Chapter_1__multiple.txt

When organizations focus on the "softer" side of business, including organizational behavior factors, it can lead to a. weaker leadership. b. loss of trust among employees. c. better relationships with vendors. d. more motivated and more engaged employees. e. less motivated and less engage...

When organizations focus on the "softer" side of business, including organizational behavior factors, it can lead to a. weaker leadership. b. loss of trust among employees. c. better relationships with vendors. d. more motivated and more engaged employees. e. less motivated and less engaged employees. ANSWER:\ d RATIONALE:\ Focusing on the "softer" side of business, including organizational behavior factors, has been shown to lead to more motivated and engaged employees. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-1: What Is Organizational Behavior? False OB.GRIF.24.1.1 - Describe organizational behavior, including the impact it has on both personal and organizational success. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM Bloom's: Engage 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 25. Organizational behavior (OB) typically includes the study of which basic component? a. Financial reporting b. Research and development c. Human behavior within organizations d. The task environment e. Customer retention ANSWER:\ c RATIONALE:\ Fundamentally, organizational behavior is the study of three things: human behavior in organizational settings, the interface between human behavior and the organization, and the organization itself. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-1: What Is Organizational Behavior? False OB.GRIF.24.1.1 - Describe organizational behavior, including the impact it has on both personal and organizational success. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 26. Points of contact between individuals and the organization include all of the following EXCEPT: a. coworkers. b. competitors. c. managers. d. formal policies and procedures. e. changes implemented by the organization. ANSWER:\ b POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-1: What Is Organizational Behavior? False OB.GRIF.24.1.1 - Describe organizational behavior, including the impact it has on both personal and organizational success. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Communication - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 27. Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the nature of organizational behavior? a. The environment surrounding the organization b. Individuals' expectations and goals c. The organization itself d. Formal organizational policies and procedures e. Product price levels ANSWER:\ e RATIONALE:\ The nature of organizational behavior is affected by environment, individuals, the organization itself, as well as its procedures and policies. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-1: What Is Organizational Behavior? False OB.GRIF.24.1.1 - Describe organizational behavior, including the impact it has on both personal and organizational success. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 28. The success of virtual teams often depends upon the a. software used to meet remotely. b. global mindset of the organization. c. ability of induvial members to work asynchronously. d. manager's effectiveness at monitoring and correcting employee behavior. e. leadership exhibited by managers. ANSWER:\ e POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-1: What Is Organizational Behavior? False OB.GRIF.24.1.1 - Describe organizational behavior, including the impact it has on both personal and organizational success. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Communication - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 29. By listening to employees, recognizing their work, and building trust, managers have been able to accomplish which of the following? a. Improve the organization's operating earnings b. Increase the number of product lines c. Lower prices d. Decrease the number of product lines e. Raise prices ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ Evidence shows that these aspects, considered the "softer side of business," can increase a business's bottom line. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-1: What Is Organizational Behavior? False OB.GRIF.24.1.1 - Describe organizational behavior, including the impact it has on both personal and organizational success. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 30. At its essence, organizational behavior helps explain and predict all of the following EXCEPT: a. how people interpret events. b. how people behave in organizations. c. how people and groups react. d. how groups behave and interpret events. e. how effectively groups can work together to increase profits. ANSWER:\ e POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-1: What Is Organizational Behavior? False OB.GRIF.24.1.1 - Describe organizational behavior, including the impact it has on both personal and organizational success. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Leadership Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 31. Which of the following is NOT a type of resource organizations use when pursuing corporate goals and objectives? a. Human b. Financial c. Physical d. Invisible e. Information ANSWER:\ d RATIONALE:\ Organizational resources can generally be classified into four groups: human, financial, physical, and/or information resources. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 32. Planning is the process of a. designing jobs, grouping jobs into units, and establishing patterns of authority between jobs and units. b. determining the organization's desired future position and deciding the best way to achieve the desired outcome. c. motivating the organization's members to work together toward the organization's goals. d. monitoring and correcting the actions of the organization and its members to keep them directed toward their goals. e. utilizing organizational resources with the ultimate goal of attaining organizational goals efficiently and effectively. ANSWER:\ b RATIONALE:\ Planning involves determining organizational goals and a means for achieving them. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 33. A manager who groups jobs into units is performing which of the following functions of management? a. Planning b. Organizing c. Controlling d. Supervising e. Leading ANSWER:\ b RATIONALE:\ Organizing involves deciding where decisions will be made, who will do what jobs and tasks, and who will work for whom. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 34. When managers strive to motivate employees to work together toward the organization's goals, they are performing which of the following managerial functions? a. Synergizing b. Controlling c. Leading d. Planning e. Organizing ANSWER:\ c RATIONALE:\ Employee motivation is a leadership function of management. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Leadership Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 35. Evaluating employee performance is an element of the managerial function associated with a. leading. b. decision making. c. organizing. d. planning. e. controlling. ANSWER:\ e RATIONALE:\ Monitoring and correcting the actions of the organization and its employees are part of the managerial function of controlling. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Leadership Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 36. A manager fulfills the primary role of a leader by a. choosing the best resources to effectively and efficiently produce the organization's product or service. b. verifying the quality of resources that pass through the organization. c. determining how organizational resources will be released in the environment. d. encouraging workers to increase productivity. e. identifying the various suppliers that the organization will utilize to acquire resources. ANSWER:\ d RATIONALE:\ The leadership function has to do with motivation. Encouraging workers to increase productivity is the only choice that involves motivating employees. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Communication - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Leadership Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 37. A manager who schedules regular department meetings to provide relevant information to employees is demonstrating strong a. interpersonal skills. b. technical skills. c. diagnostic skills. d. conceptual skills. e. leadership skills. ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ Interpersonal skills refer to a manager's ability to interact effectively with other people. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 38. A manager's ability to determine the causes of problems within their organization and formulate solutions to those problems is evidence of their a. conceptual skills. b. time management skills. c. diagnostic skills. d. interpersonal skills. e. technical skills. ANSWER:\ c RATIONALE:\ Diagnostic skills refer to a manager's ability to determine the causes of-and formulate solutions to-problems within the organization. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Communication - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/12/2023 4:56 PM 39. A manager who recognizes opportunities where others can only think of roadblocks is demonstrating strong a. problem-solving skills. b. diagnostic skills. c. technical skills. d. conceptual skills. e. interpersonal skills. ANSWER:\ d RATIONALE:\ A manager's ability to think in the abstract is determined by her conceptual skills. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 40. Skills that are generally associated with the operations employed by the organization in its production processes are considered a. interpersonal skills. b. problem-solving skills. c. conceptual skills. d. diagnostic skills. e. technical skills. ANSWER:\ e RATIONALE:\ Technical skills refer to an employee's ability to perform specific tasks within the organization. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 41. Abdul, a middle manager in a high-tech firm, is able to identify which of the organization's products in development are most likely to appeal to consumers because of his strong a. diagnostic skills. b. conceptual skills. c. technical skills. d. interpersonal skills. e. All of these are correct. ANSWER:\ b RATIONALE:\ Conceptual skills, which allow a manager to think in the abstract, enable them to see the "big picture"-in this case, the products customers are likely to find appealing. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Reflective Thinking - AACSB: Environmental Influence Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 42. The systems perspective defines a system as a. an interrelated set of elements that function as a whole. b. a procedure for fair and impartial performance appraisals. c. a collection of independent organizations. d. the central technology of the organization. e. the ideal process to complete any organizational task. ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ This question provides the definition of a system. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 43. All of the following are inputs that an organization receives from its environment EXCEPT: a. money. b. materials. c. people. d. employee behaviors. e. information. ANSWER:\ d RATIONALE:\ Employee behaviors are throughputs into the environment not inputs from the environment. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Environmental Influences Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 44. Following a systems approach, the profit Walmart receives from its services is identified as a type of a. technology. b. output. c. input. d. transformation. e. contingency. ANSWER:\ b RATIONALE:\ Profits/losses are an output, along with products/services, employee behaviors, and new information. POINTS:\ 1 Challenging 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 45. The systems approach is beneficial to managers because it a. underscores the importance of the organization's environment. b. provides a set of procedures to make decisions. c. enables them to eliminate interactions among various elements of the organization. d. reduces the risk of human error. e. shifts the focus from outside the company to inside the company. ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ Understanding an organization's environment is essential because, for example, failing to acquire the appropriate resources or to heed feedback from the environment can lead to terrible consequences for the organization. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Technology - AACSB: Information Technologies Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 46. Which perspective argues there's "one best way" to solve a problem in any organization? a. The universal perspective b. Behavioral organization theory c. The systems perspective d. The interactional perspective e. The contingency perspective ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ Proponents of the universal perspective believed that universal rules could be devised that would achieve certain positive outcomes-such as higher employee performance or satisfaction-in any organization under any circumstances. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 47. Which management perspective states that one leadership style will not always be effective in enhancing employee satisfaction and job performance in every circumstance? a. Situational perspective b. Classical perspective c. Behavioral perspective d. Interactional perspective e. Universal perspective ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ The situational perspective is characterized by the belief that organizational outcomes are always affected by context. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Communication - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 48. Which contextual perspective suggests that individuals and situations interact continuously to determine individuals' behavior? a. Interactionalism b. Contextualism c. Universalism d. Individualism e. Systems theory ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ This question provides the definition of interactionalism. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 49. Managers generally try to direct the behaviors of people in their organizations in ways that promote organizational effectiveness. They can achieve this by doing all of the following EXCEPT: a. enhancing behaviors and attitudes. b. promoting interactionalism. c. minimizing dysfunctional behaviors. d. driving strategic execution. e. promoting citizenship. ANSWER:\ b POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 50. Which of the following is used to measure potentially dysfunctional behavior in an organization? a. Absenteeism b. Job satisfaction c. Job dissatisfaction d. Organizational commitment e. Employee engagement ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ Absenteeism can be an indication of dysfunctional behavior when it detracts from rather than contributes to organizational performance. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 51. Which of the following individual behaviors is a relatively narrow indicator of efficiency measured by the employee's products or services created per unit of input? a. Productivity b. Absenteeism c. Turnover d. Profitability e. Cost-effectiveness ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ This statement provides the definition of productivity. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 52. Offering especially well-made or low-priced products is often a source of an organization's a. cultural privilege. b. specialization strategy. c. differentiation strategy. d. competitive advantage. e. operational excellence. ANSWER:\ d RATIONALE:\ This statement provides the definition of competitive advantage. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 53. Successful business strategies enable organizations to create and maintain a competitive advantage that is a. inflexible. b. sustainable. c. volatile. d. intangible. e. monetizable. ANSWER:\ b RATIONALE:\ An organization's objective is not only to develop a competitive advantage but also to hang onto it, making it sustainable. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 54. Which of the following is NOT a source of competitive advantage? a. A well-known brand name b. Convenience c. Excellent customer service d. The most products on the market e. Short development times ANSWER:\ d POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 55. Organizations pursuing a strategy of keeping costs and prices low usually try to develop a competitive advantage using which of the following? a. Operational excellence b. Differentiation c. Cost analysis d. Employee training e. Product innovation ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ Operational excellence maximizes the efficiency of the manufacturing or product development process to minimize costs. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 56. Firms that strive to be the lowest cost producer in the industry for a particular level of product quality are employing which type of business strategy? a. Cost leadership b. Differentiation c. Specialization d. Growth e. Self-sabotaging ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ This statement provides the definition of the cost leadership strategy. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 57. Winton's Widgets is a company that is adept at designing products that can be efficiently manufactured and engineering efficient manufacturing processes to keep production costs low. Which business strategy is Winton's Widgets employing? a. Innovation b. Differentiation c. Specialization d. Growth e. Cost leadership ANSWER:\ e POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 58. If a company creates a corporate culture that encourages employees to suggest new ideas, it is applying a strategy that focuses on a. cost leadership. b. differentiation. c. specialization. d. growth. e. sabotage. ANSWER:\ b RATIONALE:\ The cornerstone of the differentiation strategy is the development of unique and highly valued products and services. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 59. Businesses that focus on buyers with special needs are using which type of strategy? a. Cost leadership b. Differentiation c. Specialization d. Growth e. Psychological ANSWER:\ c POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 60. Organizations pursuing a specialization strategy often try to develop a competitive advantage based on a. market concentration. b. profit margin. c. customer intimacy. d. brand recognition. e. product placement. ANSWER:\ c RATIONALE:\ The development of customer intimacy is often central to the successful application of a specialization strategy. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 61. Organizations pursuing a differentiation strategy often try to develop a competitive advantage based on product a. intervention. b. integration. c. initiation. d. innovation. e. integrity. ANSWER:\ d RATIONALE:\ The differentiation strategy hinges on developing unique products. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 62. Maximizing the efficiency of the manufacturing or product development process in order to minimize costs is referred to as a. managerial skill. b. business superiority. c. operational excellence. d. maintenance strategy. e. differentiation. ANSWER:\ c RATIONALE:\ This statement provides the definition of operational excellence. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 63. An organization with a competitive advantage due to product innovation would likely seek a core workforce of research and development employees who have a. an entrepreneurial mindset. b. a shorter-term focus. c. a low tolerance for ambiguity. d. conservative values. e. a high aversion to taking risks. ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ Innovative people tend to have a longer-term focus, a high tolerance for ambiguity, unconventional values, and an above-average willingness to take risks. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 64. The success of a growth strategy depends on the firm's ability to find and retain the right number and types of a. new companies to acquire. b. investor preferences. c. niche products to offer. d. employees to sustain its intended growth. e. subcontractors. ANSWER:\ d POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behaviorp False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 65. Which type of management is based on the belief that productivity is maximized when organizations are rationalized with precise sets of instructions based on time-and-motion studies? a. Scientific b. Sociological c. Straightforward d. Strategic e. Stratospheric ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ This statement provides the definition of scientific management. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 66. After World War I, organizations shifted their attention away from scientific management to understanding the role of a. managerial corruption. b. law and politics. c. gender and sexual harassment. d. religion and spirituality. e. human factors and psychology. ANSWER:\ e RATIONALE:\ Disillusionment with scientific management led researchers to begin considering human and psychological factors. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 67. When people improve an aspect of their behavior or performance because they are aware they are being assessed, they are illustrating the a. Hamilton effect. b. Henricks effect. c. Hawthorne effect. d. Hampton effect. e. Hoover effect. ANSWER:\ c RATIONALE:\ This statement provides the definition of the Hawthorne effect. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 68. The idea that the human dimensions of work, including group relations, can supersede organizational norms and even an individual's self-interests is at the heart of which movement? a. The human relations movement b. The dignity of work movement c. Hawthorne's philosophy of work movement d. Deming's "plan-do-check-act" movement e. The open system movement ANSWER:\ a POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM United States - AACSB: Leadership Principles Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 69. Known as the "prophet of management" for ideas that were ahead of their time, who discovered the creativity exercise known as brainstorming? a. W. Edwards Deming b. George Elton Mayo c. Mary Parker Follett d. Frederick Winslow Taylor e. Sun-Tzu ANSWER:\ c POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM United States - AACSB: Leadership Principles Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 70. Which of the following questions could NOT be answered as a result of organizational behavior research findings? a. What goal level will best motivate my employees? b. How important is employee satisfaction to job performance? c. Should I seek a promotion with a competing firm? d. Is stress always bad? e. When are different leadership approaches most effective? ANSWER:\ c RATIONALE:\ While some of our intuitions about organizational behavior (OB) have been confirmed by research, some have not. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 71. Which method of knowledge generation relies on systematic studies that identify and replicate results using a variety of methods, samples, and settings? a. Philosophical b. Statistical c. Mathematical d. Scientific e. Humanist ANSWER:\ d RATIONALE:\ This statement provides the definition of the scientific method. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 72. What is the term for a written prediction specifying expected relationships between certain variables? a. Hypothesis b. Theory c. Prophecy d. Correlation e. Statistic ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ This question provides the definition of a hypothesis. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 73. A collection of verbal and symbolic assertions that specify how and why two or more variables are related, and the conditions under which they should and should not relate, is known as a a. hypothesis. b. theory. c. data set. d. fact. e. statistic. ANSWER:\ b RATIONALE:\ This statement provides the definition of a theory. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 74. Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis? a. Setting a goal will be positively related to the number of products assembled. b. A researcher found a 0.8 correlation between goal setting and productivity. c. Personally, I am more productive when I set goals. d. I wonder if there is a relationship between goal setting and productivity. e. There is no way to determine whether goal setting is positively or negatively related to productivity. ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ A hypothesis is a specific prediction of how two variables will be related. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 75. The predictor in an experiment--predicted to affect something else--is which type of variable? a. Dependent b. Independent c. Codependent d. Interdependent e. Measured ANSWER:\ b RATIONALE:\ In an experiment, the independent variable is the one that scientists control directly to determine whether it affects something else. The "something else" is the dependent variable, which is the variable that scientists measure. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 76. The criterion in an experiment--predicted to be affected by something else--is which type of variable? a. Dependent b. Independent c. Codependent d. Interdependent e. Control ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ In an experiment, the independent variable is the one that scientists control directly to determine whether it affects the dependent variable, which is what the scientists measure. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 77. A researcher hypothesizes that the age of employees influences their awareness of diversity. In this example, age is the a. hypothesis. b. correlation. c. theory. d. independent variable. e. dependent variable. ANSWER:\ d RATIONALE:\ The independent variable is what scientists control directly. The dependent variable is what scientists measure. In this experiment, scientists set the age and measure the diversity awareness. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 78. A correlation reflects the size and strength of the statistical relationship between two a. variables. b. means. c. hypotheses. d. standard deviations. e. dependent variables. ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ This statement provides the definition of correlation. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 79. What letter is used to refer to a correlation? a. r b. f c. p d. n e. c ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ R is used to refer to a correlation, not c. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 80. What is the total statistical correlation range? a. 0 to 10 b. 1 to 10 c. 0 to 100 d. -10 to 10 e. -1 to 1 ANSWER:\ e RATIONALE:\ Correlations range from -1 (an absolute negative relationship) to +1 (an absolute positive relationship). A correlation of 0 means that the two variables are not related in any way at all. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 81. What type of relationship is indicated by a correlation of +0.90? a. A strong, positive relationship b. A weak, positive relationship c. No relationship d. A weak, negative relationship e. A strong, negative relationship ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ Correlations range from -1 (an absolute negative relationship) to +1 (an absolute positive relationship). Since +0.90 is very close to 1, it implies a strong, positive relationship. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 82. A researcher studying the relationship between age and diversity awareness finds a negative correlation. What do the researcher's results suggest? a. As age increases, diversity awareness increases. b. As age decreases, diversity awareness decreases. c. As age increases, diversity awareness decreases. d. A person's age doesn't affect his or her level of diversity awareness. e. The study was inconclusive. ANSWER:\ c RATIONALE:\ A negative correlation between two variables indicates that as one variable increases, the other decreases. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 83. A statistical technique used to combine the results of many different research studies conducted in a variety of organizations and for a variety of jobs is known as a(n) a. standard deviation. b. path analysis. c. analysis of variance. d. regression. e. meta-analysis. ANSWER:\ e RATIONALE:\ This statement provides the definition of meta-analysis. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 84. An urgent problem has arisen requiring several employees in a particular department to stay late. Edgar begs off and leaves the office at his usual time, but Anyah agrees to stay late and help her team. Anyah is displaying a characteristic of a. dysfunctional behavior. b. strategic execution. c. intuition. d. independent variable. e. organizational citizenship. ANSWER:\ e POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 85. The Mother of Pearl soft drink company is developing a beverage that looks like milk but tastes like soda. It is the only product of its kind of the market and is made using a secret combination of unique ingredients. Mother of Pearl is pursuing which type of business strategy? a. Cost leadership b. Differentiation c. Customer intimacy d. Growth e. Operational ANSWER:\ b POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 86. The key to the creation of a competitive advantage and business strategy execution is the effective management of a. people. b. financial resources. c. raw materials. d. distribution channels. e. communication channels. ANSWER:\ a RATIONALE:\ Although these are all important elements, talent is considered the most important for a customer-oriented company. POINTS:\ 1 Easy 1-3: The Strategic Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.3 - Discuss the strategic context of organizational behavior, including the relationships between strategy and organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 87. Seline runs a small company that sells medical software. She has devised a process that enables her company to develop new versions of the software quickly and with almost no bugs. However, Seline believes that the success of this process hinges on her company's unique makeup and the type of product it produces; she does not believe that most software companies would be able to use her process to any great effect. Seline's views embody which of the following perspectives? a. Scientific b. Universal c. Situational d. Interactional e. Pessimistic ANSWER:\ c RATIONALE:\ Seline believes that just because something works for one organization doesn't guarantee that it will work for all organizations. In other words, the success or failure of a given process depends on context: the situational variables that define an organization. This lines up exactly with the situational perspective. POINTS:\ 1 Challenging 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 88. Which of the following is NOT a facet of human resource management? a. Developing incentives to motivate employees b. Developing plans to use fewer employees c. Creating programs to develop employees' skills d. Developing incentives to retain employees e. Attracting high-quality employees ANSWER:\ b RATIONALE:\ Human resource management (HRM) is concerned with attracting, developing, and retaining high-quality employees. This does not necessarily entail using fewer employees overall, however. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: HRM United States - AACSB: Strategy - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 89. Scientific management achieved which of the following? a. It decreased the monotony of work. b. It was eagerly accepted by workers. c. It gave workers control over their jobs. d. It increased productivity. e. It saw wide use for more than a century. ANSWER:\ d RATIONALE:\ Although scientific management improved productivity, it also increased the monotony of work. Scientific management left no room for individual preferences or initiative and was not always accepted by workers. It was eventually replaced by other models. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior False OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 90. Which of the following is NOT a dysfunctional behavior? a. Absenteeism b. Asking for a raise c. Turnover d. Sabotage e. Rudeness ANSWER:\ b RATIONALE:\ Discussing compensation with your manager is not a dysfunctional behavior. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 91. Turnover occurs when employees a. are called to jury duty. b. feign illness. c. are fired. d. resign from their jobs. e. are promoted. ANSWER:\ d RATIONALE:\ Turnover, by definition, is both voluntary and permanent. Getting fired is permanent but not voluntary, so it isn't turnover. Going to jury duty is neither voluntary nor permanent, and calling in sick is voluntary but temporary. Only quitting fits the definition of turnover. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Understand 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 92. Which of the following terms refers to behaviors of individuals that make a positive overall contribution to the organization? a. Organizational commitment b. Organizational citizenship c. Affective commitment d. Normative commitment e. Subjective responsibility ANSWER:\ b RATIONALE:\ This question provides the definition of organizational citizenship. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-5: Managing for Effectiveness False OB.GRIF.24.1.5 - Discuss the role of organizational behavior in managing for effectiveness, including the role of research in organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Remember 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM Essay 93. Explain why it is important for managers to have a strong understanding of organizational behavior. ANSWER:\ The core of organizational behavior (OB) is being effective at work. Understanding how people behave in organizations and why they do what they do is critical to working effectively with and managing others. OB gives everyone the knowledge and tools they need to be effective at any organizational level. OB is an important topic for anyone who works or who will eventually work in an organization, which is the case for most people. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-1: What Is Organizational Behavior? Essay False STUDENT ENTRY MODE:\ Basic OB.GRIF.24.1.1 - Describe organizational behavior, including the impact it has on both personal and organizational success. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Communication - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 94. Discuss the four basic management functions and how they relate to organizational behavior. ANSWER:\ Managers engage in the four basic functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. These functions are applied to human, financial, physical, and information resources with the ultimate purpose of efficiently and effectively attaining organizational goals. Planning is the process of determining the organization's desired future position and deciding how best to get there. Organizing is the process of designing jobs, grouping jobs into manageable units, and establishing patterns of authority among jobs and groups of jobs. Leading is the process of motivating members of the organization to work together toward the organization's goals. Finally, controlling is the process of monitoring and correcting the actions of the organization and its people to keep them headed toward their goals. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-2: The Managerial Context of Organizational Behavior Essay False STUDENT ENTRY MODE:\ Basic OB.GRIF.24.1.2 - Identify the basic management functions and essential skills that make up the management process and relate them to organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Leadership Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 95. Identify and explain two of the contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. ANSWER:\ Several contextual perspectives-most notably the systems and contingency perspectives and the interactional view-influence our understanding of organizational behavior. The systems perspective, or the theory of systems, was first developed in the physical sciences. A system is an interrelated set of elements that function as a whole. According to this perspective, an organizational system receives four kinds of inputs from its environment: material, human, financial, and informational. The organization's managers then combine and transform these inputs and return them to the environment in the form of products or services, employee behaviors, profits or losses, and additional information. Then the system receives feedback from the environment regarding these outputs. An example of a systems perspective is any large manufacturing company like Harley-Davidson. Material inputs would be all the parts used to manufacture motorcycles; human inputs are the employees who assemble the motorcycles, office staff, salespeople, etc.; financial inputs would include the money received from sales, stockholder investments, etc.; and information inputs would include things like forecasts about future sales. Outputs would include the motorcycles sold to consumers, profits made for owners, dividends to stockholders, etc. ? The contingency perspectives include the situational and universal perspectives. In the universal approach, the organizational problems or situations determine the one best way to respond. In the situational approach, organizational problems or situations must be evaluated in terms of elements of the situation, which then suggest contingent or situational ways of responding. As an example of a situational versus a universal perspective, consider a software production company that developed some new software that works well for it, but it does not believe other similar companies would be interested in buying this product. This would be a situational perspective. If the software company did believe other companies could use the product, then it would have a universal perspective. Interactionalism is another useful perspective to help better understand behavior in organizational settings. Interactionalism attempts to explain how people select, interpret, and change various situations. Note that the individual and the situation are presumed to interact continuously. This interaction is what determines the individual's behavior. The interactional view implies that simple cause-and-effect descriptions of organizational phenomena are not enough. For example, one set of research studies may suggest that job changes lead to improved employee attitudes. Other studies may propose that attitudes influence how people perceive their jobs in the first place. Both positions probably are incomplete: Employee attitudes may influence job perceptions, but these perceptions may in turn influence future attitudes. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior Essay False STUDENT ENTRY MODE:\ Basic OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Communication - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 96. Using the model presented in your text, briefly define the systems approach to organizations. Give examples of each component. ANSWER:\ The systems approach to organizations provides a useful framework for understanding how the elements of an organization interact among themselves and with their environment. Various inputs are transformed into different outputs, with important feedback from the environment. An organizational system receives four kinds of inputs from its environment: material, human, financial, and informational. The organization's managers then combine and transform these inputs and return them to the environment in the form of products or services, employee behaviors, profits or losses, and additional information. Then the system receives feedback from the environment regarding these outputs. ? As an example, we can apply systems theory to ExxonMobil. Material inputs include pipelines, crude oil, and the machinery used to refine petroleum. Human inputs are oil field workers, refinery workers, office staff, and other people employed by the company. Financial inputs take the form of money received from oil and gas sales, stockholder investment, and so forth. Finally, the company receives information inputs from forecasts about future oil supplies, geological surveys on potential drilling sites, sales projections, and similar analyses. Through complex refining and other processes, these inputs are combined and transformed to create products such as gasoline and motor oil. As outputs, these products are sold to the consuming public. Profits from operations are fed back into the environment through taxes, investments, and dividends; losses, when they occur, hit the environment by reducing stockholders' incomes. In addition to having on-the-job contacts with customers and suppliers, employees live in the community and participate in a variety of activities away from the workplace, and their behavior is influenced in part by their experiences as ExxonMobil workers. Finally, information about the company and its operations is also released into the environment. The environment, in turn, responds to these outputs and influences future inputs. For example, consumers may buy more or less gasoline depending on the quality and price of ExxonMobil's product, and banks may be more or less willing to lend ExxonMobil money based on financial information released about the company. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior Essay False STUDENT ENTRY MODE:\ Basic OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Creation of Value Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM 97. Compare and contrast the universal and situational perspectives in organizational behavior. ANSWER:\ The universal perspective presumes a direct cause-and-effect linkage between variables. For example, it suggests that whenever a manager encounters a particular problem or situation (such as motivating employees to work harder), a universal approach, "one best way," exists (such as raising pay or increasing autonomy) that will lead to the desired outcome. The situational perspective, on the other hand, acknowledges that several variables alter the direct relationship. In other words, the appropriate managerial action or behavior in any given situation depends on elements of that situation. The field of organizational behavior has gradually shifted from a universal approach in the 1950s and early 1960s to a situational perspective. The situational perspective has been widely documented in the areas of motivation, job design, leadership, and organizational design, and it is becoming increasingly important throughout the entire field. POINTS:\ 1 Moderate 1-4: Contextual Perspectives on Organizational Behavior Essay False STUDENT ENTRY MODE:\ Basic OB.GRIF.24.1.4 - Identify and describe contextual perspectives on organizational behavior. United States - AACSB: Analytic - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Communication - AACSB: Group Dynamics United States - AACSB: Individual Dynamics - AACSB: Group Dynamics Bloom's: Apply 5/26/2023 5:36 AM 6/8/2023 1:16 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 Chapter 1 - An Overview of Organizational Behavior Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1