Introduction to Computer Fundamentals PDF - Salem University

**SALEM UNIVERSITY LOKOJA** **COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (CICT)** **COURSE TITLE:INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER** **COURSE CODE: CSC 101** **UNIT: 3** A computer is an electronic device that can process and store information. It can perform calculations, manipulate data, and...

**SALEM UNIVERSITY LOKOJA** **COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (CICT)** **COURSE TITLE:INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER** **COURSE CODE: CSC 101** **UNIT: 3** A computer is an electronic device that can process and store information. It can perform calculations, manipulate data, and execute instructions to accomplish specific tasks. The basic components of a computer include the [central processing unit](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/central-processing-unit-cpu/) (CPU), memory (RAM), storage (hard drive or solid-state drive), [input devices](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-are-input-devices/) (keyboard, mouse, etc.), [output devices](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-are-different-output-devices/) (monitor, printer, etc.), and various peripheral devices (such as [USB ](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-usb-tethering-and-how-to-enable-it/)drives or external hard drives). It is a programmable device and it executes tasks by running the instructions stored in its memory. These tasks are executed based on predefined algorithms that process an output. What is a Computer? The computer is a device that makes our work easy. The computer is a device that helps us to complete our tasks easily and speedily. Computers don't have a brain like human beings. We have to give them instructions on what to do when a particular situation arises. We have to tell them everything from what to expect for data(what type of data), how to process it(how to perform calculations) to where to store the data. We humans understand language that is composed of words which further is composed of letters. But, the computers don't understand our language or the words like "hello, good morning, discipline, etc". They only understand binary language whose vocabulary contains only two letters or states or symbols i.e. 0 and 1, True and False, On and Off. To maintain the state transistors are used. - Transistors are tiny devices that are used to store 2 values 1 and 0 or on and off. - If the transistor is on we say that it has a value of 1, and if it is off the value is 0. For example, a memory chip contains hundreds of millions or even billions of transistors, each of which can be switched on or off individually. As a transistor can store 2 distinct values, we can have millions of different values stored on a memory chip consisting entirely of 0's and 1s. But how does a transistor get its value? When a very little amount of electric current passes through the transistor it maintains the state of 1 and when there is no electric current then the transistor has the state of 0. Then how is it all connected to the computer?  These 0's and 1's form the building block of a computer. With the combinations of 0 and 1, we create a whole new language For example, 0 can be written as 0, 1 as 1 2 as 10 3 as 11 4 as 100 5 as 101 a as 01100001 A as 01000001 s as 01110011 U as 01010101 Hello as, 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 Hello World! as, 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100000 01010111 01101111 01110010 01101100 01100100 00100001 And so on... So now the question arises how can a human remember this code? It seems impossible! Well, we humans can do everything that we desire and this code can be remembered very easily but we don't have to remember. We just have to use our language and the software (also built by humans) converts our normal letters into binary language. History and Origin of Computers The development of computers started thousands of years ago with ancient devices like the abacus. Later mechanical calculators were introduced which furthermore contributed to the development of computers. It was in the mid-19th century that Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace laid the foundations of modern computing with their designs of difference between engine and analytical engines. The 20th century saw the inventions of electromechanical and electronic devices like the ENIAC and UNIVAC. Around this time other important components were also being invented. these include transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. Personal computers gained massive popularity following the boom of the  and the [World Wide Web](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/world-wide-web-www/) in the 1990s. In today's time, advanced technologies like Artificial Intelligence, quantum computing, and cloud technology are integrated to create much more sophisticated technologies. Types of Computers There are various types of computers that are used today based on the need of user. Some of the types are: - Desktop: Desktops are mainly used for regular use and they have separate components mounted together like the monitor, keyboard, mouse, CPU etc. Since the system is primarily kept on a desk for better usability it is called as desktops. They have powerful processors in them which accounts for a wide variety of tasks that they are capable of doing.  *desktop* - Laptop: Laptops are a portable version of the desktops, with all the components integrated in a single unit thus providing mobility to the system. They are great for on the go work and come with built-in eb cams, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. laptop *laptop* - Servers: Servers are special types of computers that are used to manage network resources. They provide services to other systems and computers. Some of the primary tasks of servers include creating databases, hosting and proving support to other applications. They are backed up by multiple processors and high capacity storage.  *server* - Tablets: Tablets are even portal than laptops. They are smaller than laptops but are larger in size than smartphones. They come with touchscreens with makes it perfect for browsing the web, consuming content and personal communications. - Other devices: Other devices include smartphones, game console, Smart TV's etc. other-devices *smartphones and game consoles* What is CPU? The [CPU ](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cpu-scheduling-in-operating-systems/)is often considered the brain of the computer, as it performs most of the processing and calculations required for a computer to function. RAM is the temporary memory that stores data and instructions while the computer is running, while storage is the long-term memory where data is stored even when the computer is turned off. Input devices allow users to input data or commands into the computer, while output devices display the results of the computer's processing. Peripheral devices are additional components that can be added to a computer to enhance its functionality. A computer is an electronic device that can perform tasks based on instructions provided to it. It consists of hardware components such as the central processing unit ([CPU](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cpu-scheduling-in-operating-systems/)), memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. The CPU is the brain of the computer and performs the bulk of the processing tasks. Memory, also known as [RAM](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/random-access-memory-ram-and-read-only-memory-rom/), is where data and instructions are temporarily stored while the computer is running. Input/output devices, such as a keyboard, mouse, and monitor, allow users to interact with the computer and receive information from it. Storage devices, such as a [hard drive](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-hard-drives-and-flash-drives/) or solid-state drive, store data and programs permanently on the computer. Computers can run different types of software, including operating systems, applications, and games. They can also be connected to the internet and used to access online services, communicate with other people, and share information. Overall, computers are incredibly versatile machines that have become an integral part of modern life, used for work, entertainment, education, and many other purposes. What is a Software? Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do, when to do, and how to do it. Examples are, the paint that we use in Microsoft, WhatsApp, and games, all are types of different software. Suppose we want to add 2 numbers and want to know what 2 + 2 is 4. Then we must give the computer instructions, - Step-1: take 2 values. - Step-2: a store that 2 value - Step-3: add 2 value by using + operator - Step-4: save the answer Separate instructions are provided for the + operator so the computer knows how to do addition when it encounters the + sign. So who converts this code? Instead of who we can ask what converts the code. And answer to that question is a software called interpreter that interprets our language code into binary code. The interpreter converts our code into machine language that can be understood by the computer.  Now the question is how we give our input.  We give our input with the use of hardware for example like scanner, keyboard, and mouse(not the one that eats cheese). When we give input through hardware, the software interprets it into machine language and then it is processed and our output is shown.  Process: If we want to display the letter 'A' on the screen we first will open the notepad. Then we will press the Caps lock key or shift key to make the letter capital, after that, we will press the letter 'a'. And our screen will show the letter 'A'.  Under the hood process: When we pressed the caps lock or shift key the software tells us that whatever follows this should be printed on the screen and after we have pressed the letter a which is a small letter, the software first converts it into binary like it had converted the shift or caps lock key and then after the computer understands it prints A on the screen. Hardware vs Software Hardware Software ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hardware are the physical component of computers that we can touch and see. They run physical tasks that are essential for the functioning of a computer such as displaying data. Software are the programs that are executed on the operating system that help in deciding which decision to take. They take care of the decisions and instruct the hardware what to do. Some of the examples include keyboard, printer, processor etc. Programs that we run on operating systems is an example of a software. Components of a Computer Following are the different components of a computer - Central Processing Unit (CPU) : The CPU is the brain of the computer. All the important decisions and manipulations are carried out by the CPU. CPU is further divided into the Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU) and the Control Unit(CU). - Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit that connects all the components of a computer. - Memory: The RAM(Random Access Memory) is used for quick access of data. - Storage: The storage components include Hard Disk Drives(HDD) and the Solid State drives(SDD). They are used for storing data for the long term. - Input devices: The various devices via which we can input data into the computer from the user are called input devices. Examples of input devices include keyboard, mouse, scanners. - Output devices: Output devices are the devices via which the computer gives out the output to the users. Examples of output devices include printers and speakers. Concepts Related to Computers Some related concepts that can help in understanding computers include: - Binary code: Computers communicate and process information using a binary code, which is a system of ones and zeroes. Each binary digit (or bit) represents a simple "on" or "off" state, and combinations of bits can represent more complex information. - Algorithms: An algorithm is a set of instructions or steps that a computer program follows to solve a problem or complete a task. Algorithms are used to perform a wide range of tasks, from sorting data to searching for patterns. - Programming languages: Programming languages are used to write computer programs. There are many different programming languages, each with its own syntax and set of rules. - Hardware vs. software: Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the [CPU](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cpu-scheduling-in-operating-systems/), memory, and storage devices. Software, on the other hand, refers to the programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do. - Networks: Computers can be connected together in networks, which allows them to communicate and share resources. Networks can be wired or wireless and can be used for tasks such as sharing files, accessing the internet, or playing multiplayer games. - User interfaces: User interfaces are the means by which humans interact with computers. They can be graphical, such as a desktop or mobile operating system, or text-based, such as a command line interface. Types of Computers There are different types of computers based on different parameters. Following are different categories. 1\. Types of Computers Based on Size - Microcomputers: Microcomputers are meant for individual use. They are small, compact and very mini. For example smartphones and desktops. - Minicomputers: They are used in businesses that are mid sized and are more powerful than microcomputers. Servers are an example of minicomputers. - Mainframe computers: These are used by large organizations. They help in processing of bulk data. - Supercomputers: These are extremely powerful computers that help in carrying out complex calculations. They aren't for meant for personal use and are often used for research purpose. 2\. Types of Computers Based on Processing Power - Personal computers (PCs): These are the most common type of computer and are designed for personal use. PCs include desktops, laptops, and tablets. - Servers: Servers are designed to manage and distribute resources and data to multiple users or devices. They are often used in businesses or organizations to store and share data and run applications. - Mainframes: Mainframe computers are large, powerful machines that are designed to handle massive amounts of data and perform complex operations. They are often used in large corporations or government agencies. - Supercomputers: Supercomputers are extremely powerful computers that are designed to process data at extremely high speeds. They are often used for scientific research and other specialized applications. - Embedded systems: Embedded systems are small computers that are built into other devices, such as appliances, cars, and medical devices. They are designed to perform specific functions and operate without human intervention. - Wearable computers: Wearable computers are small, portable devices that are worn on the body, such as smartwatches or fitness trackers. They are designed to track data and provide information on the go. 3\. Types of Computers Based on Functionality - Analog computers: In analog computers data is stored using continuous physical quantities. Mechanical integrator is an example of analog computer. - Digital computers: These are the most common types of computers found in the market today. Data is processed in digital computers using discrete values. Smartphone is a common example of digital computers. - Hybrid computers: These are a combination of both analog and digital computers. Examples include complex medical equipment. Features of Computer - Processor: The processor is the brain of the computer, and it carries out all the instructions and calculations required by the system. - Memory: The memory or[ RAM (Random Access Memory) ](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/different-types-ram-random-access-memory/)stores data temporarily for the processor to access quickly. - Storage: Storage devices like hard disks, solid-state drives, or external drives provide long-term storage for data and files. - Input devices: Input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners, and cameras enable the user to provide data and instructions to the computer. - Output devices: Output devices like monitors, printers, and speakers display the results of the computer's processing. - Operating System: The [operating system ](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-an-operating-system/)manages the computer's resources, controls the hardware, and runs application programs. - Networking: Networking capabilities allow computers to communicate and share resources with other computers and devices. - Software: Software is the set of instructions that tell the computer what to do, and it can range from simple applications to complex programs. - Graphics and Sound: Graphics and sound capabilities enable the computer to display and manipulate images and play sounds and videos. - Connectivity: Connectivity features like [USB](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-usb-tethering-and-mobile-hotspot/), Wi-Fi, [Bluetooth](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bluetooth/), and Ethernet enable the computer to connect to other devices and the internet. Advantages of Computers - Increased efficiency and productivity: Computers can perform tasks much faster and more accurately than humans, allowing for increased efficiency and productivity in various industries. - Storage and organization of information: Computers can store large amounts of data and organize it in a way that is easily accessible and searchable. - Improved communication: Computers enable people to communicate easily and instantly with others, regardless of their location. - Access to information and resources: The internet provides access to a vast amount of information and resources that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to obtain. - Automation of repetitive tasks: Computers can automate repetitive and mundane tasks, freeing up time and resources for more important work. Disadvantages of Computers - Dependence on technology: Over-reliance on computers can lead to problems if they break down or malfunction, leading to loss of productivity and data. - Security risks: Computers can be vulnerable to viruses, malware, and hacking, leading to data breaches and other security risks. - Social isolation: The overuse of computers can lead to social isolation and reduced face-to-face interaction, leading to social and emotional problems. - Environmental impact: The production and disposal of computers can have a negative impact on the environment due to the use of resources and the creation of electronic waste. - Job displacement: Automation and the use of computers can lead to job displacement in certain industries, requiring workers to adapt to new skill sets or find new employment. Generations of Computers First Generation Computers In the period of the year 1940-1956, it was referred to as the period of the first generation of computers. These machines are slow, huge, and expensive. In this generation of computers, vacuum tubes were used as the basic components of CPU and memory. Also, they were mainly dependent on the batch operating systems and punch cards. Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as output and input devices. For example ENIAC, UNIVAC-1, EDVAC, etc. Second Generation Computers In the period of the year, 1957-1963 was referred to as the period of the second generation of computers. It was the time of the transistor computers. In the second generation of computers, transistors (which were cheap in cost) are used. Transistors are also compact and consume less power. Transistor computers are faster than first-generation computers. For primary memory, magnetic cores were used, and for secondary memory magnetic disc and tapes for storage purposes. In second-generation computers, COBOL and FORTRAN are used as Assembly language and programming languages, and Batch processing and multiprogramming operating systems were used in these computers. For example IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, etc. Third Generation Computers In the third generation of computers, integrated circuits (ICs) were used instead of transistors(in the second generation). A single IC consists of many transistors which increased the power of a computer and also reduced the cost. The third generation computers are more reliable, efficient, and smaller in size. It used remote processing, time-sharing, and multiprogramming as operating systems. FORTRON-II TO IV, COBOL, and PASCAL PL/1 were used which are high-level programming languages. For example IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, IBM-370/168, etc. Fourth Generation Computers The period of 1971-1980 was mainly the time of fourth generation computers. It used VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrated) circuits. VLSI is a chip containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements and because of these chips, the computers of this generation are more compact, powerful, fast, and affordable(low in cost). Real-time, time-sharing and distributed operating system are used by these computers. C and C++ are used as the programming languages in this generation of computers. For example STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1, CRAY-X-MP, etc. Fifth Generation Computers From 1980 -- to till date these computers are used. The ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology is used in fifth-generation computers instead of the VLSI technology of fourth-generation computers. Microprocessor chips with ten million electronic components are used in these computers. Parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software are also used in fifth-generation computers. The programming languages like C, C++, Java,.Net, etc. are used. For example Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook, UltraBook, etc. A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, performs operations, displays results, and stores the data or results as needed. It is a combination of hardware and software resources that integrate and provide various functionalities to the user. Hardware is the physical components of a computer, such as a processor, memory devices, monitor, keyboard, etc., while software is a set of programs or instructions that are required by the hardware resources to function properly.  Components of a Computer There are basically three important components of a computer: 1. Input Unit 1. Central Processing Unit(CPU) 1. Output Unit 1\. Input Unit: The input unit consists of input devices that are attached to the computer. These devices take input and convert it into binary language that the computer understands. Some of the common input devices are keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner etc. - The Input Unit is formed by attaching one or more input devices to a computer. - A user input data and instructions through input devices such as a keyboard, mouse, etc. - The input unit is used to provide data to the processor for further processing. 2. [Central Processing Unit:](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/central-processing-unit-cpu/) Once the information is entered into the computer by the input device, the processor processes it. The CPU is called the brain of the computer because it is the control centre of the computer. It first fetches instructions from memory and then interprets them so as to know what is to be done. If required, data is fetched from memory or input device. Thereafter CPU executes or performs the required computation, and then either stores the output or displays it on the output device. The CPU has three main components, which are responsible for different functions: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU) and Memory registers A. [Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-alu-and-data-path/): The ALU, as its name suggests performs mathematical calculations and takes logical decisions. Arithmetic calculations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical decisions involve the comparison of two data items to see which one is larger or smaller or equal.  - Arithmetic Logical Unit is the main component of the CPU - It is the fundamental building block of the CPU. - Arithmetic and Logical Unit is a digital circuit that is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations. B. Control Unit: The Control unit coordinates and controls the data flow in and out of the CPU, and also controls all the operations of ALU, memory registers and also input/output units. It is also responsible for carrying out all the instructions stored in the program. It decodes the fetched instruction, interprets it and sends control signals to input/output devices until the required operation is done properly by ALU and memory. - The Control Unit is a component of the central processing unit of a computer that directs the operation of the processor. - It instructs the computer's memory, arithmetic and logic unit, and input and output devices on how to respond to the processor's instructions. - In order to execute the instructions, the components of a computer receive signals from the control unit. - It is also called the central nervous system or brain of the computer. C. [Memory Registers](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-register-and-memory/): A register is a temporary unit of memory in the CPU. These are used to store the data, which is directly used by the processor. Registers can be of different sizes(16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit and so on) and each register inside the CPU has a specific function, like storing data, storing an instruction, storing address of a location in memory etc. The user registers can be used by an assembly language programmer for storing operands, intermediate results etc. Accumulator (ACC) is the main register in the ALU and contains one of the operands of an operation to be performed in the ALU. *Memory attached to the CPU is used for the storage of data and instructions, and is called internal memory The internal memory is divided into many storage locations, each of which can store data or instructions. Each memory location is of the same size and has an address. With the help of the address, the computer can read any memory location easily without having to search the entire memory. When a program is executed, its data is copied to the internal memory and stored in the memory till the end of the execution. The internal memory is also called the Primary memory or Main memory. This memory is also called RAM, i.e., Random Access Memory. The time of access of data is independent of its location in memory, therefore, this memory is also called Random Access memory (RAM).* - Memory Unit is the primary storage of the computer. - It stores both data and instructions. - Data and instructions are stored permanently in this unit so that they are available whenever required. 3\. Output Unit :  The output unit consists of output devices that are attached to the computer. It converts the binary data coming from the CPU to human understandable form. The common output devices are monitor, printer, plotter, etc. - The output unit displays or prints the processed data in a user-friendly format. - The output unit is formed by attaching the output devices of a computer. - The output unit accepts the information from the CPU and displays it in a user-readable form. Characteristics of a Computer 1. Speed: Computers can perform millions of calculations per second. The computation speed is extremely fast. 1. Accuracy: Because computers operate on pre-programmed software, there is no space for human error. 1. Diligence: They can perform complex and long calculations at the same time and with the same accuracy. 1. Versatile: Computers are designed to be versatile. They can carry out multiple operations at the same time. 1. Storage: Computers can store a large amount of data/ instructions in its memory, which can be retrieved at any point of time. **Impact of Technology on Society** Impact of Technology on Society: In the past few decades, technology has proliferated. The use of technology has also increased drastically. It affects the lives of people and changes the way they learn, think, and communicate. It plays a major role in society, and now it is very tough to imagine life without technology. Both technology and society are co-related, co-dependent, co-influence with each other. Technology has an impact on society, including the potential for society to progress or decline, in both good and bad manner. Our society is shaped by technology, which has both beneficial and harmful consequences. Impact of Technology Human societies and technology have grown inextricably linked since technical systems like mobile phones, computers, TV, etc. are produced by humans and reflect the very basis of a population's needs and lifestyle. Although technology improves the lifestyle of human beings, it is also a major concern for future generations. Nowadays, people are excessively using technology which reduces their physical activities and directly affects their health. Also, due to the excessive use of technology, there are so many cybercrimes happen every day in which someone steals the identity or personal information of the victim, such as a Unique ID number, PAN number, Debit Card, etc. and uses it to conduct a crime or perpetrate fraud without our permission. Some other cyber crimes are: - Hacking: An effort to manipulate a computer system or a network within a computer is known as hacking. It is unauthorized control of computer systems to commit a crime. - Credit/Debit Card theft: Credit card fraud refers to any type of fraud involving a payment card, such as a credit or debit card. The objective could be to obtain products or services or to transfer the funds to a criminal-controlled account. - Malware installation: Any program or file that is dangerous to a computer user is known as malware. Viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and spyware are all examples of malware. - E-mail threat: The use of email to deceive another person for personal benefit or to harm another person. - Phishing: Depending on the offender, phishing attempts can target a wide spectrum of people. It's possible that these are generic phishing emails aimed at anyone with a PayPal account. These are frequently identified as phishing attempts. - Spams: An undesired, uninvited digital message that is sent in large quantities is known as spam. You can get spam via email, phone calls, text messages etc. - ATM cards theft: ATM fraud refers to a crime in which the criminal make the payments for the criminal activities via some other person's ATM card using the PIN. What is Society? Society is defined as the group of among human beings sharing social relationships. Or in other words, a society is a group of people that lives together in a community that includes some form of government, along with some rules and economy. What is Technology? Technology is defined as the body of knowledge that deals with the innovation, invention, and application of technical means, as well as their interrelationship with life, society, and the environment. Or in other words, technology means the use of scientific knowledge to achieve some specific goal or create applications that are used in industry or in everyday life. So, if we are using some scientific knowledge to achieve some goal means we are using technology.  Impact of Technology on Society We utilize and rely on technology in our daily lives, and our technical requirements and demands continue to grow. Technology is used by humans to explore, connect, study, and do work. The manner in which we use technology decides whether its effects are beneficial or detrimental for society. Positive Impacts of Technology on Society Technology has a more positive impact on humans or society as compared to negative. It makes our life easier and reward us by providing resources or tool that make our life much easier. Following are some positive changes that technology brings to our life: - Improved Communication: Communication is the most important part of society, we build or transfer our thoughts with each other with the help of communication. Earlier people used pigeons or birds to transfer their messages to their loved ones. After that technology slowly grows and the medium of transferring information is changed to mobile phones, email, etc. Nowadays, we send messages to loved ones or known people via email, social media platforms, etc. It is the fastest, efficient, and effective medium. People can talk or share information with their loved ones easily even if they are very far away from them. - Improved Education and learning process: Technology enhances the education and learning process. Nowadays, people can easily enhance their knowledge using the internet. Most of the data is present on the internet is free of cost, and you can access this data anytime and anywhere. - Mechanized Agriculture: Technology changes the working mechanism of farmers. Lots of machines and technical instruments were introduced in the agricultural area which makes farming very easy, effective, automated, etc. - Easy to access information: We can easily access information via the internet anytime and anywhere. Most of the information is present on the internet are free of cost, so you can use them to enhance your knowledge, skills, etc. Negative Impacts of Technology on Society As we know that everything present on this planet has both advantages and disadvantages. The same goes for technology it also has negative impacts on society and some other negative impacts are: - Increase in unemployment: Nowadays, large and small business uses machinery and technical equipment because of their low costing and high efficiency due to which the rate of unemployment is increasing continuously. - Increase in pollution: Not only humans but technology also affecting our environment. Due to vehicles and machinery, the rate of pollution is increasing continuously which causes global warming, etc. - Increase in health and mental concerns: Nowadays, technology effecting the physical as well as mental health of human beings. It makes people lazy, emotionally weak, sleeping problems, reduce physical activity, also people are spending less time with their family and friends. - Increase in cybercrimes: Due to the excessive use of the internet, the rate of cybercrimes are also increased. Some people (attackers) harm innocent people (victims) or children for money or fun. Societal Issues and Cultural Changes Social Issues Following are some social issues that we face while using the internet: - Identity Theft: To use the identity of some other person by getting his financial/ personal information in a fraud manner in order to commit a crime. - Gaming Addiction: An individual's capacity to perform in multiple life domains is severely affected as a result of the excessive use of internet games over a long period of time. - Health and Fitness: Using a lot of the internet lay an impact on health and fitness, it may impact your eyesight, backbone, etc. - Cyberbullying: The use of technology to bully, abuse, criticize, or target another person is known as cyberbullying. - Terrorism and Crime: Theft of our cyber-infrastructure, as well as digital information such as software, hardware, data, or information, is considered cyberterrorism. - Communication Breakdown: A communication breakdown occurs when information is not exchanged, resulting in a loss of interaction. - Defamation of Character: The act of transmitting a piece of false information in order to do serious harm to another person's goodwill is known as defamation of character. Cultural  Changes Our culture has been radically transformed by technology. From our ideals to our modes of communication, we've come a long way. Many people now find it difficult to conduct a face-to-face chat. People use their phones, tablets, or computers to spend time with their buddies. Also, individuals now evaluate others based on how technologically, whether or not they own the latest mobile phones or cars. Nowadays, listening to music on headphones is preferred over listening to another person.\ Most individuals nowadays prefer the internet because that is all they have ever known. Cell phones with touch screens are all the rage these days. Technology just serves to separate people from actuality. People nowadays lack the ability to interact in real-life situations such as individual connections, problem-solving, and showing adult actions. All this is influencing our culture. Technology influences culture every time we may get anything from an internet seller rather than going to a local business. Every moment someone always sits down to watch our night on-demand enjoyment, we are shaping culture through technology Input / output devices An input/output device, often known as an IO device, is any hardware that allows a human operator or other systems to interface with a computer. Input/output devices, as the name implies, are capable of delivering data (output) to and receiving data from a computer (input). An input/output (I/O) device is a piece of hardware that can take, output, or process data. It receives data as input and provides it to a computer, as well as sends computer data to storage media as a storage output. Input Devices [Input devices](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-are-input-devices/) are the devices that are used to send signals to the computer for performing tasks. The receiver at the end is the CPU (Central Processing Unit), which works to send signals to the output devices. Some of the classifications of Input devices are: - Keyboard Devices - Pointing Devices - Composite Devices - Game Controller - Visual Devices - Audio Input Devices Some of the input devices are described below. Keyboard The keyboard is the most frequent and widely used input device for entering data into a computer. Although there are some additional keys for performing other operations, the keyboard layout is similar to that of a typical typewriter.\ Generally, keyboards come in two sizes: 84 keys or 101/102 keys but currently keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and the Internet.  *Keyboard* Types of Keys - Numeric Keys: It is used to enter numeric data or move the cursor. It usually consists of a set of 17 keys. - Typing Keys: The letter keys (A-Z) and number keys (09) are among these keys. - Control Keys: These keys control the pointer and the screen. There are four directional arrow keys on it. Home, End, Insert, Alternate(Alt), Delete, Control(Ctrl), etc., and Escape are all control keys (Esc). - Special Keys: Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, NumLk, Tab, etc., and Print Screen are among the special function keys on the keyboard. - Function Keys: The 12 keys from F1 to F12 are on the topmost row of the keyboard. Mouse The most common pointing device is the mouse. The mouse is used to move a little cursor across the screen while clicking and dragging. The cursor will stop if you let go of the mouse. The computer is dependent on you to move the mouse; it won't move by itself. As a result, it's an input device.\ A mouse is an input device that lets you move the mouse on a flat surface to control the coordinates and movement of the on-screen cursor/pointer.\ The left mouse button can be used to select or move items, while the right mouse button when clicked displays extra menus. Mouse *Mouse* Joystick A [joystick](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-joystick-and-trackball/) is a pointing device that is used to move the cursor on a computer screen. A spherical ball is attached to both the bottom and top ends of the stick. In a socket, the lower spherical ball slides. You can move the joystick in all four directions.  *Joystick* The joystick's function is comparable to that of a mouse. It is primarily used in CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and playing video games on the computer. Track Ball Track Ball is an accessory for notebooks and laptops, which works on behalf of a mouse. It has a similar structure to a mouse. Its structure is like a half-inserted ball and we use fingers for cursor movement. Different shapes are used for this like balls, buttons, or squares. Light Pen A light pen is a type of pointing device that looks like a pen. It can be used to select a menu item or to draw on the monitor screen. A photocell and an optical system are enclosed in a tiny tube. When the tip of a light pen is moved across a monitor screen while the pen button is pushed, the photocell sensor element identifies the screen location and provides a signal to the CPU. Light Pen *Light Pen* Scanner A scanner is an input device that functions similarly to a photocopier. It's employed when there's information on paper that needs to be transferred to the computer's hard disc for subsequent manipulation. The scanner collects images from the source and converts them to a digital format that may be saved on a disc. Before they are printed, these images can be modified.   *Scanner* Optical Mark Reader (OMR) An [Optical Mark Reader](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-omr-and-ocr/) is a device that is generally used in educational institutions to check the answers to objective exams. It recognizes the marks present by pencil and pen. Optical Character Reader (OCR) [OCR](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-optical-character-recognition-ocr-and-magnetic-ink-character-reader-micr/) stands for optical character recognition, and it is a device that reads printed text. OCR optically scans the text, character by character turns it into a machine-readable code, and saves it to the system memory. Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR) It is a device that is generally used in banks to deal with the cheques given to the bank by the customer. It helps in reading the magnetic ink present in the code number and cheque number. This process is very fast compared to any other process. Bar Code Reader A bar code reader is a device that reads data that is bar-coded (data that is represented by light and dark lines).Bar-coded data is commonly used to mark things, number books, and so on. It could be a handheld scanner or part of a stationary scanner. A bar code reader scans a bar code image, converts it to an alphanumeric value, and then sends it to the computer to which it is connected. Bar Code Reader *Bar Code Reader* Web Camera Because a web camera records a video image of the scene in front of it, a webcam is an input device. It is either built inside the computer (for example, a laptop) or attached through a USB connection. A webcam is a computer-connected tiny digital video camera. It's also known as a web camera because it can take images and record video. These cameras come with software that must be installed on the computer in order to broadcast video in real-time over the Internet. It can shoot images and HD videos, however, the video quality isn't as good as other cameras (In Mobiles or other devices or normal cameras).  *Web Camera*   Digitizer Digitizer is a device that is used to convert analog signals to digital signals. it converts signals into numeric values. An example of a Digitizer is Graphic Tablet, which is used to convert graphics to binary data. Microphone The microphone works as an input device that receives input voice signals and also has the responsibility of converting it also to digital form. It is a very common device that is present in every device which is related to music. Output Devices [Output Devices](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-are-different-output-devices/) are the devices that show us the result after giving the input to a computer system. Output can be of many different forms like image, graphic audio, video, etc. Some of the output devices are described below. Monitor Monitors, also known as [Visual Display Units (VDUs)](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-vduvisible-display-unit/), are a computer's primary output device. It creates images by arranging small dots, known as pixels, in a rectangular pattern. The amount of pixels determines the image's sharpness. \ The two kinds of viewing screens used for monitors are described below. - Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor: Pixels are minuscule visual elements that make up a [CRT display](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-color-crt-display/). The higher the image quality or resolution, the smaller the pixels. - Flat-Panel Display Monitor: In comparison to the CRT, a [flat-panel display](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/flat-panel-display/) is a type of video display with less volume, weight, and power consumption. They can be hung on the wall or worn on the wrist. Flat-panel displays are currently used in calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computers, and graphical displays. Monitor *Monitor* Television [Television](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-monitor-and-television/) is one of the common output devices which is present in each and every house. It portrays video and audio files on the screen as the user handles the television. Nowadays, we are using plasma displays as compared to CRT screens which we used earlier. Printer [Printers](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-a-printer/) are output devices that allow you to print information on paper. There are certain types of printers which are described below. - Impact Printers - Character Printers - Line Printers - Non-Impact Printers - Laser Printers - Inkjet Printers  *Printer* Impact Printer Characters are printed on the ribbon, which is subsequently crushed against the paper, in impact printers. The following are the characteristics of impact printers: - Exceptionally low consumable cost. - Quite noisy - Because of its low cost, it is ideal for large-scale printing. - To create an image, there is physical contact with the paper. Character Printers Character Printer has the capability to print only one character at a time. It is of two types. - Dot Matrix Printer - Daisy Wheel Line Printers Line Printers are printers that have the capability to print one line at a time. It is of two types. - Drum Printer - Chain Printer Non-Impact Printers Characters are printed without the need for a ribbon in non-impact printers. Because these printers print a full page at a time, they're also known as Page Printers. The following are the characteristics of non-impact printers: - Faster - They don't make a lot of noise. - Excellent quality - Supports a variety of typefaces and character sizes Laser Printers Laser Printers use laser lights for producing dots which will produce characters on the page. Inkjet Printers Inkjet printers are printers that use spray technology for printing papers. High-quality papers are produced in an Inkjet printer. They also do color printing.  Speakers Speakers are devices that produce sound after getting a command from a computer. Nowadays, speakers come with wireless technology also like Bluetooth speakers. Projector Projectors are optical devices that have the work to show visuals on both types of screens, stationary and moving both. It helps in displaying images on a big screen. Projectors are generally used in theatres, auditoriums, etc. Plotter [Plotter](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-plotter-and-printer/) is a device that helps in making graphics or other images to give a real view. A graphic card is mandatorily required to use these devices. These are the pen-like devices that help in generating exact designs on the computer. Braille Reader [Braille Reader](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/who-invented-braille/) is a very important device that is used by blind users. It helps people with low vision or no vision to recognize the data by running their fingers over the device to understand easily. It is a very important device for blind persons as it gives them the comfort to understand the letters, alphabets, etc which helps them in study. Video Card A video Card is a device that is fitted into the motherboard of the computer. It helps in improvising digital content in output devices. It is an important tool that helps people in using multiple devices.  Global Positioning System (GPS) [Global Positioning System](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-gps-works/) helps the user in terms of directions, as it uses satellite technology to track the geometrical locations of the users. With continuous latitudinal and longitudinal calculations, GPS gives accurate results. Nowadays, all smart devices have inbuilt GPS. Headphones Headphones are just like a speaker, which is generally used by a single person or it is a single-person usable device and is not commonly used in large areas. These are also called headsets having a lower sound frequency. The Input and Output Devices of a Computer There are so many devices that contain the characteristics of both input and output. They can perform both operations as they receive data and provide results. Some of them are mentioned below. USB Drive USB Drive is one of the devices which perform both input and output operations as a USB Drive helps in receiving data from a device and sending it to other devices. Modem Modems are one of the important devices that helps in transmitting data using telephonic lines. CD and DVD [CD and DVD](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-cd-and-dvd/) are the most common device that helps in saving data from one computer in a particular format and send data to other devices which works as an input device to the computer. Headset The headset consists of a speaker and microphone where a speaker is an output device and a microphone works as an input device. A Peripheral Device is defined as a device that provides [input/output](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/io-interface-interrupt-dma-mode/) functions for a computer and serves as an auxiliary computer device without computing-intensive functionality. A peripheral device is also called a peripheral, computer peripheral, input-output device, or I/O device. Classification of Peripheral devices It is generally classified into 3 basic categories which are given below:          1. Input Devices: The input device is defined as it converts incoming data and instructions into a pattern of electrical signals in binary code that are comprehensible to a digital computer. Example: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone etc.\ \ Keyboard: A keyboard is an input device that allows users to enter text and commands into a computer system.\ \ Mouse: A mouse is an input device that allows users to control the cursor on a computer screen.\ \ Scanner: A scanner is an input device that allows users to convert physical documents and images into digital files.\ \ Microphone: A microphone is an input device that allows users to record audio.           2. Output Devices: An output device is generally the reverse of the input process and generally translates the digitized signals into a form intelligible to the user. The output device is also performed for sending data from one computer system to another. For some time punched card and paper tape readers were extensively used for input, but these have now been supplanted by more efficient devices. Example: Monitors, headphones, printers etc.\ \ Monitor: A monitor is an output device that displays visual information from a computer system.\ \ Printer: A printer is an output device that produces physical copies of documents or images.\ \ Speaker: A speaker is an output device that produces audio.           3. Storage Devices: Storage devices are used to store data in the system which is required for performing any operation in the system. The storage device is one of the most required devices and also provides better compatibility. Example: Hard disk, magnetic tape, Flash memory etc.\ \ Hard Drive: A hard drive is a storage device that stores data and files on a computer system.\ \ USB Drive: A USB drive is a small, portable storage device that connects to a computer system to provide additional storage space.\ \ Memory Card: A memory card is a small, portable storage device that is commonly used in digital cameras and smartphones.\ \ External Hard Drive: An external hard drive is a storage device that connects to a computer system to provide additional storage space.           4. Communication Devices: Communication devices are used to connect a computer system to other devices or networks. Examples of communication devices include:\ \ Modem: A modem is a communication device that allows a computer system to connect to the internet.\ Network Card: A network card is a communication device that allows a computer system to connect to a network.\ Router: A router is a communication device that allows multiple devices to connect to a network. Advantages of Peripherals Devices Peripherals devices provide more features due to this operation of the system is easy. These are given below: - It is helpful for taking input very easily. - It is also provided a specific output. - It has a storage device for storing information or data - It also improves the efficiency of the system The Internet The Internet is the foremost important tool and the prominent resource that is being used by almost every person across the globe. It connects millions of computers, webpages, websites, and servers. Using the internet we can send emails, photos, videos, and messages to our loved ones. Or in other words, the Internet is a widespread interconnected network of computers and electronic devices(that support Internet). It creates a communication medium to share and get information online. If your device is connected to the Internet then only you will be able to access all the applications, websites, social media apps, and many more services. The Internet nowadays is considered the fastest medium for sending and receiving information. History of the Internet The Internet came in the year 1960 with the creation of the first working model called  [(Advanced Research Projects Agency)](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/arpanet-full-form/). It allowed multiple computers to work on a single network which was their biggest achievement at that time. ARPANET uses packet switching to communicate multiple computer systems under a single network. In October 1969, using ARPANET first message was transferred from one computer to another. After that technology continues to grow.  How is the Internet Set Up? The internet is set up with the help of physical optical fiber data transmission cables or copper wires and various other networking mediums like LAN, WAN, MAN, etc. For accessing the Internet even the 2G, 3G, and 4G services and the Wifi require these physical cable setups to access the Internet. There is an authority named ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) located in the USA which manages the Internet and protocols related to it like IP addresses. How Does the Internet Work? The actual working of the internet takes place with the help of [clients and servers](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/client-server-model/). Here the client is a laptop that is directly connected to the internet and servers are the computers connected indirectly to the Internet and they are having all the websites stored in those large computers. These servers are connected to the internet with the help of [ISP (Internet Service Providers)](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/isp-full-form/) and will be identified with the IP address.  Each website has its Domain name as it is difficult for any person to always remember the long numbers or strings. So, whenever you search for any domain name in the search bar of the browser the request will be sent to the server and that server will try to find the IP address from the Domain name because it cannot understand the domain name. After getting the IP address the server will try to search the IP address of the Domain name in a Huge phone directory that in networking is known as a [DNS server (Domain Name Server)](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/domain-name-system-dns-in-application-layer/). For example, if we have the name of a person and we can easily find the Aadhaar number of him/her from the long directory as simple as that. So after getting the IP address, the browser will pass on the further request to the respective server and now the server will process the request to display the content of the website which the client wants. If you are using a wireless medium of Internet like 3G and 4G or other mobile data then the data will start flowing from the optical cables and will first reach towers from there the signals will reach your cell phones and PCs through electromagnetic waves and if you are using routers then optical fiber connecting to your router will help in connecting those light-induced signals to electrical signals and with the help of ethernet cables internet reaches your computers and hence the required information.  What is an IP Address? [IP Address](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-an-ip-address/) stands for Internet Protocol Address. Every PC/Local machine is having an IP address and that IP address is provided by the Internet Service Providers (ISPs). These are some sets of rules which govern the flow of data whenever a device is connected to the Internet. It differentiates computers, websites, and routers. Just like human identification cards like Aadhaar cards, Pan cards, or any other unique identification documents. Every laptop and desktop has its own unique IP address for identification. It's an important part of Internet technology. An IP address is displayed as a set of four-digit like 192.154.3.29. Here each number on the set ranges from 0 to 255. Hence, the total IP address range from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.  You can check the IP address of your Laptop or desktop by clicking on the Windows start menu -\> then right-click and go to network -\> in that go to status and then Properties you can see the IP address. There are four different types of IP addresses are available: 1. [Static IP Address](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-static-and-dynamic-ip-address/) 2. Dynamic IP Address 3. [Private IP Address](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/private-ip-addresses-in-networking/) 4. [Public IP Address](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-private-and-public-ip-addresses/) World Wide Web (WWW) The world wide web is a collection of all the web pages, and web documents that you can see on the Internet by searching their [URLs (Uniform Resource Locator)](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/url-full-form/) on the Internet. For example, www.geeksforgeeks.org is the URL of the GFG website, and all the content of this site like webpages and all the web documents are stored on the world wide Web. Or in other words, the world wide web is an information retrieval service of the web. It provides users with a huge array of documents that are connected to each other by means of hypertext or hypermedia links. Here, hyperlinks are known as electronic connections that link the related data so that users can easily access the related information hypertext allows the user to pick a word or phrase from text, and using this keyword or word or phrase can access other documents that contain additional information related to that word or keyword or phrase. World wide web is a project which is created by Timothy Berner's Lee in 1989, for researchers to work together effectively at CERN. It is an organization, named World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which was developed for further development in the web. *WWW Image* Difference Between World Wide Web and the Internet The main difference between the World Wide Web and the Internet are: World Wide Web Internet                                                           ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All the web pages and web documents are stored there on the World wide web and to find all that stuff you will have a specific URL for each website. The Internet is a global network of computers that is accessed by the World wide web. The world wide web is a service. The Internet is an infrastructure. The world wide web is a subset of the Internet. The Internet is the superset of the world wide web. The world wide web is software-oriented. The Internet is hardware-oriented. The world wide web uses [HTTP](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/http-full-form/). The Internet uses [IP Addresses](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-an-ip-address/). The world wide web can be considered as a book from the different topics inside a Library. The Internet can be considered a Library. Uses of the Internet Some of the important usages of the internet are: - Online Businesses (E-commerce): Online shopping websites have made our life easier, e-commerce sites like Amazon, Flipkart, and Myntra are providing very spectacular services with just one click and this is a great use of the Internet. - Cashless Transactions: All the merchandising companies are offering services to their customers to pay the bills of the products online via various digital payment apps like Paytm, Google Pay, etc. UPI payment gateway is also increasing day by day. Digital payment industries are growing at a rate of 50% every year too because of the INTERNET. - Education: It is the internet facility that provides a whole bunch of educational material to everyone through any server across the web. Those who are unable to attend physical classes can choose any course from the internet and can have point-to-point knowledge of it just by sitting at home. High-class faculties are teaching online on digital platforms and providing quality education to students with the help of the Internet. - Social Networking: The purpose of social networking sites and apps is to connect people all over the world. With the help of social networking sites, we can talk, and share videos, and images with our loved ones when they are far away from us. Also, we can create groups for discussion or for meetings. - Entertainment: The Internet is also used for entertainment. There are numerous entertainment options available on the internet like watching movies, playing games, listening to music, etc. You can also download movies, games, songs, TV Serial, etc., easily from the internet. Security and the Internet Very huge amount of data is managed across the Internet almost the time, which leads to the risk of data breaching and many other security issues. Both [Hackers and Crackers](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-hackers-and-crackers/) can lead to disrupting the network and can steal important information like Login Credentials, Banking Credentials, etc. Steps to Protect the Online Privacy - Install Antivirus or Antimalware. - Create random and difficult passwords, so that it becomes difficult to guess. - Use a private browsing window or [VPN](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-virtual-private-network-vpn/) for using the Internet. - Try to use [HTTPS](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/https-full-form/) only for better protection. - Try to make your Social Media Account Private. - If you are not using any application, which requires GPS, then you can turn GPS off. - Do not simply close the tab, first log out from that account, then close the tab. - Try to avoid accessing public Wifi or hotspots. - Try to avoid opening or downloading content from unknown sources. There is an element of the Internet called the [Dark Web](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dark-web-crossing-the-virtual-line/), which is not accessible from standard browsers. To keep safe our data, we can use [Tor](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tor-browser/) and I2P, which helps in keeping our data anonymous, that helps in protecting user security, and helps in reducing cybercrime. Social Impact of the Internet The social impact of the Internet can be seen in both ways. Some say it has a positive impact as it helps in gaining civic engagement, etc. whereas some say it has a negative impact as it increased the risk of getting fooled by someone over the internet, getting withdrawal from society, etc. Whatever the impact of Social Media, one thing is that it changed the way of connecting and interacting with others in society. The number of people increasing day by day on social media platforms which helps in constructing new relationships over social media, new communities are made on social media in the interest of the people. Social Media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, etc are the most used social media platform for both individual and business purposes where we can communicate with them and perform our tasks.  Advantages of the Internet - Online Banking and Transaction: The Internet allows us to transfer money online through the net banking system. Money can be credited or debited from one account to the other. - Education, Online Jobs, Freelancing: Through the Internet, we are able to get more jobs via online platforms like Linkedin and to reach more job providers. Freelancing on the other hand has helped the youth to earn a side income and the best part is all this can be done via the INTERNET. - Entertainment: There are numerous options for entertainment online we can listen to music, play games can watch movies, and web series, and listen to podcasts, youtube itself is a hub of knowledge as well as entertainment. - New Job Roles: The Internet has given us access to social media, and digital products so we are having numerous new job opportunities like digital marketing and social media marketing online businesses are earning huge amounts of money just because the Internet is the medium to help us to do so. - Best Communication Medium: The communication barrier has been removed from the Internet. You can send messages via email, Whatsapp, and Facebook. Voice chatting and video conferencing are also available to help you to do important meetings online. - Comfort to humans: Without putting any physical effort you can do so many things like shopping online it can be anything from stationeries to clothes, books to personal items, etc. You can books train and plane tickets online. - GPS Tracking and google maps: Yet another advantage of the internet is that you are able to find any road in any direction, and areas with less traffic with the help of GPS on your mobile. Disadvantages of the Internet - Time Wastage: Wasting too much time on the internet surfing social media apps and doing nothing decreases your productivity rather than wasting time on scrolling social media apps one should utilize that time in doing something skillful and even more productive. - Bad Impacts on Health: Spending too much time on the internet causes bad impacts on your health physical body needs some outdoor games exercise and many more things. Looking at the screen for a longer duration causes serious impacts on the eyes. - Cyber Crimes: [Cyberbullying](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-cyber-bullying-definition-types-effects-laws/), spam, viruses, hacking, and stealing data are some of the crimes which are on the verge these days. Your system which contains all the confidential data can be easily hacked by [cybercriminals](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cyber-criminals-and-its-types/). - Effects on Children: Small children are heavily addicted to the Internet watching movies, and games all the time is not good for their overall personality as well as social development. - Bullying and Spreading Negativity: The Internet has given a free tool in the form of social media apps to all those people who always try to spread negativity with very revolting and shameful messages and try to bully each other which is wrong. Future of Cloud Computing Last Updated : 30 Jan, 2023 - - - Almost everything in digital world is connected to cloud in some way or other unless it's specifically kept in local storage for security reasons. Let's take look at advantages of [Cloud Computing](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cloud-computing/) before discussing the future of cloud. - One of the greatest advantages is accessibility of resources. Users can access their data from anyplace, at any time, and from any type of device as long as they are connected to internet. - Services become completely flexible (pay-per-use model) and can be adjusted at any time which is referred to as scalability in terms of Cloud Computing. - [Cloud Service Provider (CSP)](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cloud-stakeholders-as-per-nist/) takes care of all maintenance works, which allows us to concentrate more efficiently on our tasks, which in turn helps us in optimizing productivity. - Cloud Computing provides increased security when compared with traditional and internal infrastructures in company. It guarantees safety by providing the best security systems and services with proper auditing, passwords, and encryptions. Cloud Computing has many features that make it's future brighter in mostly all sectors of the world. But it will not be alone. [Internet of Things (IoT)](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-internet-of-things-iot-set-1/) and Big Data will add more to it. Let's explore article to understand future of cloud. \ Cloud with Operating System : Operating systems allow users to run programs, store and retrieve data from one user session to next. Through virtualization, most server operating systems now support and will continue to support hypervisors that allow multiple (and possibly different) operating systems to run simultaneously. Virtualized servers will continue to play huge role in driving operations of cloud. Many organizations are opting for on-demand model operating systems, in which servers download user's operating system applications and environment settings to any computer user logs in to. With the advent of more programs that run within browser, there may be much less need for powerful desktop operating systems, such as Windows and Mac Os.  Cloud with Internet of Thing : 1. Cloud-based location-tracking applications -- A location-tracking application utilizes data from [Global Positioning System (GPS)](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-gps-works/) capabilities built into mobile devices to integrate individuals' location into processing it performs. As GPS capabilities are built into more devices, applications will begin to deliver more location -- tracking solutions. Using cloud and location-tracking solutions, you will be able to track not only packages you ship, but also stolen cars, lost luggage, misplaced cell phones, missing pets, and more. 2. Cloud-based smart fabrics and paints -- Ability to connect devices to cloud from any place, at any time will open door to wide range of cutting-edge applications. Devices that once had to be read by utility or city employees, such as electric meters and parking meters, will connect to web and create report. Intelligence will be built into fabrics of our clothes, bedding, and furniture. These intelligent fabrics will provide wide range of services including following : - Automatically adjust room temperature when body temperature becomes too warm or too cold. - Notify rooms when we enter or leave so that lights, music, and other devices are automatically controlled. - Monitor body functions such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, stress, and more, and notify person and adjust environment to affect those functions. - Notify others when elderly person has fallen. - Provide deterrence against mosquitoes and other insects. Similarly, new paints being developed change form based on environmental conditions. Currently, paints can change color on roads to indicate presence of ice. In the future, intelligent paint may report driving conditions back to cloud. 3. Cloud TV -- Few companies are changing way consumers watch TV. With greater bandwidth available everywhere, DVD's have fallen by wayside. TV viewers will not just watch shows on-demand in their homes, in their cars, and on airplanes but also new breed of projection devices will make any flat surface TV screen. 5. Cloud-based smart devices -- Cloud's ability to provide internet access and at any time makes such processing reality. Some devices may initially be intelligent with reference to their ability to regulate power consumption, possibly avoiding power use during peak times and costs. Using the cloud for communication, devices can coordinate activities. For example, your car may notify your home automation system that you are down blocking and instruct it to light house, turn on your favorite music and prompt refrigerator for list of ready to cook meals.  Home based Cloud Computing : Today most households have wireless network capabilities that allow family members to connect to Web and access sites and contents they desire. With arrival of smart devices, intelligent fabrics, and greater use of frequency identification devices (RFID), relations will expect on-demand personalized technology solutions. Families will use cloud devices to customize their environments and experiences. Within such environment, families will want to restrict processing to within home, meaning that they will not want neighbors to receive signals generated by their devices and clothing. That implies ability to encrypt wide range of signals within home. To that end, you should expect to see cloud-based in-home devices that store family files, maintain appliance settings. download and store movies and TV shows, and more.  Modular Software : With cloud computing, companies no longer have to raise capital required to fund large data center. Instead, they can leverage PaaS solution. Furthermore, companies no longer have to pay expensive licensing fees for various software tools such as database management systems. Instead, they can leverage pay-on-demand solutions. Hence developers will release software solutions at faster rate, bringing solutions to market that expects high functionality and demands lower