Chapter 1 Basic Concepts Of Computer PDF

Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Computer INTRODUCTION A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, process the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use. INTRODUCTION T...

Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Computer INTRODUCTION A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, process the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use. INTRODUCTION The computer program is a set of instructions given to the computer to perform various operations. Data processing is the process of converting the input data into the required output form with the help of the computer program. A computer is composed of hardware and software and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations. INTRODUCTION Computer hardware is the collection of physical parts of a computer system. This includes the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. It also includes all the parts inside the computer case, such as the hard disk drive, motherboard, video card, and many others. Computer hardware is what you can physically touch. INTRODUCTION Computer software, is a set of instructions and its associated documentations that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task. Software includes all different software programs on a computer, such as applications and the operating system. INTRODUCTION Data and Information Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner, which should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human or electronic machine. Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based. INTRODUCTION Components of A Computer System A computer system consists of mainly four basic units; namely input unit, storage unit, central processing unit and output unit. Components of A Computer System A computer performs five major operations or functions irrespective of its size and make. These are  it accepts data or instructions as input,  it stores data and instruction  it processes data as per the instructions,  it controls all operations inside a computer, and  it gives results in the form of output. Components of A Computer System Input Unit This unit is used for entering data and programs into the computer system by the user for processing. an input unit performs the following functions. It accepts (or reads) the list of instructions and data from the outside world. It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable format. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer system for further processing. Components of A Computer System Output Unit The output unit is used for storing the result as output produced by the computer after processing. In short, the following functions are performed by an output unit. It accepts the results produced by the computer which are in coded form and hence cannot be easily understood by us. It converts these coded results to human acceptable (readable) form. It supplied the converted results to the outside world. Components of A Computer System Storage unit The storage unit is used for storing data and instructions before and after processing. In short, the specific functions of the storage unit are to store: All the data to be processed and the instruction required for processing (received from input devices). Intermediate results of processing. Final results of processing before these results are released to an output device. Evolution of Computers The First Generation The first generation computers made use of:  Vacuum tube technology,  Punched cards for data input,  Punched cards and paper tape for output,  Machine Language for writing programs,  Magnetic tapes and drums for external storage. Evolution of Computers The First Generation Evolution of Computers The First Generation  The computers were very bulky and emitted large amount of heat which required air conditioning.  They were large in size and cumbersome to handle.  They had to be manually assembled and had limited commercial use.  The concept of operating systems was not known at that time. Each computer had a different binary coded program called a machine language that told it how to operate. Evolution of Computers The First Generation ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator) – It was built using 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 1,500 relays and consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power. Components of A Computer System Central Processing Unit (CPU) The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called processing.  Arithmetic Logic Unit: All calculations and comparisons, based on the instructions provided, are carried out within the ALU. It performs arithmetic functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and also logical operations like greater than, less than and equal to etc.  Control Unit: Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed by control unit. It takes care of step by step processing of all operations inside the computer. Evolution of Computers The First Generation UNIVAC I- Universal Automatic Computer The was the first general purpose commercially available computer. Evolution of Computers The Second Generation Vacuum tube technology was replaced by transistorized technology, Size of the computers started reducing, These computers were smaller, faster, more reliable and more energy efficient. The machine language was replaced by assembly language. The stored program concept implied that the instructions to run a computer for a specific task were held inside the computer’s memory and could quickly be modified or replaced by a different set of instructions for a different function. High level languages like COBOL, FORTRAN and AL- GOL were developed Evolution of Computers The Second Generation Transistors Evolution of Computers The Second Generation IBM 1401 was universally accepted throughout the industry and most large businesses routinely processed financial information using second generation computers. IBM 1401 Evolution of Computers The Third Generation Use of Integrated circuits, Phenomenal increase in computation speed, Substantial reduction in size and power consumption of the machines, The machine could perform several jobs at the same time. Use of magnetic tapes and drums for external storage, Design-of Operating systems and new higher level languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, C/C++ and Java. Commercial production of computers. Evolution of Computers The Third Generation Integrated Circuit Evolution of Computers The Fourth Generation Use of Very Large Scale Integration, Invention of microcomputers, Introduction of Personal Computers, Computer production became inexpensive Higher capacity storage media like magnetic disks were developed Networking, Fourth Generation Languages such as query languages and report writers Evolution of Computers The Fourth Generation Very Large Scale  Evolution of Computers The Fifth Generation  Artificial Intelligence (AI) such as Expert Systems.  Computers could be developed which could think and reason in much the same way as humans.  Computers would be able to accept spoken words as input (voice recognition).  advance in parallel processing where many CPUs work as one  advance in superconductor technology which allows the flow of electricity with little or no resistance,  greatly improving the speed of information flow. Evolution of Computers The Fifth Generation Classifications of Computers Based on operating principles Based on applications Based on size and capability Classifications of Computers Based on operating principles Type Specification Analog The analog computers represent data in the form of continuous computers electrical signals having a specific magnitude. These computers are very fast in their operations to be carried out at the same time. They are a powerful tool to solve differential equations. Digital The digital computer is also known as the digital information Computers processing system, is a type of computer that stores and processes data in the digital form. Therefore each type of data is usually stored in these computers in terms of 0s and 1s. The output produced by these computers is also in the digital form. Hybrid The hybrid computer is a combination of analog computer and digital Computers computer because it encompasses the best features of both these computers. Therefore the hardware components of hybrid computers are usually the mixture of analog and digital components. The hybrid computer is also less expensive than the digital computers. Classifications of Computers Based on operating principles Analog Digital Computer Computer Classifications of Computers Based on applications Type Specification General purpose They are designed in such a manner that they can work in all computers environments. The general-purpose computers are versatile and can store a number of programs meant for performing distinct tasks. The general-purpose computers are not efficient and consume a large amount of time in generating the results. Special purpose They are designed in such a manner that they can perform only computers a specified task. The special purpose computers are not versatile, and their speed and memory size depend on the task that is to be performed. The special purpose computers are efficient and consume less amount of time in generating the results. Classifications of Computers Based on applications Special purpose General purpose Computer computers  Classifications of Computers Based on size and Capabilities Type Specification Super- The fastest and most powerful type of computer Supercomputers are very expensive and Computer are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration. Main Frame A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. They are frequently used by extremely large companies, banks and government agencies that have enormous processing and storing needs, and can handle hundreds of users at the same time. Mini Computer A minicomputer is a medium-sized computer. Their processing power is below that of mainframe systems but above the capabilities of personal computers.They are more expensive than microcomputers. They can be used for Dedicated applications for graphics and computer design, Control and monitoring of manufacturing activities. Servers These are types of computers used to provide resources, services, and functionality to client computers in a server-client network model. Resources provided are based on the functions of a particular server such as File server, Database server, and Web server; Servers are optimized to run 24 hours and are capable of hot swapping of storage and other hardware without having to shut down the system. Micro Computer Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk. or Personal Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and keyboard. Classifications of Computers Based on size and Capabilities Super computer Mainframe Computer Server Classifications of Computers Based on size and Capabilities Mini computer Micro Computer Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers Advantages of Using Computers Speed: When data, instructions, and information flow along electronic circuits in a computer, they travel at incredibly fast speeds. Many computers process billions or trillions of operations in a single second. Reliability: The electronic components in modern computers are dependable and reliable because they rarely break or fail. Reduction in Paper Work. Consistency: Given the same input and processes, a computer will produce the same results consistently. Computers generate error-free results, provided the input is correct and the instructions work. Storage: Computers store enormous amounts of data and make this data available for processing anytime it is needed. Reduction in cost Communications: Most computers today can communicate with other computers, often wirelessly. Computers allow users to communicate with one another. Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers Disadvantages of Using Computers Violation of Privacy: In many instances, where personal and confidential records stored on computers were not protected properly, individuals have found their privacy violated and identities stolen. Public Safety: Adults, teens, and children around the world are using computers to share publicly their photos, videos, journals, music, and other personal information. Some of these unsuspecting, innocent computer users have fallen victim to crimes committed by dangerous strangers. Impact on Labor Force: Although computers have improved productivity and created an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of employees have been replaced by computers. Thus, it is crucial that workers keep their education up-to-date. A separate impact on the labor force is that some companies are outsourcing jobs to foreign countries instead of keeping their homeland labor force employed. Health Risks: improper computer use can lead to health injuries or disorders. Computer users can protect themselves from health risks through proper workplace design, good posture while at the computer, and appropriately spaced work breaks. Impact on Environment: Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural resources and polluting the environment. Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using a computer. Strategies that support green computing include recycling, regulating manufacturing processes, extending the life of computers, and immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers. Networks and the Internet A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together, often wirelessly, via communications devices and transmission media. Networks and the Internet The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals. Networks and the Internet The Web, short for World Wide Web, is one of the more popular services on the Internet. The Web contains billions of documents called Web pages. A Web page can contain text, graphics, animation, audio, and video. A Web site is a collection of related Web pages. A blog is an informal Web site consisting of time-stamped articles in a diary or journal format, usually listed in reverse chronological order. A microblog, such as Twitter, allows users to publish short messages, usually between 100 and 200 characters, for others to read. A podcast is recorded audio stored on a Web site that can be downloaded to a computer or a portable media player such as an iPod. A Web application is a Web site that allows users to access and interact with software from any computer or device that is connected to the Internet. Applications of Computers Business Applications of Computers Education Applications of Computers Finance Applications of Computers Government Applications of Computers Health Care Applications of Computers Science Applications of Computers Publishing Applications of Computers Travel Applications of Computers Manufacturing  What is IoT? Advantages and disadvantages Applications of IoT Details on any application