Chapter 1 Part 1 Slides.pptx

LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study...

LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  Chapter 1 Objectives Universal characteristics of living things Unity & diversity in life, and Scientific Classification Evolution The Scientific Method What makes something living? What characteristics make these non- living things different from the living things on the previous slide?  There are five unifying themes in Biology – Organization – Information – Energy and Matter – Interactions – Evolution  Biology is a quest, an ongoing inquiry about the nature of life What are some known characteristics of living things? Order Each of these Response To the is necessary environment but not Evolutionary sufficient for adaptation life NASA defines life as Reproduction evolving and processing energy Regulation Energy processing Growth and development  Biological Matter can be Organized into Levels of Increasing Complexity Emergent properties result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life The cell theory states that all living organisms are made from cells Every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates passage of materials between the cell and its environment The cells of bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic, while all other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic cells  A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles  The Cell Is an Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell DNA Membrane (no nucleus) Cytoplasm Membrane 1 m Nucleus (membrane- enclosed) Membrane- DNA (within enclosed organelles nucleus) 1 m  When Cells Divide they Pass on Heritable Information in the Form of DNA Reproduction, and growth are based on cell division DNA is used to pass information – from mother cell to daughter cell in single cell organisms – and from parent to offspring in multicellular organisms DNA, the Genetic Material Each chromosome contains one long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes Genes are the units of inheritance They encode information for building the molecules synthesized within the cell The genetic information encoded by DNA directs the development of an organism Figure 1.6  The molecular structure of DNA accounts for its ability to store information Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in a double helix Each chain is made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides and abbreviated A, G, C, and T  The Structure of DNA is conserved among all living organisms Figure 1.11 Nucleus A DNA Nucleotide C T A Cell T DNA is the heritable A material in all living C organisms-from single cells C organisms to humans G T The basic structure of DNA A is essentially the same in all G living organisms T DNA is a great example of A the unity of life (a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA  For many genes, the sequence provides the blueprint for making a protein Protein-encoding genes control protein production indirectly DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into a protein Gene expression is the process of converting information from gene to cellular product Figure 1.8  Energy Processing is a Unifying Characteristic of Life ENERGY FLOW Chemicals pass to organisms that eat the plants. Light Chemical energy Heat energy Plants take up chemicals from the soil and air. Decomposers Chemicals return chemicals to the soil. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Concept Check 1. What features are common to both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? 2. What features are unique to eukaryotes? 3. What are the unifying features of living organisms? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Classifying the Diversity of Life Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae  Taxonomy: branch of biology that names and Carnivora classifies species into groups Mammalia  1.8 million species have Chordata been identified to date Animalia  It is estimated that 10 million to over 100 million actually exist Eukarya The Three Domains of Life Organisms are currently divided into three domains, named Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya The prokaryotes include the domains Bacteria and Archaea  Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms Domain Eukarya includes the four subgroups – Plants, which produce their own food by photosynthesis – Fungi, which absorb nutrients – Animals, which ingest their food – Protists  Protists are the most numerous and diverse eukaryotes These are mostly single-celled organisms They are classified into several groups Some protists are less closely related to other protists than they are to plants, animals, or fungi Classifying the Diversity of Life: The Three Domains of Life (a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea m 2 m 2 (c) Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia 100  m Kingdom Plantae Protists Kingdom Fungi  Concept Check 1. What are the three domains of life? 2. Which domains contain single celled organisms? 3. Which domains contain multicellular organisms?