Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System: Blood PDF

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD CHAPTER 18 18.1 – AN OVERVIEW OF BLOOD BLOOD IS CONNECTIVE TISSUE MADE OF RBC, WBC, AND PLATELETS (FORMED ELEMENTS) PLASMA – THE FLUID (MOSTLY WATER) SUSPENDS THE FORMED ELEMENTS TRANSPORTATION – NUTRIENTS, O2, HORMONES, WASTE, AND BYPRODUCTS DEFENSE – WBC TRAVEL TO...

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD CHAPTER 18 18.1 – AN OVERVIEW OF BLOOD BLOOD IS CONNECTIVE TISSUE MADE OF RBC, WBC, AND PLATELETS (FORMED ELEMENTS) PLASMA – THE FLUID (MOSTLY WATER) SUSPENDS THE FORMED ELEMENTS TRANSPORTATION – NUTRIENTS, O2, HORMONES, WASTE, AND BYPRODUCTS DEFENSE – WBC TRAVEL TO PROTECT US AND PLATELETS TRAVEL TO WOUNDS FOR CLOTS HOMEOSTASIS – REGULATE BODY TEMP, WATER CONTENT, AND PH 18.1 – COMPOSITION OF BLOOD HEMATOCRIT – THE PERCENTAGE OF RBC IN BLOOD, 45% IS NORMAL BUFFY COAT – WBC AND PLATELETS BLOOD PLASMA - FLUID 18.1 – CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD BRIGHT RED JUST AFTER RECEIVING O2 AND DUSKY RED UNOXYGENATED VISCOSITY 5 TIMES THICKER THAN WATER DUE TO PLASMA PROTEINS AND FORMED ELEMENTS TEMP IS SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN BODY TEMP DUE TO FRICTION – 100.4 PH IS ABOUT 7.4 – SLIGHTLY BASIC OR ALKALINE ABOUT 8% OF ADULT BODY WEIGHT – 5 L - 6 L MEN AND 4 L - 5 L WOMEN 18.1 – BLOOD PLASMA 92% WATER WITH LOTS OF SUBSTANCES, MOST ARE PROTEINS 7% ALBUMIN – MOST ABUNDANT PLASMA PROTEIN, MADE IN LIVER, TRANSPORTS FATTY ACIDS AND STEROID HORMONES, IT DRAWS IN WATER FROM TISSUE (54%) GLOBULINS – 2ND MOST COMMON, ALPHA AND BETA ARE MADE IN THE LIVER AND TRANSPORT LIPIDS AND FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS, GAMMA ARE IMMUNOGLOBULINS FROM PLASMA CELLS (38%) FIBRINOGEN – LEAST COMMON, FROM THE LIVER AND ESSENTIAL FOR BLOOD CLOTTING (7%) FINAL 1% OF SOLUTES ARE ELECTROLYTES, GASES, NUTRIENTS, AND WASTES 18.2 – PRODUCTION OF THE FORMED ELEMENTS HEMOPOIESIS – PRODUCING RBC IN THE RED BONE MARROW (LIVER AND SPLEEN CAN GENERATE FORMED ELEMENTS IF NEEDED) HEMOPOIETIC STEM CELL (HEMOCYTOBLAST) – ALL FORMED ELEMENTS COME FROM THIS TYPE OF CELL, FORMS INTO 2 POSSIBLE TYPES OF CELLS LYMPHOID STEM CELL – BECOMES A LYMPHOCYTE FOR IMMUNITY, MATURES IN VARIOUS PLACES MYELOID STEM CELL – BECOMES ERYTHROCYTES, PLATELETS, GRANULAR LEUKOCYTE, OR MONOCYTES 18.2 – HEMOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS EPO – FROM THE KIDNEY DUE TO LOW O2 LEVELS, STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF RBC THROMBOPOIETIN – FROM LIVER AND KIDNEY, STIMULATES DEVELOPMENT OF PLATELETS CYTOKINES – LOCAL CELLULAR CHEMICALS THAT STIMULATE RESISTANCE TO DISEASE, 2 TYPES COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS – STIMULATE DIFFERENTIATION OF MYELOBLASTS, OR INDUCES PRODUCTION OF MONOCYTES INTERLEUKINS – SIGNALING MOLECULE IN HEMOPOIESIS, DIFFERENTIATION AND MATURATION OF CELLS, PRODUCING IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION 18.2 – BONE MARROW BIOPSY – DIAGNOSTIC TEST TO DETECT FORMS OF ANEMIA AND/OR CANCER TRANSPLANT – REPLACE FAULTY BONE MARROW AND STEM CELLS WITH A HEALTHY MATCH. RADIATION AND/OR CHEMOTHERAPY IS FIRST USED TO DESTROY THE PATIENTS OWN MARROW BOTH REQUIRED A LARGE NEEDLE INTO THE ILIAC CREST, NOW BLOOD SAMPLE IS USUALLY SUFFICIENT 18.3 - ERYTHROCYTES COMMONLY CALLED RED BLOOD CELL (RBC), RETICULOCYTE BEFORE IT MATURES MOST COMMON FORMED ELEMENT, ABOUT 5 MILLION PER MICROLITER, ABOUT 25% OF TOTAL CELLS OF THE BODY CARRY O2 AWAY FROM THE LUNGS AND BRING SOME CO2 BACK TO LUNGS MATURES IN RED BONE MARROW, EXTRUDES NUCLEUS AND MOST ORGANELLES THEY RELY ON ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION AND DON’T SYNTHESIZE PROTEIN THEY HAVE A PLUMP BORDER AND A THIN CENTER, THEY ARE FLEXIBLE, AND THEY MOVE VERY SLOW IN A CAPILLARY 18.3 - ERYTHROCYTES WE PRODUCE ABOUT 2 MILLION PER SECOND, NEED GLUCOSE, LIPID, PROTEIN, AND OTHERS IRON – LESS THAN 20% CONSUMED IS ABSORBED, ANIMAL SOURCES ARE ABSORBED BETTER COPPER – HELPS TO ABSORB AND TRANSPORT IRON, NEEDED TO PRODUCE HEMOGLOBIN ZINC – FACILITATES THE SYNTHESIS OF THE HEME B VITAMINS – FOLATE AND B12 FACILITATE DNA SYNTHESIS RBC’S LIVE FOR ABOUT 120 DAYS AND ARE THEN EATEN BY MACROPHAGES, AA ARE RECYCLED TO FORM NEW RBC’S, IRON IS STORED OR RECYCLED, NON IRON PORTION EVENTUALLY URINATED OUT OR BECOMES BILE AND IS EXCRETED IN FECES 18.3 - HEMOGLOBIN A MOLECULE OF 4 FOLDED PROTEINS AND A HEME WHICH HAS AN IRON ION EACH IRON ION CAN HOLD 1 O2 MOLECULE THERE CAN BE 300 MILLION HEMOGLOBIN IN 1 RBC (1.2 BILLION O2 MOLECULES) WILL CARRY ABOUT 24% OF CO2 BACK TO THE LUNGS, 76% DISSOLVE IN PLASMA OR FORM BICARBONATE ION HEMOGLOBIN RARELY LEAVES ALL OF ITS O2 BEHIND INSUFFICIENT RBC IS ANEMIA, TO MANY RBC IS POLYCYTHEMIA (HIGH VISCOSITY) 18.3 PERCENT SATURATION – PERCENT OF HEMOGLOBIN SITES OCCUPIED BY O2, MEASURED BY A PULSE OXIMETER (NORMAL IS 95-100%) THE KIDNEYS HAVE RECEPTORS FOR O2 SATURATION SINCE THEY FILTER ABOUT 180 L/DAY IF O2 DECREASES THEN EPO PRODUCTION WILL INCREASE AND VICE VERSA PEOPLE LIVING AT HIGH ELEVATIONS NORMALLY HAVE A HIGHER HEMATOCRIT