sites instead of sales catalogues. Access to larger, even worldwide, markets. Information management: Data mining of customer information to produce lists for targeted advertising. Improved stock control, resulting in less wastage, better cash flow, etc. SCIENCES Security: ICT solves or reduces some security problems, e.g. Encryption methods can keep data safe from unauthorized people, both while it is being stored or while it is being sent electronically. ICT allows people to participate in a wider, even worldwide, society. Distance learning: students can access teaching materials from all over the world. ICT facilitates the ability to perform ‘impossible’ experiments’ by using simulations. Creation of new more interesting jobs. Examples would be systems analysts, programmers and software engineers, as well as help desk operators and trainers. Negative impacts of Information and Communication Technology Job loss: Manual operations being replaced by automation. e.g. robots replacing people on an assembly line. Job export. e.g. Data processing work being sent to other countries where operating costs are lower. Multiple workers being replaced by a smaller number who are able to do the same amount of work. e.g. A worker on a supermarket checkout can serve more customers per hour if a bar-code scanner linked to a computerized till is used to detect goods instead of the worker having to enter the item and price manually Reduced personal interaction: Most people need some form of social interaction in their daily lives and if they do not get the chance to meet and talk with other people they may feel isolated and unhappy. Reduced physical activity: This can lead to health problems such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. Cost: A lot of ICT hardware and software is expensive, both to purchase and to maintain. An ICT system usually requires specialist staff to run it and there is also the challenge of keeping up with ever-changing technology. Competition: this is usually thought of as being a good thing, but for some organizations being exposed to greater competition can be a problem. If the organization is competing for customers, donations, or other means of funding nationally or even internationally, they may lose out to other organizations that can offer the same service for less money. References W. Samuel, S. G. Ajumo, E. C. Anderson and S. Worgu (2016). ICT As A Change Angent For Socialization and Social Engineering. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR- JCE) e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 18, Issue 4, Ver. II https://www.digitalistmag.com/cio-knowledge/2019/02/26/evolution-of-technologycontinues- what-is-next-in-2019-06196611/ https://bit.ly/30IZ4FO https://ailynvlla.home.blog/2019/03/04/how-ict-affect-our-daily-life/ https://bit.ly/32Vlpm6 https://www.wikijob.co.uk/content/application-advice/job-applications/what-are-ict-skills https://bit.ly/2BuODwV GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 4 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Assessment Instruction: Answer the following questions. 1. What is the relevance of ICT in your chosen course? 2. Name at least 4 uses of ICT in our daily lives and explain. 3. Give 5 positive impacts and 5 negative impacts of ICT in the society. MODULE 2: HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS Objectives At the end of the chapter, students must be able to: Gain familiarity of the different discoveries during the different periods. Learn different inventions and discoveries during electro-mechanical age that lead to the inventions of today’s technology. Identify different technologies and their improvements during the different generations. Definition of Computer Computer is a programmable machine. Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program). Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations. Three principal characteristics of computer: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data. Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives 1. Business Almost every business uses computers nowadays. They can be employed to store and maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects, track inventory, create presentations and reports. They enable communication with people both within and outside the business, using various technologies, including e-mail. They can be used to promote the business and enable direct interaction with customers. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 5 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES 2. Education Computers can be used to give learners audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, and remote learning, including tutoring over the internet. They can be used to access educational information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books. They can be used to maintain and monitor student performance, including through the use of online examinations, as well as to create projects and assignments. 3. Healthcare Healthcare continues to be revolutionized by computers. As well as digitized medical information making it easier to store and access patient data, complex information can also SCIENCES be analyzed by software to aid discovery of diagnoses, as well as search for risks of diseases. Computers control lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure monitors. They enable doctors to have greater access to information on the latest drugs, as well as the ability to share information on diseases with other medical specialists. 4. Retail and Trade Computers can be used to buy and sell products online - this enables sellers to reach a wider market with low overheads, and buyers to compare prices, read reviews, and choose delivery preferences. They can be used for direct trading and advertising too, using sites such as eBay, Craigslist, or local listings on social media or independent websites. 5. Government Various government departments use computers to improve the quality and efficiency of their services. Examples include city planning, law enforcement, traffic, and tourism. Computers can be used to store information, promote services, communicate internally and externally, as well as for routine administrative purposes. 6. Marketing Computers enable marketing campaigns to be more precise through the analysis and manipulation of data. They facilitate the creation of websites and promotional materials. They can be used to generate social media campaigns. They enable direct communication with customers through email and online chat. 7. Science Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work tool. In science, computers can be used for research, sharing information with other specialists both locally and internationally, as well as collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing data. Computers also play a vital role in launching, controlling, and maintaining space craft, as well as operating other advanced technology. 8. Publishing Computers can be used to design pretty much any type of publication. These might include newsletters, marketing materials, fashion magazines, novels, or newspapers. Computers are used in the publishing of both hard-copy and e-books. They are also used to market publications and track sales. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 6 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES 9. Arts and Entertainment Computers are now used in virtually every branch of the arts, as well as in the wider entertainment industry. Computers can be used to create drawings, graphic designs, and paintings. They can be used to edit, copy, send, and print photographs. They can be used by writers to create and edit. They can be used to make, record, edit, play, and listen to music. They can be used to capture, edit and watch videos. They can be used for playing games. 10. Communication Computers have made real-time communication over the internet easy, thanks to software and videoconferencing services such as Skype. Families can connect with audio and video, businesses can hold meetings between remote participants, and news organizations can interview people without the need for a film crew. Modern computers usually have microphones and webcams built-in nowadays to facilitate software like Skype. Older communications technologies such as email are also still used widely. 11. Banking and Finance Most banking in advanced countries now takes place online. You can use computers to check your account balance, transfer money, or pay off credit cards. You can also use computer technology to access information on stock markets, trade stocks, and manage investments. Banks store customer account data, as well as detailed information on customer behavior which is used to streamline marketing. 12. Transport Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are increasingly automated with computers being used to maintain safety and navigation systems, and increasingly to drive, fly, or steer. They can also highlight problems that require attention, such as low fuel levels, oil changes, or a failing mechanical part. Computers can be used to customize settings for individuals, for example, seat setup, air-conditioning temperatures. 13. Navigation Navigation has become increasingly computerized, especially since computer technology has been combined with GPS technology. Computers combined with satellites mean that it's now easy to pinpoint your exact location, know which way that you are moving on a map, and have a good idea of amenities and places of interest around you. 14. Working From Home Computers have made working from home and other forms of remote working increasingly common. Workers can access necessary data, communicate, and share information without commuting to a traditional office. Managers are able to monitor workers' productivity remotely. 15. Military Computers are used extensively by the military. They are use for training purposes. They are used for analyzing intelligence data. They are used to control smart technology, such as guided missiles and drones, as well as for tracking incoming missiles and destroying them. They work with other technologies such as satellites to provide geospatial information and analysis. They aid communications. They help tanks and planes to target enemy forces. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 7 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES 16. Social and Romance Computers have opened up many ways of socializing that didn't previously exist. Social media enables people to chat in text or audio in real time across large distances, as well as exchange photographs, videos, and memes. Dating sites and apps help people to find romance. Online groups help people to connect with others who have similar interests. Blogs enable people to post a variety of views, updates, and experiences. Online forums enable discussions between people on specialist or general topics. 17. Booking Vacations Computers can be used by travelers to study timetables, examine route options, and buy plane, train, or bus tickets. They can be used to explore and book accommodation, whether traditional hotels, or through newer services, such as Air BnB. Guided tours, excursions, events, and trips can also be explored and booked online using computers. 18. Security and Surveillance Computers are increasingly being combined with other technologies to monitor people and goods. Computers combined with biometric passports make it harder for people to fraudulently enter a country or gain access to a passenger airplane. Face-recognition SCIENCES technology makes it easier to identify terrorists or criminals ls in public places. Driver plates can be auto scanned by speed cameras or police cars. Private security systems have also become much more sophisticated with the introduction of computer technology and internet technology. 19. Weather Forecasting The world's weather is complex and depends upon a multitude of factors that are constantly changing. It's impossible for human beings to monitor and process all the information coming in from satellite and other technologies, never mind perform the complex calculations that are needed to predict what is likely to happen in the future. Computers can process the large amounts of meteorological information. 20. Robotics Robotics is an expanding area of technology which combines computers with science and engineering to produce machines that can either replace humans, or do specific jobs that humans are unable to do. One of the first use of robotics was in manufacturing to build cars. Since then, robots have been developed to explore areas where conditions are too harsh for humans, to help law enforcement, to help the military, and to assist healthcare professionals. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 8 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. a) Tally sticks A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. Figure 1.1 Tally Sticks b) Abacus An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Figure 1.2 Abacus c) Napier’s Bones Invented by John Napier in 1614. Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 9 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Figure 1.3 Napie’s Bones d) Slide Rule Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms – Trigonometry Not normally used for addition or subtraction. Figure 1.4 Slide Rule e) Pascaline Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 10 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Figure 1.5 Pascaline f) Stepped Reckoner Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically. Figure 1.6 Stepped Reckoner g) Jacquard Loom The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. Figure 1.7 Jacquard Loom h) Arithmometer A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. The first mass-produced calculating machine. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 11 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Figure 1.8 Arithmometer i) Difference Engine and Analytical Engine It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 It is the first mechanical computer. Figure 1.9 Difference Engine & Analytical Engine j. First Computer Programmer In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. Figure 1.10 Augusta Ada Byron k. Scheutzian Calculation Engine Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. The first printing calculator. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 12 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Figure 1.11 Scheutzian Calculation Engine l. Tabulating Machine Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. To assist in summarizing information and accounting. Figure 1.12 Tabulating Machine m. Harvard Mark 1 Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 The first electro- mechanical computer. Figure 1.13 Harvard Mark 1 n. Z1 The first programmable computer. Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 13 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape. Figure 1.14 Z1 o. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) It was the first electronic digital computing device. Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. Figure 1.15 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) p. ENIAC ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the first electronic general-purpose computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 14 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Figure 1.16 ENIAC q. UNIVAC 1 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Figure 1.17 UNIVAC 1 r. EDVAC EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer The First Stored Program Computer Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 15 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Figure 1.18 EDVAC s. The First Portable Computer Osborne 1 – the first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation. Figure 1.19 The First Portable Computer t. The First Computer Company The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Basic Computing Periods - Ages a. Premechanical The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a long time ago. When humans first started communicating they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyths which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 16 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Figure 2.1 Petroglyph As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper made was probably by the Chinese who made paper from rags. Now that people were writing a lot of information down, they needed ways to keep it all in GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 17 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES SCIENCES permanent storage. This is where the first books and libraries are developed. You’ve probably heard of Egyptian scrolls which were popular ways of writing down information to save. Some groups of people were actually binding paper together into a book-like form. Also, during this period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number 0 was invented. And yes, now that numbers were created, people wanted stuff to do with them, so they created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus. b. Mechanical The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840. A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest with this area. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and dividing) were invented. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical computer. Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated polynomial equations using the method of finite differences. Figure 2.2 Difference Engine There were lots of different machines created during this era and while we have not yet gotten to a machine that can do more than one type of calculation in one, like our modern-day calculators, we are still learning about how all of our all-in-one machines started. Also, if you look at the size of the machines invented in this time compared to the power behind them it seems (to us) absolutely ridiculous to understand why anybody would want to use them, but to the people living in that time ALL of these inventions were HUGE. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 18 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES c. Electromechanical Now we are finally getting close to some technologies that resemble our modern-day technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of telecommunication. The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these were extremely crucial emerging technologies that led to big advances in the information technology field. The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch cards. How does your PC match up to this hunk of metal? It was from huge machines like this that people began to look at downsizing all the parts to first make them usable by businesses and eventually in your own home. Figure 2.3 Harvard Mark 1 d. Electronic The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations. There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 19 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES storage. The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage. Also during this time high-level programming languages were created such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up around this time along SCIENCES with the advanced programming language BASIC. The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The personal computer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was developed. Figure 2.4 Apple 2 History of Computer: Generations of Computer There are five generations of computer: First generation – 1946 to 1958 Second generation – 1959 to 1964 Third generation – 1965 to 1970 Fourth generation – 1971 to Today Fifth generation – Today to future GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 20 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES a. The First Generation The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. Examples: – ENIAC – EDSAC – UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101 b. The Second Generation Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. Secondgeneration computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM 7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series c. The Third Generation The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second. Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second-generation computers. d. The Fourth Generation The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. e. The Fifth Generation GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 21 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 22 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES References https://ftms.edu.my/v2/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/csca0201_ch01.pdf https://www.sutori.com/story/history-of-ict-information-and-communications-technology- N7J51bQqSU7vLWcVfdn5M9qa https://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html https://www.explainthatstuff.com/historyofcomputers.html Assessment Instruction: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the right answer. 1) What was the name of first computer designed by Charles Babbage? Analytical Engine Difference Engine Colossus ENIAC 2) Which was the first electronics digital programmable computing device? Analytical Engine Difference Engine Colossus ENIAC 3) EDVAC stands for __________. Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer Electronic Data Variable Automatic Calculator Electronic Data Variable Automatic Computer 4) Which was the first commercial computer? Mark 1 Analytical Engine Difference Engine Colossus 5) UNIVAC stands for __________. Universal Automatic Calculator Universal Native Input Automatic computer Universal Native Input Automatic calculator Universal Automatic Computer 6) ENIAC stands for __________. Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator Electronic Numerical Integrator Automatic Computer GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 23 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Electronic Numerical Integrator Automatic Calculator 7) John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert are the inventors of __________ computer. UNIAC ENIAC SCIENCESEDSAC Mark 1 8) Who invented the punch card? Charles Babbage Semen Korsakov Herman Hollerith Joseph Marie Jacquard 9) In the late __________, Herman Hollerith invented data storage on punched cards that could then be read by a machine. 1860 1900 1890 1880 10) Which electronic components are used in First Generation Computers? Transistors Integrated Circuits Vacuum Tubes Microprocessor 11) Which electronic components are used in Second Generation Computers? Transistors Integrated Circuits Vacuum Tubes Microprocessor 12) Which electronic components are used in Third Generation Computers? Transistors Integrated Circuits Vacuum Tubes Microprocessor 13) Which electronic components are used in Fourth Generation Computers? Transistors Integrated Circuits Vacuum Tubes Microprocessor 14) Which electronic components are used in Fifth Generation Computers? Transistors Integrated Circuits GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 24 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Vacuum Tubes Microprocessor 15) ENIAC Computer belongs to __________. First Generation Computers Second Generation Computers Third Generation Computers Fourth Generation Computers MODULE 3: THE WEB AND THE INTERNET Overview Internet is defined as an information superhighway, to access information over the web. However, it can be defined in many ways, internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks. Objectives At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to: Explore the current breakthrough technologies and disruptive innovations that have emerged over the past few years. Identify and analyze various emerging technologies. Explore the evolution of the internet. Identify and understand the different uses of internet in today’s generation. Discuss the fundamental terms and definitions used in the internet. Lesson 1: The Web The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information organized into Web pages containing text and graphic images. The world wide web is larger collection of interconnected documents or content. It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and images that lead to related information. A collection of linked Web pages that has a common theme or focus is called a Web site. The main page that all of the pages on a particular Web site are organized around and link back to is called the site’s home page. Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA FBCS, also known as TimBL, is an English engineer and computer scientist best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He is a Professorial Fellow of Computer Science at the University of Oxford and a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 25 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES A. Web 1.0 (Read Only Static Web) It is an old internet that only allows people to read from the internet. First stage worldwide linking web pages and hyperlink. Web is use as “information portal”. It uses table to positions and align elements on page. Most read only web. If focused on company’s home pages. Dividing the world wide web into usable directories It means web is use as “Information Portal” It started with the simple idea “put content together” Example of Web 1.0 Mp3.com Home Page Directories Page Views HTML/Portals. Disadvantages Read only web Limited user interaction Lack of standards B. Web 2.0 (Read-write interactive web) A term used to describe a new generation of Web services and applications with an increasing emphasis on human collaboration. It is a platform that gives users the possibility (liberty) to control their data. This is about user-generated content and the read-write web. People are consuming as well as contributing information through blogs or sites. Allows the user to interact with the page known as DYNAMIC PAGE; instead of just reading a page, the user may be able to comment or create a user account. Dynamic page refers to the web pages that are affected by user input or preference. Is focused on the ability for people to collaborate and share information online via social media, blogging and Web-based communities. Example of Web 2.0 are the following: A. Social Networking - is the use of Internet-based social media sites to stay connected with friends, family, colleagues, customers, or clients. Social networking can have a social purpose, a business purpose, or both, through sites such as: Example GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 26 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Facebook Pinterest Twitter Tumblr LinkedIn Instagram Google+ Page B. Blogs - is a discussion or informational website published on the world wide web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries (posts). Posts are typically displayed in reverse chronological order, so that the most recent post appears first, at the top of the web page. Example Wordpress Blogger Tumbler C. Wikis - is a hypertext publication collaboratively edited and managed by its own audience directly using a web browser. A typical wiki contains multiple pages for the subjects or scope of the project and may be either open to the public or limited to use within an organization for maintaining its internal knowledge base. Example: Wikipedia Wikivoyage Wikibooks Wikidata Wikiversity Wikinews Commons Wikispecies Wiktionary MediaWiki Wikiquote D. Video Sharing Sites - a website that lets people upload and share their video clips with the public at large or to invited guests. Example: Youtube Photobucket Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Veoh Flickr Dailymotion Photobucket VimeoPRO LinkedIn Flickr Myspace.com Metacafe Key Features of Web 2.0: Folksonomy – allows users to categorize and classify/arrange information using freely chosen keywords (e.g. tagging). Rich User Interface – content is dynamic and is responsive to user’s input. An example would be a website that shows local content. User Participation – the owner of website is not the only one who is able to put content. Others are able to place a content on their own by means of comments, reviews, and evaluation. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 27 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Long Tail – services are offered on demand rather than on a one-time purchase. This is synonymous to subscribing to a data plan that charges you for the amount of time you spent on Internet or a data plan that charges you for the amount of bandwidth you used. C. Web 3.0: (Read-write intelligent web) Suggested name by John Markoff of the New York Times for the third generation of the web. In this generation, all the application on web or mobile will be upgraded with more features. It applies same principles as Web 2.0: two-way interaction. Web 3.0 will be more connected, open, and intelligent, with semantic web technologies, distributed databases, natural language processing, machine learning, machine reasoning and autonomous agents. Semantic Web - provides a framework that allows data to be shared and reuse to deliver web content specifically targeting the user. It is a web of data. Changing the web into a language that can be read and categorized by the system rather than humans. Types of websites: eCommerce Website is a website people can directly buy products from you’ve probably used a number of eCommerce websites before, most big brands and plenty of smaller ones have one. Any website that includes a shopping cart and a way for you to provide credit card information to make a purchase falls into this category. Business Website is any website that’s devoted to representing a specific business. It should be branded like the business (the same logo and positioning) and communicate the types of products and/or services the business offers. Entertainment Website If you think about your internet browsing habits, you can probably think of a few websites that you visit purely for entertainment purposes. Portfolio Website are sites devoted to showing examples of past work. Service providers who want to show potential clients the quality of the work they provide can use a portfolio website to collect some of the best samples of past work they’ve done. This type of website is simpler to build than a business website and more focused on a particular task: collecting work samples. Media Website collect news stories or other reporting. There’s some overlap here with entertainment websites, but media websites are more likely to include reported pieces in addition to or instead of content meant purely for entertainment. Brochure Website are a simplified form of business websites. For businesses that know they need an online presence, but don’t want to invest a lot into it (maybe you’re confident you’ll continue to get most of your business from other sources), a simple brochure site that includes just a few pages that lay out the basics of what you do and provide contact information may be enough for you. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 28 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Nonprofit Website In the same way that businesses need websites to be their online presence, nonprofits do as well. A nonprofit website is the easiest way for many potential donors to make donations and will be the first place many people look to learn more about a nonprofit and determine if they want to support it. Educational Website The websites of educational institutions and those offering online courses fall into the category of educational websites. These websites have the primary goal of either providing educational materials to visitors or providing information on an educational institution to them. Infopreneur Website websites overlap a bit with business and eCommerce websites, but they represent a unique type of online business. Infopreneurs create and sell information products. That could be in the form of courses, tutorials, videos or eBooks. Personal Website Not all websites exist to make money in some way or another. Many people find value in creating personal websites to put their own thoughts out into the world. This category includes personal blogs, vlogs, and photo diaries people share with the world. Web Portal are often websites designed for internal purposes at a business, organization, or institution. They collect information in different formats from different sources into one place to make all relevant information accessible to the people who need to see it. They often involve a login and personalized views for different users that ensure the information that’s accessible is most useful to their particular needs. Wiki or Community Forum Website Most people are familiar with wikis through the most famous example of one out there: Wikipedia. But wikis can be created on pretty much any subject you can imagine. A wiki is any website where various users are able to collaborate on content and all make their own tweaks and changes as they see fit. There are wikis for fan communities, for business resources, and for collecting valuable information sources. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 29 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Lesson 2: The Internet The Internet or “net” (network of network) is the largest computer network in the world that connects billions of computer user. The word internet comes from combination between “interconnection” and “network”. Network is a collection of computers and devices connected via communication channels and transmission media allow to share resources (hardware, software, data, information). Generally, nobody owns the internet. A. Brief History of Internet ARPA – Advanced Research Project Agency January 2, 1969 – started an experimental computer network. Concept – No server, but equal importance/participation to every computer in the network. Even if, one or two node destroyed that will now affect the network. In 1982 the word internet started. 1986 – First “ free net” created in Case Western Reserve University 1991: US government allowed business agencies to connect to internet. Now all people can connect to the internet and improve their life and work quality. The internet support various aspects in our life. Vinton Gray Cerf ForMemRS is an American Internet pioneer and is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet", sharing this title with TCP/IP co-developer Bob Kahn. B. Major Components of the Internet 1. Servers – is a computer program that provides service to another computer program and it’s user. Types of Servers Application Server – a program in computer that provides the business logic for an application program. Web Server – a computer program that serves requested HTML pages or files. Proxy Server – is a software that acts as an intermediary between an endpoint device, such as computer and another server from which a user is requesting. Mail Server – is an application that receives incoming e-mail from local users and remote senders and forward outgoing e-mail for delivery File Server – is a computer responsible for central storage and management of data files so that other computer on the same network can access them. Policy Server – is a security component of a policy – based network that provides authorization services and facilities tracking and control of files. 2. IP Address (Internet Protocol) – is a numerical label assigned to each device. This provides identity to a network device. GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 30 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES 3. Browser – is an application program that provides a way to look information on the web. Example of browsers: Google chrome, safari, internet explorer, opera, Mozilla 4. Domain Name System (DNS) – is the phonebook of internet. We access information online through domain names. Example of DNS: www.facebook.com, www.pup.edu.ph,www.academia.edu Name Entity.com commercial.org organization.net network.edu education.gov National and State Government Agencies.ph Philippines.au Australia 5. Internet Service Provide (ISP) – is an organization that provides services for accessing, using or participating in the internet. Two types of ISP: National ISP – provided internet access to a specific geographic area. Regional ISP – business that provides internet access in cities and towns nationwide. Example of ISP: Sky Broadband, PLDT, Converge C. Uses of Internet Look for information School works, jobs, and home purposes Send and receive electronic mail Video teleconferencing (video call, video chat) Buy and sell product Social networking Watch & post videos Games Take college courses Monitor home while away Financial transactions Download music and movies GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 31 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES D. Internet Terms and Definition Internet - A global network of thousands of computer networks linked by data lines and wireless systems. Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can view with a web browser GEED 20133 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 32 Jose Rizal Memorial State University COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES SCIENCES Email – the most common method of sending and receiving messages online Social media – websites and apps that allow people to share comments, photos, and videos Online gaming – games that allow people to play with and against each other over the Internet Software updates – operating system and application updates can typically downloaded from the Internet HTML - Hypertext Markup Language is a coding language used to tell a browser how to place pictures, text, multimedia and links to create a web page. When a user clicks on a link within a web page, that link, which is coded with HTML, links the user to a specif

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