Biology of Cancer Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of carcinoma in situ?

  • It is a form of cancer that metastasizes rapidly.
  • It invades surrounding tissues and stroma.
  • It spreads to the lymphatic system.
  • It affects only epithelial cells without invasion. (correct)

What does the term 'translocation' refer to in relation to cancer cells?

  • The addition of a chromosome segment to another chromosome. (correct)
  • The migration of cancer cells from one organ to another.
  • The stages of cancer development over time.
  • The process of cancer cell differentiation.

What role do hallmark characteristics play in cancer cells?

  • They indicate early detection methods.
  • They signify predictable cancer treatment responses.
  • They give cancer cells advantages over normal cells. (correct)
  • They represent benign growth features.

Which type of cancer primarily arises from epithelial cells?

<p>Carcinoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is carcinoma in situ defined?

<p>As cancer confined to its original location without invasion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes benign tumors?

<p>They have shorter names ending with -oma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines anaplasia?

<p>The loss of cellular differentiation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger mutations that lead to cancer?

<p>External environmental factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do malignant tumors differ from benign tumors?

<p>Malignant tumors can metastasize. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cancer, what does the term 'detached from the rest' refer to?

<p>Independent growth of malignant cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tumor is characterized by abnormal cells that can invade other tissues?

<p>Malignant tumors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of lipomas?

<p>They are a type of benign tumor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a cell mutates in relation to cancer development?

<p>It becomes stronger and more independent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes proto-oncogenes?

<p>They become oncogenes when they undergo certain mutations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do tumor suppressor genes play?

<p>They regulate and inhibit cell division. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Warburg effect?

<p>Anaerobic glycolysis occurring in cancerous cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when genomic instability occurs?

<p>Cancer cells proliferate uncontrollably. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of macrophages in cancer?

<p>They promote the survival and growth of tumors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which cancer stage does local invasion begin?

<p>Stage 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic inflammation contribute to cancer?

<p>It creates a favorable environment for tumor growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of telomeres in cancer cells?

<p>They are activated to allow unlimited cell division. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the immune system and cancer?

<p>Cancer cells can evade immune detection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes metastatic cancer?

<p>Can spread to distant organs via blood vessels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do caretaker genes serve in genomic stability?

<p>They correct DNA damages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with cancer?

<p>Chronic fatigue and pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does angiogenesis serve in cancer development?

<p>It provides a blood supply to tumors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes paraneoplastic syndromes?

<p>Symptoms arise from substances produced by the tumor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Biology of Cancer

  • Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell division and the ability to invade surrounding tissues.
  • There are two main types of tumors:
    • Benign tumors are noncancerous and do not invade surrounding tissues.
    • Malignant tumors are cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues.
  • Anaplasia describes the loss of cellular differentiation, which often occurs in cancer cells.
  • Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that, when mutated, can become oncogenes. Oncogenes promote uncontrolled cell proliferation.
  • Tumor suppressor genes act as "brakes" on cell division, inhibiting proliferation and preventing mutations.
  • Genomic instability, which is a characteristic of many cancers, refers to an increased rate of mutations.
  • Replicative immortality means that cancer cells can divide indefinitely, whereas normal body cells have a limited lifespan.
    • Telomeres, protective caps on chromosomes, get shorter with each cell division.
    • Cancer cells can activate telomerase, an enzyme that maintains telomere length.
  • Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, sustains tumor growth.
  • Reprogramming energy metabolism is another hallmark of cancer cells, characterized by a shift towards aerobic glycolysis, also known as the Warburg effect.
  • Apoptosis, programmed cell death, can be evaded in cancer cells, allowing them to survive and proliferate.
  • Tumor-promoting inflammation can contribute to cancer development.
    • Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are immune cells that can promote tumor survival and suppress the immune response.
  • Evading immune system is a crucial step in cancer progression.
    • Immunotherapy aims to enhance the immune system's ability to target cancer cells.
  • Activating invasion and metastasis is the process of cancer cells spreading to other parts of the body.
    • Local invasion refers to the spread of cancer within the tissue.
    • Metastasis occurs when cancer cells spread from the primary tumor to distant sites.
    • Stages of cancer refer to the extent of the spread:
      • Stage 1: Confined to the original site.
      • Stage 2: Local invasion.
      • Stage 3: Spread to regional structures, often through lymphatics.
      • Stage 4: Distant metastasis, spread through the blood.
  • Signs of cancer can include fatigue, pain, anorexia, cachexia, and paraneoplastic syndromes (symptoms not caused by the tumor itself, but by its effects on the body).

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