Chapter 1 MCQs PDF

**Chapter 1: What Do Sociolinguists Study?** **1. Sociolinguists are primarily interested in:** A\) The historical development of languages over time. B\) The relationship between language and society. C\) The neurological processes involved in language production. D\) The structural rules gove...

**Chapter 1: What Do Sociolinguists Study?** **1. Sociolinguists are primarily interested in:** A\) The historical development of languages over time. B\) The relationship between language and society. C\) The neurological processes involved in language production. D\) The structural rules governing language syntax. **Answer:** B) The relationship between language and society. **Explanation:** On page 1, the text states that sociolinguists study the relationship between language and society, focusing on why people speak differently in various social contexts and how language conveys social meaning. **2. In Example 1, Ray\'s use of \"that bastard Sootbucket\" when speaking to his mother indicates:** A\) Formal language appropriate for a school setting. B\) A friendly and intimate relationship with his mother. C\) Respectful language towards his teacher. D\) Awareness of his grandmother\'s presence. **Answer:** B) A friendly and intimate relationship with his mother. **Explanation:** Page 1 highlights that Ray\'s language choice shows his comfort and intimacy with his mother, using informal and colloquial terms that he wouldn\'t use in more formal contexts. **3. The term \"linguistic repertoire\" refers to:** A\) The complete vocabulary of a language. B\) The range of language varieties used by a community. C\) The official language policy of a nation. D\) An individual\'s innate language ability. **Answer:** B) The range of language varieties used by a community. **Explanation:** On page 7, \"linguistic repertoire\" is defined as the set of language varieties available for use in different social contexts within a community. **4. Which of the following is NOT one of the four social factors influencing language choice mentioned in the text?** A\) Participants. B\) Setting. C\) Topic. D\) Age. **Answer:** D) Age. **Explanation:** Page 9 lists participants, setting, topic, and function as the social factors influencing language choice. Age is not explicitly listed among these factors. **5. Sam\'s habit of dropping his \'h\'s in Example 4 indicates:** A\) A speech impediment. B\) His regional and social background. C\) A formal style of speaking. D\) Influence from another language. **Answer:** B) His regional and social background. **Explanation:** On page 4, Sam\'s \'h\'-dropping is associated with his social status and regional accent, distinguishing him from Jim, who does not drop his \'h\'s. **6. In the conversation with the principal, Ray uses \"Good afternoon, sir.\" This choice reflects:** A\) His familiarity with the principal. B\) Informal language appropriate among friends. C\) Awareness of social status and formality. D\) Disrespect towards authority. **Answer:** C) Awareness of social status and formality. **Explanation:** Page 2 explains that Ray\'s formal greeting to the principal shows his recognition of the status difference and the formality required in that context. **7. The \"solidarity-social distance scale\" helps to assess:** A\) The grammatical correctness of speech. B\) The closeness or distance between participants. C\) The volume and pitch of spoken language. D\) The physical proximity of speakers. **Answer:** B) The closeness or distance between participants. **Explanation:** On page 9-10, the solidarity-social distance scale measures how well participants know each other, influencing linguistic choices based on intimacy or distance. **8. Margaret\'s mother calling her \"dear\" instead of \"Margaret\" signifies:** A\) Formality in their relationship. B\) Affection and intimacy. C\) Disapproval of Margaret\'s actions. D\) A lack of attention to social norms. **Answer:** B) Affection and intimacy. **Explanation:** Page 3 notes that endearments like \"dear\" express affectionate feelings, indicating a close and intimate relationship. **9. In Hemnesberget, villagers use Bokmål in certain situations because:** A\) It is their native dialect. B\) It signals membership in the local community. C\) It is appropriate for formal settings like school and government. D\) They want to appear uneducated. **Answer:** C) It is appropriate for formal settings like school and government. **Explanation:** Pages 4-5 describe how Bokmål is used in formal contexts such as education, church, and official business, while Ranamål is used in everyday informal interactions. **10. The term \"style\" in sociolinguistics refers to:** A\) A completely different language. B\) Variations in language use depending on context. C\) The artistic quality of speech. D\) The chronological development of language. **Answer:** B) Variations in language use depending on context. **Explanation:** On page 15, \"style\" is introduced as a concept where speakers adjust their language based on social context, such as formality and audience. **11. Which of the following best describes \"dialect\"?** A\) A language with no native speakers. B\) A language variety associated with a particular social group. C\) A formal speech used in official ceremonies. D\) An artificial language created for literature. **Answer:** B) A language variety associated with a particular social group. **Explanation:** Page 15 defines \"dialect\" as a particular form of a language specific to a region or social group. **12. The \"formality scale\" is used to:** A\) Determine the correctness of grammar in speech. B\) Assess the setting\'s influence on language choice. C\) Measure emotional content in communication. D\) Calculate the number of participants in a conversation. **Answer:** B) Assess the setting\'s influence on language choice. **Explanation:** On page 10, the formality scale relates to how the social setting or type of interaction (formal vs. informal) affects linguistic choices. **13. In the Sauris community example, the villagers are:** A\) Monolingual in Italian. B\) Bilingual in German and Italian. C\) Trilingual, using German dialect, Friulian, and Italian. D\) Unwilling to learn new languages. **Answer:** C) Trilingual, using German dialect, Friulian, and Italian. **Explanation:** Page 7 describes how Sauris villagers use a German dialect at home, Friulian regionally, and Italian for official purposes, making them trilingual. **14. The \"status scale\" highlights the importance of:** A\) The emotional state of speakers. B\) The topic being discussed. C\) The relative social status of participants. D\) The physical environment of communication. **Answer:** C) The relative social status of participants. **Explanation:** On page 10, the status scale addresses how differences in social status between speakers influence language choice. **15. The main reason Margaret\'s friend greets her with \"sut wyt ti?\" is to:** A\) Practice a foreign language. B\) Indicate shared Welsh ethnicity. C\) Confuse Margaret. D\) Express disapproval. **Answer:** B) Indicate shared Welsh ethnicity. **Explanation:** Page 3 mentions that using \"sut wyt ti?\" (Welsh for \"how are you?\") signals the friend\'s Welsh heritage and possibly a close relationship. **16. When analyzing language choices, sociolinguists consider the \"function\" of speech. This refers to:** A\) The grammatical structure of sentences. B\) The purpose of the interaction. C\) The volume and pitch used. D\) The duration of the conversation. **Answer:** B) The purpose of the interaction. **Explanation:** On page 9, \"function\" is identified as a key social factor, focusing on why people are speaking and what they aim to achieve. **17. The \"referential and affective function scales\" measure:** A\) The information content and emotional expression in speech. B\) The number of words used in an utterance. C\) The correctness of language use. D\) The physical gestures accompanying speech. **Answer:** A) The information content and emotional expression in speech. **Explanation:** On page 10-11, these scales assess how much language is used to convey factual information versus expressing feelings. **19. Sociolinguists aim to:** A\) Eliminate language variation. B\) Preserve ancient languages. C\) Describe and explain sociolinguistic variation. D\) Teach language classes. **Answer:** C) Describe and explain sociolinguistic variation. **Explanation:** Page 12 states that sociolinguists seek to understand and provide explanations for why language varies in different social contexts. **20. In the text, \"code\" is used interchangeably with:** A\) Grammar. B\) Variety. C\) Slang. D\) Alphabet. **Answer:** B) Variety. **Explanation:** On page 6, the text mentions that sociolinguists sometimes use \"code\" to refer to \"variety,\" meaning a set of linguistic forms used in specific social contexts. **21. The primary method by which people acquire different language varieties is through:** A\) Formal education. B\) Conscious memorization. C\) Extensive exposure and osmosis. D\) Genetic inheritance. **Answer:** C) Extensive exposure and osmosis. **Explanation:** Page 7 states that people typically acquire their linguistic repertoire by being exposed to different varieties and absorbing them naturally. **22. In the Lancashire village example, the mother\'s linguistic repertoire includes:** A\) Only the local dialect. B\) Several styles of English suited to different contexts. C\) Multiple foreign languages. D\) A mixture of English and French. **Answer:** B) Several styles of English suited to different contexts. **Explanation:** On page 7-8, it mentions that she adjusts her language when talking to the baker, bank manager, grandchildren, and in church, reflecting different styles within her repertoire. **23. Sociolinguistic variation can occur at which levels of linguistic analysis?** A\) Sounds, word-structure, grammar, vocabulary. B\) Only vocabulary and grammar. C\) Physical gestures and facial expressions. D\) Emotional tone and body language. **Answer:** A) Sounds, word-structure, grammar, vocabulary. **Explanation:** Page 4 states that variation occurs at multiple linguistic levels, including pronunciation, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary. **24. The use of \"Please tender exact fare and state destination\" is an example of:** A\) Informal, colloquial language. B\) Formal language with passive constructions. C\) Slang appropriate among friends. D\) Incorrect grammatical structure. **Answer:** B) Formal language with passive constructions. **Explanation:** On page 5, this example illustrates formal vocabulary and grammar, using passive forms and more formal word choices. **25. The topic of conversation can influence language choice, as seen when:** A\) A person always speaks the same way. B\) University students discuss national politics in their local dialect. C\) Students switch to a standard dialect for certain subjects. D\) People ignore social norms in speech. **Answer:** C) Students switch to a standard dialect for certain subjects. **Explanation:** Page 6 notes that students from Hemnesberget switch to Bokmål when discussing topics like national politics, associating the subject with that dialect. **26. The social dimension that considers whether language is being used to convey information or express feelings is:** A\) Solidarity-social distance scale. B\) Referential and affective function scales. C\) Status scale. D\) Formality scale. **Answer:** B) Referential and affective function scales. **Explanation:** On pages 10-11, these scales focus on whether an interaction is more about sharing information or expressing emotions. **27. The term \"social factors\" in sociolinguistics refers to:** A\) Elements like grammar and pronunciation. B\) Non-linguistic influences like participants and setting. C\) Technological advancements in communication. D\) Biological aspects of language acquisition. **Answer:** B) Non-linguistic influences like participants and setting. **Explanation:** Page 9 outlines social factors such as participants, setting, topic, and function that influence language choice. **28. Why might a person use a more formal language style in a particular setting?** A\) To confuse the listener. B\) Due to the influence of the informal setting. C\) Because of the formality of the social context. D\) As a way to express intimacy. **Answer:** C) Because of the formality of the social context. **Explanation:** On page 10, the formality scale indicates that formal settings like a bank or court influence people to use more formal language styles. **29. The conversation between Ray and his mother demonstrates that language:** A\) Remains constant regardless of context. B\) Is unaffected by social relationships. C\) Serves multiple functions simultaneously. D\) Only conveys referential information. **Answer:** C) Serves multiple functions simultaneously. **Explanation:** Pages 2-3 explain that Ray\'s language conveys both information about why he\'s late and his feelings about his teacher. **30. In sociolinguistics, \"participants\" refers to:** A\) The topic of conversation. B\) The people involved in the interaction. C\) The language varieties used. D\) The place where communication occurs. **Answer:** B) The people involved in the interaction. **Explanation:** On page 9, participants are one of the social factors, concerning who is speaking and to whom. **31. Ray\'s use of \"sir\" when addressing the principal reflects:** A\) A friendly relationship. B\) Ignorance of social norms. C\) Recognition of the principal\'s higher status. D\) Disregard for formalities. **Answer:** C) Recognition of the principal\'s higher status. **Explanation:** Page 2 notes that Ray uses \"sir\" to show respect and acknowledge the principal\'s position. **32. The \"status scale\" in sociolinguistics is concerned with:** A\) Measuring linguistic proficiency. B\) Evaluating correctness of language use. C\) Participant relationships regarding social status. D\) The physical setting of communication. **Answer:** C) Participant relationships regarding social status. **Explanation:** On page 10, the status scale relates to the relative social standing of the speakers, influencing language choices. **33. Which of the following best illustrates linguistic variation at the vocabulary level?** A\) Dropping \'h\'s in pronunciation. B\) Using \"refuse\" versus \"rubbish.\" C\) Employing passive voice in sentences. D\) Switching from dialect to standard language. **Answer:** B) Using \"refuse\" versus \"rubbish.\" **Explanation:** Page 5 shows how different word choices like \"refuse\" and \"rubbish\" represent vocabulary-level variation. **34. Language choices can provide clues about a speaker\'s:** A\) Intelligence and morality. B\) Social identity and relationships. C\) Genetic background. D\) Physical health. **Answer:** B) Social identity and relationships. **Explanation:** Page 2 mentions that language use indicates aspects of social identity, such as age, social background, and relationships. **35. \"style\" and \"dialect\" are considered types of:** A\) Linguistic errors. B\) Non-verbal communication. C\) Language varieties. D\) Formal languages. **Answer:** C) Language varieties. **Explanation:** Page 6-7 introduces \"variety\" as a term encompassing styles, dialects, and even different languages used in social contexts. **36. The primary reason people in monolingual communities adjust their speech is due to:** A\) A lack of linguistic options. B\) Social factors influencing language use. C\) Government language policies. D\) Technological limitations. **Answer:** B) Social factors influencing language use. **Explanation:** Page 7 states that even in monolingual communities, people vary their language based on social contexts and relationships. **37. The linguistic differences between Ranamål and Bokmål include:** A\) Only vocabulary differences. B\) Pronunciation, word forms, and grammar. C\) Identical structures with different scripts. D\) Completely unintelligible languages. **Answer:** B) Pronunciation, word forms, and grammar. **Explanation:** On page 5, it\'s explained that the two dialects differ in pronunciation, morphology, and vocabulary. **38. Sociolinguists use sociolinguistic scales to:** A\) Create new languages. B\) Quantify physical aspects of speech. C\) Analyze social dimensions influencing language use. D\) Teach proper grammar. **Answer:** C) Analyze social dimensions influencing language use. **Explanation:** Pages 9-11 discuss how scales like social distance and formality help sociolinguists assess factors affecting language choices. **40. The process of \"code-switching\" involves:** A\) Correcting someone\'s grammar. B\) Changing language or language varieties based on context. C\) Learning a new language. D\) Translating text from one language to another. **Answer:** B) Changing language or language varieties based on context. **Explanation:** While not explicitly named in the text, the concept is described on pages 6-7, with examples of people switching between dialects or languages depending on social factors. **41. In sociolinguistics, \"function\" in communication refers to whether speech is:** A\) Correct or incorrect. B\) Written or spoken. C\) Intended to convey information or express feelings. D\) Formal or informal. **Answer:** C) Intended to convey information or express feelings. **Explanation:** Pages 10-11 define \"function\" concerning the purpose of communication, such as referential (information) or affective (feelings). **42. Blom and Gumperz\'s study in Hemnesberget is significant because it:** A\) Introduced a new language to the world. B\) Demonstrated how language choice relates to social context. C\) Led to the development of a universal language. D\) Showed that language does not vary socially. **Answer:** B) Demonstrated how language choice relates to social context. **Explanation:** On pages 4-6, their study illustrates how villagers use different dialects based on social settings and topics. **43. The villagers in Hemnesberget consider using Bokmål in casual village interactions as:** A\) Normal behavior. B\) A sign of being \"stuck up\" or \"putting on airs.\" C\) Necessary for everyday communication. D\) Indicative of lower social status. **Answer:** B) A sign of being \"stuck up\" or \"putting on airs.\" **Explanation:** On page 5, it\'s noted that using Bokmål in informal village contexts is seen negatively, as it doesn\'t align with local norms. **44. The example of the angry woman in Sauris using German to scold her husband demonstrates that:** A\) Language choice can be manipulated for social effect. B\) German is the official language of Sauris. C\) People always switch languages when angry. D\) Language has no impact on social interactions. **Answer:** A) Language choice can be manipulated for social effect. **Explanation:** On page 7, the woman\'s use of German isolates her husband socially, emphasizing her message. **45. The concept of a \"speech community\" refers to:** A\) A group of people who only speak one language. B\) Individuals who communicate infrequently. C\) A group sharing linguistic norms and patterns. D\) A classroom of language learners. **Answer:** C) A group sharing linguistic norms and patterns. **Explanation:** While not explicitly defined, the concept is implied throughout the text (e.g., page 7) regarding communities with shared language practices. **46. Sociolinguistic \"variation\" means that language:** A\) Remains fixed and unchanging. B\) Changes randomly without reason. C\) Differs systematically based on social factors. D\) Is the same across all contexts. **Answer:** C) Differs systematically based on social factors. **Explanation:** The text (e.g., page 4) discusses how language varies in patterned ways according to social influences. **47. The primary reason university students might switch to English when discussing academic subjects in countries like Tanzania is:** A\) English is their native language. B\) They cannot express academic concepts in their native language. C\) English is associated with higher education and certain topics. D\) They want to exclude others from the conversation. **Answer:** C) English is associated with higher education and certain topics. **Explanation:** On page 9, the text mentions that students may find it easier to discuss university subjects in English due to its association with those topics. **48. The \"participants\" component in analyzing language use includes considerations of:** A\) The weather conditions during communication. B\) The age and gender of speakers. C\) The historical background of the language. D\) The physical distance between speakers. **Answer:** B) The age and gender of speakers. **Explanation:** On page 9, participants involve who is speaking and to whom, which can include factors like age and gender. **49. The \"social distance scale\" is particularly useful for:** A\) Calculating physical space between individuals. B\) Understanding how familiarity affects language choice. C\) Measuring the volume of speech. D\) Determining the grammatical complexity of utterances. **Answer:** B) Understanding how familiarity affects language choice. **Explanation:** On page 9-10, the social distance scale assesses how well participants know each other and its impact on linguistic choices. **50. The function of small talk about the weather between neighbors is primarily:** A\) Referential, conveying new information. B\) Affective, expressing goodwill. C\) Formal, establishing social hierarchy. D\) Referential, solving scientific problems. **Answer:** B) Affective, expressing goodwill. **Explanation:** On page 11, it states that such interactions are mainly about expressing friendly feelings rather than exchanging new information. **51. The choice between \"Meg\" and \"Mrs. Billington\" by different people indicates:** A\) Random preference for names. B\) Social factors influencing address forms. C\) Errors in language use. D\) Lack of attention to social etiquette. **Answer:** B) Social factors influencing address forms. **Explanation:** On page 3, the text discusses how people choose different names (Meg vs. Mrs. Billington) based on social relationships and contexts, reflecting social factors like familiarity and formality. **52. Sociolinguists consider which of the following as a non-linguistic factor influencing language choice?** A\) Phonetics. B\) Syntax. C\) Participants\' relationship. D\) Morphology. **Answer:** C) Participants\' relationship. **Explanation:** Page 9 details that non-linguistic factors such as who is speaking to whom (participants) significantly influence language choice. **53. In the exercise about names you\'re called by different people, the purpose is to:** A\) Highlight the randomness of name usage. B\) Illustrate how social contexts influence address forms. C\) Emphasize that everyone uses the same name for an individual. D\) Demonstrate the complexity of legal names. **Answer:** B) Illustrate how social contexts influence address forms. **Explanation:** Page 3-4 encourages readers to consider how different names used by various people reflect social relationships and contexts. **54. The use of \"Excuse me, Mr. Clayton. I\'ve finished your letters, sir.\" exemplifies:** A\) An informal interaction between friends. B\) A subordinate speaking to a superior with formality. C\) Disrespectful language in the workplace. D\) Incorrect use of address forms. **Answer:** B) A subordinate speaking to a superior with formality. **Explanation:** On page 11, Exercise 6(c) indicates that the use of formal address forms like \"Mr. Clayton\" and \"sir\" shows a respectful, subordinate-to-superior communication. **55. The idea that \"utterances often serve more than one function\" suggests that:** A\) Language is always unambiguous. B\) Speech can convey both information and emotions. C\) Every utterance has only one clear purpose. D\) Functions of language are irrelevant in communication. **Answer:** B) Speech can convey both information and emotions. **Explanation:** Page 15 explains that utterances may have multiple functions, providing information while also expressing feelings. **56. One of the aims of sociolinguistics is to:** A\) Standardize language use globally. B\) Eliminate dialects and accents. C\) Provide a motivated account of language use in a community. D\) Teach people how to speak correctly. **Answer:** C) Provide a motivated account of language use in a community. **Explanation:** On page 12, the text states that sociolinguists aim to explain why people use language the way they do in different social contexts. **57. The concept of \"verbal repertoire\" refers to:** A\) The total number of words in a language. B\) An individual\'s or community\'s range of language varieties. C\) A performance by an actor. D\) A collection of written texts. **Answer:** B) An individual\'s or community\'s range of language varieties. **Explanation:** Page 7 defines \"linguistic or verbal repertoire\" as the set of language varieties available for use in different social contexts. **58. According to the text, formal language is often characterized by:** A\) The use of colloquial expressions. B\) Slang and idioms. C\) Passive constructions and impersonal vocabulary. D\) Incorrect grammar. **Answer:** C) Passive constructions and impersonal vocabulary. **Explanation:** On page 5, Examples 5(a) and (c) show that formal language uses passive structures and formal vocabulary. **59. In Exercise 1, Ray\'s use of different words with his mother and the principal shows that:** A\) He is inconsistent in his language use. B\) He lacks respect for authority. C\) He adjusts his speech based on the social context. D\) He is unaware of social norms. **Answer:** C) He adjusts his speech based on the social context. **Explanation:** Page 2-3 demonstrates that Ray consciously or unconsciously varies his language to suit his relationship with his mother versus the principal. **63. In analyzing sociolinguistic variation, it is important first to:** A\) Correct the linguistic forms used by speakers. B\) Ignore the social context. C\) Identify the linguistic variation and the social factors involved. D\) Assume all language use is random. **Answer:** C) Identify the linguistic variation and the social factors involved. **Explanation:** Page 12 outlines the steps sociolinguists take, starting with identifying linguistic variations and the social factors influencing them. **64. The fact that Margaret\'s daughter greets her with \"hi mum\" reflects:** A\) A distant relationship. B\) Formality and respect. C\) Intimacy and familiarity. D\) Disrespectful behavior. **Answer:** C) Intimacy and familiarity. **Explanation:** On page 3, the use of \"hi mum\" by her daughter indicates a close and informal relationship. **65. According to sociolinguists, people acquire different language varieties primarily through:** A\) Formal schooling and instruction. B\) Traveling abroad. C\) Natural exposure and social interaction. D\) Genetic inheritance. **Answer:** C) Natural exposure and social interaction. **Explanation:** Page 7 states that people acquire knowledge of varieties through exposure and a process of osmosis. **66. A key reason why the same message may be expressed differently is because:** A\) Language lacks consistency. B\) Speakers have different levels of intelligence. C\) Social context influences language choice. D\) There are no rules governing language use. **Answer:** C) Social context influences language choice. **Explanation:** Page 1 explains that social contexts, including who we are speaking to and where, affect how we express the same message. **67. Sociolinguistic research often involves studying:** A\) Isolated sentences without context. B\) Language use in natural social settings. C\) Artificial languages. D\) Purely written language. **Answer:** B) Language use in natural social settings. **Explanation:** The entire chapter emphasizes observing and analyzing language within its social context. **68. In the text, an example of grammatical variation is:** A\) The pronunciation differences between dialects. B\) The choice between \"refuse should be deposited\" and \"put your rubbish in the bin.\" C\) The selection of different address forms. D\) The use of body language. **Answer:** B) The choice between \"refuse should be deposited\" and \"put your rubbish in the bin.\" **Explanation:** Page 5 illustrates grammatical variation through different sentence structures and levels of formality. **69. One of the exercises suggests that when referring to your mother in different contexts, you might use different terms. This demonstrates:** A\) Confusion about relationships. B\) The irrelevance of context in language use. C\) Contextual variation in address and reference terms. D\) Standardization of language. **Answer:** C) Contextual variation in address and reference terms. **Explanation:** Exercise 3 on page 4 encourages reflection on how context influences the terms we use for the same person. **70. The primary focus of sociolinguistics is:** A\) Prescribing how people should speak. B\) Understanding the relationship between language and social factors. C\) Inventing new languages. D\) Teaching linguistics in schools. **Answer:** B) Understanding the relationship between language and social factors. **Explanation:** On page 1, sociolinguistics is defined as the study of the relationship between language and society. **71. The term \"code\" in sociolinguistics can refer to:** A\) A secret language. B\) Any set of linguistic forms used under specific social circumstances. C\) Only programming languages. D\) A fixed set of grammatical rules. **Answer:** B) Any set of linguistic forms used under specific social circumstances. **Explanation:** Page 6 states that \"code\" is used to refer to any set of linguistic forms with a distinctive social distribution. **72. The use of \"hun\" versus \"ho\" for \"she\" in Norwegian dialects is an example of:** A\) Vocabulary variation. B\) Phonetic error. C\) Unrelated languages. D\) Universal language features. **Answer:** A) Vocabulary variation. **Explanation:** On page 5, the text notes different words used for \"she\" in Bokmål (\"hun\") and Ranamål (\"ho\"), illustrating vocabulary differences. **73. The concept of \"osmosis\" in language acquisition implies that:** A\) Language is learned through formal instruction only. B\) People absorb language naturally from their environment. C\) Language must be taught explicitly. D\) Language learning is a passive process with no interaction. **Answer:** B) People absorb language naturally from their environment. **Explanation:** Page 7 mentions that people acquire varieties through exposure and osmosis, indicating natural, informal learning. **74. The villagers in Sauris use Italian mainly for:** A\) Home and family conversations. B\) Official purposes, reading, and writing. C\) Talking to their neighbors. D\) Expressing intimate feelings. **Answer:** B) Official purposes, reading, and writing. **Explanation:** On page 7, Italian is used for official matters, as it is now part of Italy and is the language of the church and school. **75. The \"functional scales\" in sociolinguistics are used to analyze:** A\) The correctness of language use. B\) Purposes or topics of interaction. C\) Physical gestures in communication. D\) The historical development of languages. **Answer:** B) Purposes or topics of interaction. **Explanation:** On page 9-11, the functional scales relate to why people are speaking and what they aim to achieve. **76. An example of how setting influences language choice is:** A\) Speaking the same way regardless of location. B\) Using formal language at a casual gathering. C\) Adjusting speech style when entering a courtroom. D\) Ignoring the formality of a situation. **Answer:** C) Adjusting speech style when entering a courtroom. **Explanation:** Page 10 notes that formal settings like a law court influence language choice, leading to more formal speech. **77. What is the reason for choosing different forms of address?** A\) Random habit. B\) Influence from media. C\) Social relationships and context. D\) Lack of education. **Answer:** C) Social relationships and context. **Explanation:** Pages 2-3 discuss how forms of address vary based on relationships and social contexts. **78. The \"status scale\" would be most relevant in analyzing which of the following interactions?** A\) A conversation between close friends. B\) A formal meeting between an employee and their CEO. C\) A casual chat at a family gathering. D\) A monologue practice session. **Answer:** B) A formal meeting between an employee and their CEO. **Explanation:** Page 10 explains that the status scale is relevant when there is a difference in social status influencing language use. **79. The linguistic choices people make can signal their:** A\) Physical health status. B\) Sociocultural identity and group membership. C\) Genetic traits. D\) Financial income. **Answer:** B) Sociocultural identity and group membership. **Explanation:** Pages 2 and 7 discuss how language choices reflect aspects of social identity and community membership. **80. In multilingual communities, language choice is often influenced by:** A\) Personal preference alone. B\) The desire to confuse others. C\) Social factors such as participants, setting, and function. D\) Government mandates only. **Answer:** C) Social factors such as participants, setting, and function. **Explanation:** Throughout the chapter (e.g., pages 7-9), social factors are highlighted as influencing language choice in multilingual settings. **81. The phenomenon where university students in Hemnesberget switch to Bokmål when discussing national politics illustrates:** A\) Language interference. B\) Language attitudes. C\) Topic-related language choice. D\) Lack of language proficiency. **Answer:** C) Topic-related language choice. **Explanation:** Page 6 describes how the topic influences language choice, with students associating national politics with Bokmål. **82. In the example of Margaret\'s various greetings, the caretaker calls her \"Mrs Walker.\" This indicates:** A\) Close friendship. B\) Lack of knowledge of her name. C\) Formality and lower social distance. D\) Disrespect. **Answer:** C) Formality and lower social distance. **Explanation:** Page 3 shows that using \"Mrs Walker\" reflects a more formal relationship and possibly a lower status relative to Margaret. **83. When someone uses language that is unusually formal in an informal setting, it may be perceived as:** A\) Normal and expected. B\) Sarcastic or humorous. C\) A sign of solidarity. D\) A grammatical error. **Answer:** B) Sarcastic or humorous. **Explanation:** Page 5 mentions that using formal constructions in an informal context, like a mother using formal language to a child, might seem sarcastic. **85. The term \"speech function\" refers to:** A\) The mechanics of speech production. B\) The intended purpose of an utterance in communication. C\) The biological basis of language. D\) The historical origins of words. **Answer:** B) The intended purpose of an utterance in communication. **Explanation:** On page 14, \"speech function\" is listed among the concepts introduced, referring to the purpose of an utterance. **86. In considering language variation, sociolinguists must ensure that:** A\) Their analysis is free from social factors. B\) They focus exclusively on written language. C\) They accurately identify both linguistic and social variables. D\) They prescribe language use to speakers. **Answer:** C) They accurately identify both linguistic and social variables. **Explanation:** Page 12 emphasizes the importance of identifying linguistic variations and social factors to explain language use. **87. The importance of topic as a social factor is demonstrated when:** A\) Speakers always use the same language regardless of topic. B\) Different topics prompt the use of different language varieties. C\) Topic has no influence on language choice. D\) Speakers avoid discussing certain subjects. **Answer:** B) Different topics prompt the use of different language varieties. **Explanation:** Page 9 shows that topics, like university subjects or national politics, can influence the choice of language or dialect. **88. In monolingual speech communities, language variation is:** A\) Non-existent. B\) Just as socially meaningful as in multilingual communities. C\) Less important than in multilingual settings. D\) Only found in written texts. **Answer:** B) Just as socially meaningful as in multilingual communities. **Explanation:** Page 12 states that there is plenty of language variation in monolingual communities, and it is equally socially significant. **89. The \"formality scale\" helps explain why:** A\) Children always speak differently from adults. B\) People use the same language style in all settings. C\) Language varies according to the social setting or type of interaction. D\) Formal language is rarely used. **Answer:** C) Language varies according to the social setting or type of interaction. **Explanation:** Page 10 discusses how the formality scale relates to the influence of setting on language choice. **90. When analyzing an utterance, considering who is being spoken to is important because:** A\) It determines the physical space required. B\) It allows for adjusting the volume appropriately. C\) Different relationships require different language choices. D\) All people are addressed the same way. **Answer:** C) Different relationships require different language choices. **Explanation:** Page 9 mentions that who is speaking to whom is a crucial social factor influencing linguistic choices. **91. An individual\'s choice to use dialect or standard language can reflect their:** A\) Random preferences. B\) Lack of education. C\) Social identity and context. D\) Unconscious mistakes. **Answer:** C) Social identity and context. **Explanation:** The discussion on pages 4-6 shows that choosing between dialect and standard language relates to social identity and context. **92. Sociolinguistics can help explain why saying \"please tender exact fare and state destination\" to a child might seem:** A\) Perfectly appropriate. B\) Confusing and overly formal. C\) Informative and friendly. D\) Encouraging. **Answer:** B) Confusing and overly formal. **Explanation:** On page 5, it\'s noted that formal language is not typically used in informal settings or with children, and doing so might seem odd or sarcastic. **93. Using a nickname in conversation typically indicates:** A\) Formality and distance. B\) An error in language use. C\) Affection or familiarity. D\) A lack of linguistic options. **Answer:** C) Affection or familiarity. **Explanation:** Page 2 and Exercise 1 discuss how nicknames can express affection and indicate a close relationship. **94. In the context of language use, \"function\" differs from \"form\" in that:** A\) \"Function\" relates to why something is said; \"form\" relates to how it\'s said. B\) They are the same concept. C\) \"Form\" is more important than \"function.\" D\) \"Function\" is about grammatical correctness. **Answer:** A) \"Function\" relates to why something is said; \"form\" relates to how it\'s said. **Explanation:** The text implies that function refers to the purpose of communication, while form refers to the linguistic features used. **95. The use of \"sir\" and \"Mr. Sutton\" by Ray when speaking to the principal demonstrates sensitivity to:** A\) Referential content. B\) Affective function. C\) Status and formality. D\) Social distance only. **Answer:** C) Status and formality. **Explanation:** On page 2, Ray\'s language reflects awareness of the principal\'s higher status and the need for formal address. **96. In sociolinguistics, \"variety\" is a neutral term because it:** A\) Avoids judgment about the correctness of language forms. B\) Only refers to standard languages. C\) Excludes dialects and styles. D\) Is rarely used in the field. **Answer:** A) Avoids judgment about the correctness of language forms. **Explanation:** On page 6, \"variety\" is described as linguistically neutral, encompassing all kinds of language forms used in social contexts. **97. The use of different language styles in different settings is often unconscious because:** A\) People are not aware of language norms. B\) Language use is entirely instinctual. C\) Speakers naturally adjust to social expectations without thinking. D\) There is no connection between language and society. **Answer:** C) Speakers naturally adjust to social expectations without thinking. **Explanation:** Page 7 mentions that people acquire language varieties and appropriate use through exposure, often without conscious effort. **98. Analyzing social dimensions in language use can provide insights into:** A\) Grammar and syntax rules. B\) Social relationships and structures. C\) Biological language functions. D\) Non-existent patterns. **Answer:** B) Social relationships and structures. **Explanation:** Pages 9-11 discuss how social dimensions help understand the relationship between language use and social factors. **101. The students from Hemnesberget using standard Norwegian to discuss national politics shows that:** A\) Language choice can relate to the domain of discourse. B\) They prefer standard Norwegian in all contexts. C\) Dialects are not suitable for serious topics. D\) They reject local dialects. **Answer:** A) Language choice can relate to the domain of discourse. **Explanation:** Page 6 explains that the topic (national politics) influences their switch to Bokmål. **102. The sociolinguistic term \"dialect\" encompasses differences in:** A\) Only vocabulary. B\) Syntax, pronunciation, and vocabulary within a language. C\) Unrelated languages. D\) Non-verbal communication. **Answer:** B) Syntax, pronunciation, and vocabulary within a language. **Explanation:** On page 15, \"dialect\" is introduced as including variations in multiple linguistic levels. **103. The formal language of notices, as seen in Example 5, often aims to:** A\) Be accessible to all reading levels. B\) Provide legal precision and neutrality. C\) Use colloquial expressions. D\) Include personal pronouns. **Answer:** B) Provide legal precision and neutrality. **Explanation:** Page 5 discusses how formal notices use impersonal language and passive constructions for official communication. **104. The choices people make in language use can be considered \"socially meaningful\" because:** A\) They have no impact on social interactions. B\) They reveal information about social identity and relationships. C\) Language is used randomly. D\) Only grammar matters in communication. **Answer:** B) They reveal information about social identity and relationships. **Explanation:** Throughout the chapter, it\'s shown that language choices convey social meanings. **105. The notion that certain linguistic forms are appropriate in some contexts but not others is known as:** A\) Language universality. B\) Sociolinguistic relativity. C\) Contextual appropriateness. D\) Grammatical determination. **Answer:** C) Contextual appropriateness. **Explanation:** The chapter emphasizes how appropriateness of language forms depends on social context. **106. The linguistic variation is:** A\) Random and unpredictable. B\) Regulated strictly by grammatical rules. C\) Structured and patterned based on social factors. D\) Only present in non-standard languages. **Answer:** C) Structured and patterned based on social factors. **Explanation:** Page 4 suggests that linguistic variation occurs systematically and is influenced by social factors. **107. When a speaker adjusts their language to align more closely with the speech of their interlocutor, it is known as:** A\) Language divergence. B\) Language convergence. C\) Linguistic isolation. D\) Grammatical correction. **Answer:** B) Language convergence. **Explanation:** While not directly mentioned, this concept aligns with sociolinguistic theories of accommodation. **108. Overall, sociolinguistics seeks to:** A\) Find fault in how people speak. B\) Understand and explain language use in its social context. C\) Enforce a standard language globally. D\) Focus only on the history of languages. **Answer:** B) Understand and explain language use in its social context. **Explanation:** The overarching aim stated throughout the chapter is to comprehend how social factors influence language. **109. Sociolinguistic variation can include all EXCEPT:** A\) Pronunciation differences. B\) Syntactic structures. C\) Personal opinions. D\) Lexical choices. **Answer:** C) Personal opinions. **Explanation:** Linguistic variation involves phonology, syntax, and vocabulary, but personal opinions are not a form of linguistic variation. **110. A person\'s speech can provide clues about their:** A\) Favorite hobbies. B\) Social background and experiences. C\) Medical history. D\) Financial investments. **Answer:** B) Social background and experiences. **Explanation:** Page 2 notes that speech can reveal where someone comes from and their social experiences. **111. The main idea conveyed in Chapter 1 is that:** A\) Language is uniform across societies. B\) Social factors play an important role in language variation and use. C\) Language change is unnecessary. D\) Grammar is the only important aspect of language. **Answer:** B) Social factors play an important role in language variation and use. **Explanation:** The entire chapter emphasizes the interplay between language and social context. **112. The \"participants\" factor in language choice would explain why:** A\) A person always speaks the same way. B\) We use different language when talking to friends versus strangers. C\) Setting has no impact on speech. D\) Topic is irrelevant in conversations. **Answer:** B) We use different language when talking to friends versus strangers. **Explanation:** Page 9 includes participants as a key factor, influencing language based on who is involved in the interaction. **113. The writer suggests that linguistic choices in communication are often:** A\) Deliberate attempts to confuse others. B\) Accidents without any social meaning. C\) Influenced by social norms and contexts. D\) Fixed and unchangeable. **Answer:** C) Influenced by social norms and contexts. **Explanation:** The chapter discusses how social factors guide language choices. **114. Understanding sociolinguistics can help people:** A\) Communicate more effectively across different social contexts. B\) Ignore social norms. C\) Limit themselves to one language variety. D\) Correct others\' speech constantly. **Answer:** A) Communicate more effectively across different social contexts. **Explanation:** By understanding how language varies socially, individuals can adjust their language use appropriately. **116. The fact that people can use language to \"construct or enact a particular type of social identity\" means that:** A\) Language has no impact on identity. B\) Speakers can present themselves in certain ways through language. C\) Identity is fixed and unrelated to language. D\) Only non-verbal cues express identity. **Answer:** B) Speakers can present themselves in certain ways through language. **Explanation:** Page 2 notes that language choices contribute to how people convey and construct aspects of their social identity. **117. Ray\'s grandmother\'s presence leads him to adjust his language because:** A\) He wants to impress her with his vocabulary. B\) He knows the language he used before is inappropriate in her presence. C\) She does not understand his usual speech. D\) He is required by law to speak differently. **Answer:** B) He knows the language he used before is inappropriate in her presence. **Explanation:** Page 1 suggests that Ray would have expressed himself differently had he realized his grandmother could hear him. **119. \"Social dimensions\" in language analysis help us understand:** A\) Only the grammatical aspects of speech. B\) The physical gestures accompanying speech. C\) The broader social influences on linguistic choices. D\) The biological basis of language. **Answer:** C) The broader social influences on linguistic choices. **Explanation:** Pages 9-11 introduce social dimensions as tools to analyze the influence of social factors on language use. **120. The ultimate goal of sociolinguistic study, as suggested in the chapter, is to:** A\) Create a universal language. B\) Control how people speak. C\) Develop a theory explaining language use in social contexts. D\) Focus exclusively on written language. **Answer:** C) Develop a theory explaining language use in social contexts. **Explanation:** Page 12 states that sociolinguists aim to move towards a theory that accounts for language use in communities and the choices people make. **121. The social factor \"function\" in language choice relates to the question:** A\) Who is being spoken to? B\) Where is the conversation taking place? C\) Why are the participants speaking? D\) What language is being used? **Answer:** C) Why are the participants speaking? **Explanation:** On page 9, \"function\" refers to the purpose of the interaction, such as providing information or expressing feelings, influencing language choice. **122. In sociolinguistics, adjusting language based on the audience demonstrates the importance of:** A\) Syntax. B\) Participants. C\) Phonetics. D\) Semantics. **Answer:** B) Participants. **Explanation:** Page 9 emphasizes that who is speaking and who they are speaking to (participants) are crucial social factors affecting language choices. **123. The example of Ray apologizing upon learning his grandmother is present illustrates which sociolinguistic concept?** A\) Language universality. B\) Code-switching due to audience. C\) Fixed language patterns. D\) Non-verbal communication. **Answer:** B) Code-switching due to audience. **Explanation:** On page 1, Ray adjusts his language once he realizes his grandmother is present, changing his word choice to suit the audience. **124. The \"status scale\" ranges between:** A\) High solidarity and low solidarity. B\) Superior and subordinate. C\) Formal and informal. D\) Referential and affective functions. **Answer:** B) Superior and subordinate. **Explanation:** Page 10 introduces the status scale as concerning relative social status, ranging from superior to subordinate. **126. The exercise about greeting your school principal versus your parents is designed to highlight:** A\) Consistency in language use. B\) Variations in greetings based on social roles. C\) The irrelevance of social context. D\) The importance of using first names. **Answer:** B) Variations in greetings based on social roles. **Explanation:** On page 2-3, Exercise 1(b) asks about different greetings, showing how greetings vary depending on the social role of the person addressed. **127. \"Formal settings, such as a law court, typically influence language choice regardless of personal relationships.\" This demonstrates the effect of:** A\) Participant relationships. B\) Setting or social context. C\) Topic of conversation. D\) Function of interaction. **Answer:** B) Setting or social context. **Explanation:** Page 10 notes that formal settings can independently influence language choice, highlighting the role of context. **128. The use of \"bye Mrs Walker\" by the caretaker instead of \"goodbye Margaret\" suggests:** A\) A close personal relationship. B\) Awareness of professional boundaries. C\) A mistake in addressing. D\) Disrespect towards Margaret. **Answer:** B) Awareness of professional boundaries. **Explanation:** On page 3, the caretaker uses \"Mrs Walker\" to show respect and acknowledge the professional relationship. **129. Sociolinguistic studies can reveal that language serves to:** A\) Only convey information. B\) Express social relationships and identities. C\) Obscure meaning. D\) Standardize communication globally. **Answer:** B) Express social relationships and identities. **Explanation:** The text throughout, especially on pages 1-2, emphasizes how language reflects and constructs social relationships and identities. **131. Sociolinguistics considers both the linguistic variation and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that lead to the use of different language forms.** A\) Random factors. B\) Social factors. C\) Biological factors. D\) Technological advances. **Answer:** B) Social factors. **Explanation:** Page 12 states that sociolinguists identify linguistic variation and social factors to explain language use. **132. The use of \'passive\' versus \'imperative\' grammatical structures in Example 5 demonstrates variation at the level of:** A\) Phonology. B\) Morphology. C\) Syntax. D\) Pragmatics. **Answer:** C) Syntax. **Explanation:** On page 5, the difference between passive and imperative constructions illustrates syntactic variation. **133. The main reason people rarely need formal instruction to acquire language varieties is because:** A\) Language acquisition is purely instinctive. B\) Social exposure provides sufficient learning. C\) Varieties are too complex to teach. D\) Formal instruction is ineffective. **Answer:** B) Social exposure provides sufficient learning. **Explanation:** Page 7 mentions that people generally acquire language varieties through exposure and interaction within their community. **134. Understanding the \'referential function\' of language involves recognizing when speech is intended to:** A\) Express emotions. B\) Establish relationships. C\) Convey factual information. D\) Be ambiguous. **Answer:** C) Convey factual information. **Explanation:** On page 10-11, the referential function pertains to providing information or content. **135. The \'affective function\' of language is primarily concerned with:** A\) Transmitting data. B\) Expressing personal feelings. C\) Correcting grammar. D\) Reporting news. **Answer:** B) Expressing personal feelings. **Explanation:** Pages 10-11 describe the affective function as expressing the speaker\'s emotions or attitudes. **136. Exercise 8 asks speakers of English as an additional language to consider why they selected English in certain situations. This exercise highlights the importance of:** A\) Social factors in language choice. B\) Default language settings. C\) The dominance of English globally. D\) Personal preferences overriding social norms. **Answer:** A) Social factors in language choice. **Explanation:** Exercise 8 on page 12 encourages consideration of social factors influencing the choice of English over another language. **137. The assertion that utterances often serve more than one function suggests that language is:** A\) Multifaceted in purpose. B\) Limited to single meanings. C\) Easy to interpret. D\) Always referential. **Answer:** A) Multifaceted in purpose. **Explanation:** On page 11, it\'s acknowledged that utterances can simultaneously convey information and express feelings. **138. The \'social distance scale\' ranges from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.** A\) Formal; informal. B\) Superior; subordinate. C\) Intimate; distant. D\) High affective; low affective. **Answer:** C) Intimate; distant. **Explanation:** On page 9-10, the social distance scale measures relationships from intimate (high solidarity) to distant (low solidarity). **139. In sociolinguistic research, the concept of \'linguistic norms\' within a community refers to:** A\) Official government language policies. B\) Commonly accepted ways of speaking. C\) Prescriptive grammar rules. D\) Arbitrary language usage. **Answer:** B) Commonly accepted ways of speaking. **Explanation:** Throughout the text, linguistic norms are understood as the shared language practices of a community. **140. The process by which people \'build up\' their linguistic repertoire, as mentioned on page 7, is most accurately described as:** A\) Intentional and formalized learning. B\) Natural acquisition through social interaction. C\) Genetic inheritance. D\) Technological transmission. **Answer:** B) Natural acquisition through social interaction. **Explanation:** Page 7 explains that people acquire language varieties by being exposed to them in their social environment, often without conscious effort. **Note:** All questions are based on the content provided from \"Chapter 1: What is a sociolinguist?\" from \"An Introduction to Sociolinguistics\" by Janet Holmes, with page references corresponding to the text.