Microbiology Chapter 12 Quiz Hints PDF

# Microbiology Chap 12 QUIZ HINTS ## 1. What are the 1st and 2nd most frequent portal of entry for pathogens? * Port of Entry - The site where a pathogen enters the body. * Can be the skin, mucous membranes of the GI tract, respiratory, the placenta, the parenteral route, or the urogenital tract...

# Microbiology Chap 12 QUIZ HINTS ## 1. What are the 1st and 2nd most frequent portal of entry for pathogens? * Port of Entry - The site where a pathogen enters the body. * Can be the skin, mucous membranes of the GI tract, respiratory, the placenta, the parenteral route, or the urogenital tracts. * The **respiratory tract** is the most frequently used portal of entry. Enter through the mouth and nose by air dust particles, moisture, and respiratory droplets from an infected person. EX: Sore throat, meningitis, diphtheria, and whooping cough. * Second most common - The **GI tract** (gastrointestinal tract): serves as a portal of entry for pathogens present in food, liquid, and other ingested substances. Ex: Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio spp., certain E.Coli., VIRUSES - Poliovirus, Hep A, echovirus, and rotavirus. ## 2. What is the parenteral route? * Parenteral route - is NOT a portal or entry but as a means of bypassing other portals of entry. Pathogens are introduced directly into the subcutaneous tissue, as happens with punctures by a nail, thorn, or contaminated needles. EX: Cuts, bites, stab wounds, deep abrasions, or surgery. ## 3. What is immunocompetent, immunocompromised, opportunistic? * **Immunocompetent** - Having no overt immune issues (Normal person)-immune system functioning properly * **Immunocompromised** - Immune system is not normal. ANY factors that suppress or weaken the immune system can enable opportunistic pathogens to cause infections and disease.-immune system cannot respond appropriately to a challenge by antigens * **Opportunistic** - Disease that exclusively hits immunocompromised people. Does not cause disease in its normal habitat in a healthy person but can cause infection under conditions of immune suppression, changes in the normal flora, or when a member of the normal flora gains access into an area of the body it normally does not inhabit. ## 4. What is a HAI/Nosocomial? Iatrogenic? - **HAI** - HAI are infections obtained by patients or healthcare providers while they are being treated or working in a healthcare setting such as a hospital, clinic, nursing home, dental office, and other healthcare facility. Healthcare facilities are filled with sick people capable of shedding a variety of pathogens from different portals of exit. - **Nosocomial** - Nosocomial infections are those infections acquired in the course of treatment in a hospital or hospital-like setting but secondary to the patient's original conditions. - Because of the large number and variety of pathogens in the healthcare environment and the compromised state of the patients, the routes, and chain of transmission constitute an ongoing concern for healthcare providers and their patients. - **Exogenous** - Caused by pathogens in the healthcare environments, often shed from sick people OUTSIDE FACTORS - Endogenous - Infections are caused by microbes in the normal flora of a patient, which become pathogenic because of a variety of factors associated with the healthcare setting. Immune system decline, Antimicrobial drugs, Overgrowth and superinfections can occur INSIDE FACTORS - **Iatrogenic** - Infections are a set of infections that may result from the use of medical procedures. EX: the use of catheters, invasive diagnostic procedures, and surgery. ## 5. Airborne vs Droplet * **Airborne** - Refers to the spread of pathogens by droplet nuclei (droplets of mucous), other aerosols, and dust that travel more than 1 meter from the reservoir to the host. Released by normal exhaling, coughing, or sneezing (most effective form). * **Droplet** - Occurs when infection agents are transmitted through respiratory droplets that travel a distance less than 1 meter. ## 6. Endemic, Epidemic, Sporadic, Pandemic * **Endemic** - disease that is repeatedly present in a given population or geographic area. EX: Chlamydia, COVID, Polio (in some places), common cold * **Epidemic** - Disease that occurs with greater frequency than usual in a population of a given area. EX: Influenza * **Sporadic** - Disease that breaks out only occasionally. EX: Typhoid fever in the US, the plague (5 people get it once a year) * **Pandemic** - Disease is a worldwide epidemic. EX: AIDS and influenza in the 1918, AT LEAST 2 CONTINENTS ## 7. What are the 4 types of symbiosis? * **Symbiosis** - A close relationship between 2 different organisms in a community. * **Mutualism** - Two or more organisms in which both members benefit EX: The large intestine of humans. (E.Coli) * **Commensalism** - Relationship in which one of the organisms benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. EX: Many microorganisms in the normal flora of the human skin and mucous membranes. * **Parasitism** - One organism benefits and the other is harmed, either slightly or to such an extreme that the host is killed. EX: Species of bacteria, protozoans, algae, and fungi all can be microscopic human pathogens (A parasite that is capable of causing a disease is called a pathogen). Tuberculosis bacterium in the human lung. * **Amensalism** - An interaction between 2 species in which one organism can hamper or prevent the growth or survival of another without being positively or negatively affected by the other organism. EX: Penicillin, a mold that secretes penicillin, a chemical capable of killing a wide range of bacteria. ## 8. Define Infection * Infection - Invasion, multiplication, and establishment of a pathogen in the body. The presence and growth of a microorganism in the body, with the exception of organisms in or on the normal flora. * **TO INITIATE AND INFECTION_GAIN ENTRY INTO THE HOST AND ITS TISSUES AN INFECTION DOES NOT NECESSARILY CAUSE DISEASE** ## 9. What is virulence? Why is it not the same as severity? * **Virulence** - Refers to the degree of pathogenicity (disease evoking power/ ability to cause disease) of a specific microbe and is based on virulence factors. * **Virulence DOES NOT EQUAL severity of disease!!** * Adhesion * Colonization/biofilm formation * Invasion/extracellular substances-called invasins * Toxins-exotoxins and endotoxins * Evasion of the host defenses/Antiphagocytic factors * **Severity** - Refers to the extent of damage or harm caused by that disease ## 10. Adhesion is usually very HIGHLY SPECIFIC ## 11. Local vs focal vs systemic * **Local** - The simplest one. The organism enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue. EX: Boils or cold viruses * **Focal** - Occur when the pathogen spreads from a local infection to other tissues. EX: Pneumonia * **Systemic** - Occurs when an infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, usually by way of the circulatory system. EX: MRSA, Staph infections ## 12. Signs vs symptoms (be able to distinguish) * **Signs** - Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others. EX: Swelling, rash, redness, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, pus formation, anemia, * **Symptoms** - Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient. EX: pain, nausea, headache, chills, sore throat, fatigue, discomfort, itching ## 13. What are zoonoses? * **Zoonoses** - diseases that occur primarily in animals and can be transmitted to humans. EX: Rabies, ringworm, lyme disease ## 14. Airborne vs droplet * **Airborne** - Refers to the spread of pathogens by droplet nuclei (droplets of mucous), other aerosols, and dust that travel more than 1 meter from the reservoir to the host. Released by normal exhaling, coughing, or sneezing (most effective form) * **Droplet** - Occurs when infection agents are transmitted through respiratory droplets that travel a distance less than 1 meter. ## 15. Define the types of HAIs (iatrogenic, endogenous, exogenous) * **Exogenous** - Caused by pathogens in the healthcare environments, often shed from sick people * **Endogenous** - Infections are caused by microbes in the normal flora of a patient, which become pathogenic because of a variety of factors associated with the healthcare setting. * **Iatrogenic** - Infections are a set of infections that may result from the use of medical procedures. EX: the use of catheters, invasive diagnostic procedures, and surgery. ## 16. What is vehicle transmission? * **Vehicle transmission** - Any transmission of pathogens that Requires a medium. Include: airborne, waterborne, and foodborne transmissions, as well as bodily fluids, and intravenous fluids. ## 17. Biological vs mechanical vectors * **Biological vectors** - Transmit pathogens but also serve as host for a part of the pathogen's life cycle. EX: Biting insects, ticks, fleas, lice, mites, blood sucking flies and bugs. * **Mechanical vectors** - Does not have to be a host for the pathogen but passively carry the agents to a new host by their feet or other body parts. EX: Flies, cockroaches. ## 18. What are virulence factors? * **Virulence factors** - * Adhesion * Colonization/biofilm formation * Invasion/extracellular substances-called invasins * Toxins-exotoxins and endotoxins * Evasion of the host defenses/Antiphagocytic factors