Chapter-1-LECTURE.pptx

Chapter 1 Introduction to policing Historical development of policing Development during the Middle Ages to the modern period  The term police was derived from the roman word politia, which means condition of a state, government and administration. Politia originated fr...

Chapter 1 Introduction to policing Historical development of policing Development during the Middle Ages to the modern period  The term police was derived from the roman word politia, which means condition of a state, government and administration. Politia originated from the Greek word “politeia” which means government, citizenship, or the entire activity of a “polis” a city. The French changed the word to “police” and used it to those authorized people who actually enforce the law. The americans borrowed the word from the French and used it describe a law enforcement officer. Police means the internal organization or regulations of a state, the control and regulation of a community or state through the exercise of the constitutional power of the government. (Websters Dictionary)  Development of policing in the international setting A. Anglo Saxon – (Ancient England) period – 600 – 1066 A.D 1. Thanes policing system it was introduced by king Alfred the great. a type of internal police force where landowners throughout the kingdom were responsible to police their own territory. landowners were empowered to arrest offenders and deliver them to the king. the landowners were also empowered to settle civil litigations. 2. Frankpledge policing system this policing system was carried out under a system of mutual pledge. every male over 12 yrs old joined nine 9 of his neighbors to form tythingmen. said tythingmen performed police works and anyone who failed to join and perform this duty was severely fined. policing responsibility lies on the hands of the citizens 3. Tun policing system this policing system required all male residents to guard the town to preserve peace and order, protect the life and property of the people and suppress other factors affecting peace and order. tun was the forerunner of the word town 4. Hue and cry policing system complainant or victim will go to the middle of the community and shout to call all male residents to assemble once heard, male residents will automatically assemble to go after the criminal and apprehend him 5. Royal judge system the royal judge conducts criminal investigation and gives appropriate punishment for the crime committed it started the identification of criminals 6. Trial by ordeal it requires a suspect to put his hands over boiling water or is required to perform any other act which may hurt him. if he was hurt, the society considered him guilty otherwise he was not considered guilty this was in accordance with the belief by the people before that god will protect the innocent one from being hurt B. Normal Period – 1066-1285 1. Shire – Reeve system it was observed during the time when king William Norman became the ruler of England king Norman divided the kingdom into 55 military districts known as shire-reeves shire – used to refers to a district reeve – used to refers to the ruler of the district who made laws, rendered judgment, and imposed penalties 2. Court of the tourn it settles a range of cases, more often dealing with petty offenses and civil matters from the court, 12 tythingmen were selected to hear serious cases 3. Court Leet to handle local legal matters in some, but all, communities the Normans established the Court Leet which looked after matters of purely local interest and petty village nuisances the head of the court was appointed by the king to be “master of the house” the comes stable was also appointed by the king to be responsible in keeping peace and order in a specific area. This appointee was, however, under the responsibility of local officials who could petition to remove him if he did not perform his job properly. comes stable became constable which is used to day to refer to members of the police force 4. Legis Henrie this law was passed during the time of king henry 1 which imposed the following features: law violations were classified as offenses against the king policemen were considered as public officials the police and the citizens were given the power to conduct arrest 5. Keepers of the peace it was issued by king Richard of England in 1195 it requires the appointment of knights to keep the king’s peace the knights were posted on bridges and gates to check the people entering and lesving the town or cities 6. Magna Carta Great Charter it was sealed by king john of England on June 15, 1215 which became a law upon the demand of the knights of the round table it declared the following: a. no freemen shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed outlawed, or bowed except by legal judgment of his peers. b. no person should be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim c. there should be national and local government as well as the national and local legislation C. Westminster Period (1285 – 1500) 1. Statute of WVinchester (1285) ·It was enacted for law and order. This law introduced the Watch and Ward system.  2. Statute of 1295 ·It began the closing of the gates of London during sunset. ·This started the observation of the curfew hours. 3. Justice of the Peace This was a position given to a respected citizen, who has the power to arrest, pursue and imprison offenders.  4. Star Chamber Court This was established as a special court that tried offenders against the state. Later on, it became both a court of law to determine civil rights and a court of revenue to enrich treasury. Modern Period 1. Night Watchmen or Bellmen It was created by virtue of a law passed by King Charles II in 1663. They were employed to be on duty from sunset to sunrise. 2. Bow Street Runners (Thief Catchers) It was organized by Henry Fielding,Chief Magistrate of Bow Street in London in 1748. Later on,he formed the Bow Street Horse Patrol whose duty was to patrol the main roads thus secure the travelers from highway bandits. 3. London Metropolitan Police ·It was established by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 which became the world's first modern organized police  What are the ‘Peelian Principles’? In 1829, Sir Robert Peel established the London Metropolitan Police Force. He became known as the “Father of Modern Policing,” and his commissioners established a list of policing principles that remain as crucial and urgent today as they were two centuries ago. Slide # 21 Sir Robert Peel's Nine Principles For Modern Policing 1. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder. 2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependant upon public approval of police actions. 3. Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the law. Slide # 22 Sir Robert Peel's Nine Principles For Modern Policing 4. The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionally to the necessity of the use of force. 5. Police seek and preserve public favor not by catered public opinion, but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law. Slide # 23 Sir Robert Peel's Nine Principles For Modern Policing 6. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient. 7. Police at all times should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition; the Police are the public and the public are the police. The police being only full time individuals charged with the duties that are incumbent on all of the citizens. Slide # 24 Sir Robert Peel's Nine Principles For Modern Policing 8. Police should always direct their actions strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary. 9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it. E. French Police System 1. During the 17th century,King Louis XIV maintained a small central police organization consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with the help of numerous paid informants, supplied the government with details about the conduct of private individuals.  2. Officers de Paix (1791) ·It was the origin of the term peace officers. 3. Sergent de Ville (Servant of the City) ·These were called the first uniformed police officers.  4. Other contributions: Conceiving street signs Assigninghouse numbers ·Installing street lighting Creating emergency and rescue services Use of police ambulances Use of warrant card and ID signifying authority to arrest. F. American Police System 1. Rattlewatch ·It was organized in New York,Philadephia and Boston which was similar to the night watchmen in London created during the reign of King Charles II. They carried rattles while on duty to inform the public of their watchful presence. 2. Municipal Police Force a. Night watch (1638)-Boston,Massachusetts b. Rattlewatch (1658)-New York c. Night watch(1700)-Philadelphia d. Introduction of police regulation that "No watchman has the liberty to sleep" (1722)-New Haven, Connecticut e. It became a government policy that able-bodied males over 16years old wre required to serve without pay (1800). 3. State Police Force a. Texas Rangers (1835) b. State Constables (1865)-Massachusetts c. Pennsylvania State Police (1905)  4. Federal Police Force a. Post Office Inspection System (1829) b. Investigation on crimes against the government (1861) c. Detective forces (1868) were formed to investigate problems on revenue services, immigration and smuggling. d. In 1934, Federal government attention focused on lotteries,drug regulations, and transportation guidelines. e. Enactment of the Anti-White Slavery Act and Motor  Evolution of the Philippine Policing System  Before the Spanish came, there has been already a policing system that was in place in the Philippines. That was when there were few people and governing them was quite not difficult unlike nowadays that we have complex problems brought by globalization and a big and diverse population.  In earlier times, most places, just like parts of the country, the function of seeing to it that the rules and regulations of the community were enforced devolved on the Headman or whoever heads the tribe. He performs all the jobs of the offices of what we call now the chief of police, prosecutor, judge and jail warden. 1. Spanish Period The police force was considered part of the military system by the Spanish government. The locally organized police forces, although performing civil duties and seemingly created for the sole purpose of maintaining peace, were directly commanded by the colonial military government. police functions during the Spanish regime consisted mainly of the suppression of brigandage by patrolling unsettled areas Enforcement of tax collection, including church revenues looking into the work and movement of the people  Carabineros de seguridad publico mounted police - 1712  The Police forces organized during the Spanish Regime: 1. Carabineros de seguridad publico mounted police - 1712 It was organized for the purpose of carrying out the policies of the Spanish government. It was given the special commission as custodian of the tobacco monopoly. It was later known as Cuerpo de Carabineros de Seguridad Publica by virtue of a Royal Decree on December 20,1842. Its duties became police-like and more general including the prosecution of law breakers, maintenance of peace, order, and security, and the vigilance on the execution of laws and ordinances of good government. It was subsequently given limited power to discharge specific duties as port, harbor and river police. 2. Guardrilleros (January 8,1836) A body of rural police organized in each town which composed of 5% of the able-bodied male inhabitants of each town or province, enlisted to serve for 3 years. The duties of this local police were To make patrol and carry mails at times To guard dark and unsafe places To guard the tribunal and prison houses 3. Guardia Civil (February 12,1852) It partially relieved the Spanish Peninsular Troops of their works in policing towns. It consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capitals of the central provinces of Luzon under the Alcalde (Governor). B. American Occupation until World War II broke out 1. Insular Police Force (November 30,1890) It was established during the Filipino-American war (1898-1901)upon the recommendation of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War.  2. Insular Constabulary (July 18,1901) It was created by virtue of Act No. 175 otherwise known as “An Act Providing for the Organization and Government of an Insular Constabulary". The members were declared peace officers and were authorized & empowered to prevent and suppress brigandage, unlawful assemblies, riots, insurrections, and other breaches of the peace and violations of law. They were empowered to make arrests upon reasonable suspicion without warrant for breaches of the peace or other violations of the law, and were also, empowered and required to execute any lawful warrant or order of arrest issued against any person or persons for any violation of the law by any Judge of the First Instance or Justice of the Peace or any other officer authorized by law to issue a warrant.. Prisoners, with or without warrant, shall in all cases, within twenty- four hours if reasonably practicable, be brought before a Judge or Justice of the Peace having jurisdiction over the offense, for examination and release after bail, if the offense is bailable. When in pursuit of criminals the Provincial Inspector of one province in charge of Insular Constabulary is authorized to continue the pursuit beyond the borders of the province in which he has ordinary jurisdiction and arrest the offenders.  3. Manila Police Department (MPD)-July 31,1901 It was organized by virtue of Act No. 183 of the Philippine Commission. Capt. George Curry -a U.S.Army officer appointed by the TAFT Commission on August 7, 1901 as the first Chief of Police. Capt. Columbus Piatt-last American Chief of Police (COP)of MPD before World War II broke out. Col. Antonio C. Torres - first Filipino COP when MPD became an all Filipino police organization; declared Manila as an open city when World War II broke out in 1941; during the World War II, MPD was placed again under the American control. Col. Marcus Ellis Jones - a U.S. Provost Marshall who was named as MPD Chief of Police just after the Manila Liberation. Col.Lamberto T.Javalera-the first Filipino COP of MPD appointed by Pres. Roxas under the Republic Government. 4. Philippine Constabulary (October 3,1901) Insular Constabulary was changed to Philippine Constabulary by virtue of Act No.255. Capt. Henry T. Allen - first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary from 1901-1907 such that he was called as the Father of Constabulary in the Philippines. It was mostly manned by Filipinos but officers were mostly Americans. Based on Revised Administrative Code of 1917, specifically Section 825, it stated that the Philippine Constabulary is a national police institution for preserving the peace, keeping order and enforcing the law Brig/Gen. Rafael Crame – 1st Filipino chief of police. He served as the the pc chief from 1917 – 1927  C. Japanese Occupation 1. Kempeitai Japanese Military Police held responsible in maintaining peace and order in Manila and adjacent urban areas. It ruled the urban areas until General Douglas McArthur returned on February 7,1945. The Kempeitai was the military police force administered by the Japanese War Ministry during WWII over the Occupied Territories of Japan. Specially trained in interrogation methods, its task was to crush all resistance to military rule and it had powers to arrest and extract information from civilians and military alike.  Methods of Interrogation Those arrested by the Kempeitai were presumed guilty and had little option for receiving civilian help and no appeal for clemency. Should they be released from one Kempeitai branch, they could be re- arrested by another soon after. The Kempeitai officer was police investigator, prosecutor, judge, jury and executioner. Often, long quiet sessions of interrogation would be used as long as the Kempeitai received the required answers. If these were not forthcoming, the Kempeitai would use various brutal methods of interrogation to extract a confession of guilt. Tortures were executed to the limit of human endurance or to the point of death with survivors attesting to these various methods. a.Corporal beatings - this involved metal bars, sticks, bamboo, wet knotted ropes, belts with buckles or revolver butts. b. Water Torture- the victim was tied and placed on his back with cloth placed over his nose and mouth. Water was then poured on the cloth as interrogation proceeded. Water would thus be pumped into his stomach until it was bloated. Sometimes he was beaten over his bloated stomach or a Japanese would jump or stand on it. Alternatively, the victim was tied lengthways on a ladder, facing upwards with a rung across his throat and his head beneath the ladder. In this position the victim was immersed head first into a tub of water and kept there until he almost drowned. After being revived, c. Electric torture. Electric shocks were administered to various parts of the body d. Burning- The victim was burnt with cigarette butts and cheroot ends, petrol and methylated spirits on sensitive parts of the body like the arm pits, between the toes, on the scrotum and penis. e. Dislocation of limbs -The victims' limbs were twisted and fingers bent backwards causing dislocation and permanent damage f. Psychological torture - The victim was led to believe that his/her execution either by shooting or beheading was imminent and advised to write a letter of farewell. Preparations for execution were prepared right up to the final stage and stopped short just before the final shot or cut. g. Threats to families. Threats were made to wives and families of the victim. D. Metropolitan Constabulary It was under the Bureau of Constabulary. It was formerly known as Manila Police Department during the American Occupation. E. After the American Occupation in the Philippines Republic Act No.4864 (September 18,1966) It was otherwise known as Police Act of 1966. This law provided for the creation of the Office of the Police Commission (POLCOM) which was later called National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) under the Office of the President. POLCOM was created as a supervisory agency to the PC. Its function was to oversee the training and professionalization of the local police forces. Through this law, reformation and professionalization of the police service gained official recognition. Appointment to a local police agency was made by the City/Municipal Mayor from the list of eligible applicants certified by the Civil Service Commission. For appointment in the municipalities, the applicant must have at least completed high school, and for provinces and cities, at least completed two years college - Must not be less than twenty-three nor more than thirty-three years of age. - Must be at least five feet, five inches in height in the case of provinces and chartered cities and five feet four inches in the case of - Promotions were made by the City or Municipal Mayor concerned upon consultation or advice of the Chief of Police from among those who shall have passed the corresponding promotional examination given by the Civil Service Commission. - All examinations in relation to police service were conducted by the Civil Service Commission. - Charges against any member of the city and/or municipal police agency were investigated by a Board of Investigators of three members, composed of the city or municipal treasurer, as chairman, a representative of the Provincial Commander, and a  Criticisms of the Police - Some of the policemen were educationally not qualified; hence, cannot cope successfully with the criminals. - Lack of training and if ever trained, there were no sufficient equipment and other teaching aids used in the training. - Policemen were receiving less attractive salary as compared to some other government employees; therefore, highly qualified people were not attracted to the law enforcement profession. - Their territorial jurisdictions were limited and this prevented them from the effective pursuit of criminals. Presidential Decree No.421(1974) Integrated the city/municipal police force, the jail and fire departments within the greater Manila area headed by the Commanding General, Philippine Constabulary Metropolitan Command (PC METROCOM). Presidential Decree no. 765 august 8, 1975 PD 765 is otherwise known as the Integration Law of 1976. The Integrated National Police (INP) was composed of the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus, and the integrated police forces (Police, Fire & Jail Services) as components under the Department of National Defense. The INP was responsible for public safety, protection of lives and properties, enforcement of laws and maintenance of peace and order within the territorial limits of the Philippines. It was also responsible to prevent crimes, effect and arrest of criminal offenders and provide for their detention and rehabilitation, take necessary measures to prevent and control fires, investigate the commission of all crimes and offenses and bring the offenders to justice, and take all necessary steps to insure public safety. Offices in the different headquarters, levels were jointly staffed by the Constabulary, police, jail and fire service officers and personnel The Philippine Constabulary remained as a major service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in addition to its law-enforcement functions as the principal component of the Integrated National Police. The National Police Commission, whose officials and personnel were transferred to the Department of The power of administrative supervision and control by the city and municipal governments over their respective local police forces, jails and fire departments was transferred to, and exercised by the Chief of Constabulary/Director-General of the Integrated National Police. The first to occupy the position as chief, Philippine Constabulary/Director General, Integrated National Police was Fidel Valdez Ramos. Objectives of Police Integration: 1. To provide for a system of effective law enforcement and public safety unhampered by political or territorial boundaries. 2. To remove apparent or real rivalries, conflicts, jealousies and indifference among police forces.  3. To provide for a cohesively organized, better coordinated and effectively directed police force. 4. To provide for a uniform and standardized system of administration, compensation and equipage of police forces, jails and fire departments 5. To maximize the utilization of manpower and resources. Presidential Decree No.1184 (August 26,1977) -It is otherwise known as “The Integrated National Police Personnel Professionalization Act of 1977”. Police Strength. The strength of policemen in a city or municipality shall depend on the state of peace and order, population density and general needs of the service, but the minimum shall be at least one policeman for every one thousand inhabitants. General Qualifications for Appointment under PD 765 a) Must be a citizen of the Philippines; b) Must be a person of good habits and moral conduct; c) Must be of sound mind and body; d) Must be at least a high school graduate for appointment to the lowest rank; Provided, personnel to be appointed for assignment to city stations must have finished at least second year college; e) Must not have been dishonorably discharged from military service or dismissed for cause from any civilian position in the government; f) Must have no criminal record; g) Must not be less than 21 nor more than 30 years of age for appointment to the lowest rank; h) Must be at least one meter and 62 centimeters in height; and for policewoman, she must be at least one meter and 57 centimeters in height ;and i) Must not weigh more or less than five kilograms of the standard weight corresponding his/her height, age and sex. When the exigency of the service so requires, the general requirements provided for in sub-paragraphs (g), (h) and (i) may, upon recommendation of the appointing authority duly supported by an evaluation report of the screening committee on the merit and fitness of the applicant, be waived by the Director General of the INP subject to attestation by the NAPOLCOM taking into consideration any or a combination of such factors as: possession of relevant police skills - special qualifications - police/fire training - acquired experiences in police or allied service - geographical location of the police/fire station concerned - being a member of the cultural minority - - other allied factors, provided the applicant meets the  Educational qualifications provided for in subparagraph (d) of this Section may, upon recommendation of the appointing authority duly supported by an evaluation report of the screening committee, be waived by the NAPOLCOM en banc, in consideration of: ·Highly exceptional accomplishment ·Deed of conspicuous gallantry in the interest of peace and order. Special Educational Qualifications for Certain Ranks. No person shall be appointed or any member of the INP promoted to the rank of Police/Fire Sergeant unless he has completed two years college or seventy-three college units, academic and non- academic; for appointment or promotion to the ranks of Police/Fire Lieutenant and up to Police/Fire Colonel, he must be a holder of a bachelor's degree; Provided, that the attainment of a period of satisfactory work experience and the completion of an appropriate Special Qualifications for the Rank of Police Brigadier General. a) Must be at least forty years of age; b) Must be either a member of the Philippine Bar, or chartered city chief of police eligible, or has completed a graduate study in public or police administration or a holder of a Bachelor of Science in Criminology or any bachelor's degree, provided that in the last case, he has satisfactorily completed an advanced course in law-enforcement or any equivalent course in a foreign police school  c) Must have at least ten years’ experience in executive, command or staff position in the police or constabulary service; and d) Must have served satisfactorily in the rank of Police Colonel for at least one year in a permanent status.  Recruitment, Selection and Appointment Recruitment and Selection. The Director General shall establish a screening committee in each provincial or district and regional headquarters that shall be responsible for the widest dissemination of vacancies in the area and to determine the merit under the qualification standards established herein, the panel interview, the physical-medical examination, the appropriate police service written examination, and the psychological and/or neuropsychiatric test. No appointment shall be made without the Lateral Entry into the Service. In general, all original appointments into the INP as members thereof shall commence at the lowest rank, except only the following whose lateral entry into the service shall be permitted, to wit; Persons who possess special educational qualifications as college graduates in certain technical fields needed by the services such as, but not limited to, engineers, doctors, nurses, lawyers, penologists, and forensic scientists for the crime laboratory;  Those former Chiefs and Deputy Chiefs of Police, and personnel of the custodial service and the fire service whose positions or ranks have been reclassified Graduates of the PNPA. Appointing Authorities. a) Members of the INP from the ranks of Patrolman to Police Sergeant and from Fireman to Fire Sergeant are appointed by the Zone/Regional Directors as recommended by the Police Superintendents; b) Officers from the ranks of Police Lieutenant to Police Colonel and from Fire Lieutenant to Fire Colonel are appointed by the Director General as recommended by the Zone/Regional Directors; c) Officers for the ranks of Police Brigadier General and Fire Brigadier General shall be appointed by the President as recommended by the Director General thru the Secretary of National Defense. Appointment Status. 1. Temporary Appointment. In the absence of appropriate eligibles and when the exigency of the service so requires to fill a vacancy, a temporary appointment shall be issued to a person who meets all the requirements of the rank/position to which he is being appointed except the appropriate police service eligibility: Provided, That such temporary appointment shall not exceed twelve months, but the appointee may be replaced at any time if a qualified eligible 2. Permanent Appointment. A permanent appointment shall be issued to a person who meets all the requirements for the rank/position to which he is being appointed, including the appropriate eligibility prescribed, in accordance with the provisions of law, rules and regulations promulgated in pursuance thereof; Provided, that he shall serve a probationary period of at least one year;however,he may be dropped from the service for unsatisfactory conduct or performance any time before the expiration of such probationary period under such procedure Appointment of Policewomen. Women may be appointed into the police service for assignment in youth aid or juvenile control units, in the custodial service as jail matrons, in training and administrative duties, and in certain police operations where the activities of policewoman are necessary or are more effective like the handling, investigation, search and arrest of female or youth offenders. The total number of the female members in each command or unit shall not exceed five percent of its total strength. Attestation by the NAPOLCOM. All appointments, including promotions, of the officers and members of the INP shall be forwarded to the NAPOLCOM for attestation, which shall disapprove within 90days after submission to it, those where the appointees do not possess the corresponding qualifications and/or eligibility. Training Program. To develop and maintain a high level of personnel performance, the INP shall provide: - recruit or basic training which shall be required to all new appointees under original appointment. - unit or specialized training to prepare the members thereof for line and staff assignments.  - supervisory or command officers' training for intellectual and temperamental preparation to do supervisory responsibilities. - management training for top administrative personnel of the force. - other courses to enhance the efficiency, competency and the demands of technology for the members. One percent of the total number of personnel of the INP in any fiscal year may be detailed at government expense as students at technical, professional, and other educational institutions, or as students, observers, or investigators at industrial plants, hospitals, public safety installations or facilities, and other places, as shall be best suited to enable such personnel to acquire a knowledge of or experience in the specialties needed by the service. Philippine National Police Academy. There shall be established in the INP, a police and fire service training institution to be known as the PNPA, for the training and education of the members of the INP. Promotion Standards Legal Requirements for Eligibility for Promotion. has successfully passed the corresponding promotional examination given by the National Police Commission or has successfully passed the bar examination has satisfactorily completed an appropriate and accredited course from the PNPA.  Whenever a vacancy occurs in the force, the member next-in-rank who is competent and qualified to hold the position and who possesses an appropriate police/fire service eligibility shall be promoted, but if there are two or more members with the same merits and qualifications, seniority in the police/fire service shall be used. If the vacancy is not filled by promotion, the same shall be filled by transfer from other commands or units of the INP. Promotion shall be made only when the applicant is occupying a Special Promotion. Special promotion may be extended to any member of the INP for acts of conspicuous courage and gallantry at the risk of his life over and beyond the call of duty. Recommendation for special promotion shall be referred to the promotion board concerned for evaluation after which the same shall be elevated to the Director General for approval, subject to attestation by the NAPOLCOM. Performance, Morale and Discipline Performance Rating System. There shall be established a performance evaluation system for all members of the INP that shall be administered as to continually foster the improvement of individual efficiency and organizational effectiveness. Complaints and Grievances. Members shall have the right to present complaints and grievances to their superiors and have them adjudicated as expeditiously in the best interest of the service. Such complaints or grievances shall be resolved at the lowest possible level in the command and the member shall have the right to appeal such decision to higher authorities. Health and Welfare. It shall be the concern of the INP to provide leadership and assistance in developing health and welfare programs for its personnel. The Director General shall take all proper steps toward the creation of an atmosphere conducive to good supervisor-subordinate relations and the improvement of personnel morale. Discipline.1 The promotion of discipline in the organization 1 to enhance efficiency and devotion to public service shall be a command responsibility. In this respect, the disciplinary system as provided for in Presidential Decree No. 971 and its implementing rules and regulations shall be strictly and judiciously implemented. Authorized Salary Rates. The monthly salary structure for police and fire service personnel of the INP shall be graduated in six scales or steps within a salary range for each rank, except for the rank of Police Brigadier General or Fire Brigadier General which shall receive 2,500 pesos.  RANK SALARY SCALES IN PESOS PER MONTH Police/Fire Colonel 1,080.00 1,242.00 1,428.00 1,642.00 1,889.00 2,171.00 Police/Fire Lieutenant 939.00 1,080.00 1,242.00 1,428.00 1,642.00 1,889.00 Colonel Police/Fire Major 817.00 939.00 1,080.00 1,242.00 1,428.00 1,642.00 Police/Fire Captain 710.00 817.00 939.00 1,080.00 1,242.00 1,428.00 Police/Fire Lieutenant 617.00 710.00 817.00 939.00 1080.00 1242.00 Police/Fire Sergeant 537.00 617.00 710.00 817.00 939.00 1080.00 Police/Fire Corporal 466.00 537.00 617.00 710.00 817.00 939.00 Patrolman/Fireman 406.00 466.00 537.00 617.00 710.00 817.00 First Class Patrolman/Fireman 353.00 406.00 466.00 537.00 617.00 710.00 Retirement Compulsory Retirement. Retirement from the service shall be automatic and compulsory upon reaching the age of sixty years, for those in the ranks of Police/Fire Lieutenant and higher, and, upon reaching the age of fifty-five years, for those in the ranks of Patrolman/Fireman and up to Police/Fire Sergeant. Optional Retirement. Regardless of age, a member of the INP may be allowed to retire at his request if he has rendered at least 20 years of satisfactory service.  Disability and Death Benefits  Temporary Disability Benefits. When a member of the INP is injured while in the performance of duty or is sick arising out of the performance of duty, absence during any period of such disability, shall be on full pay and he shall be entitled to payment of reasonable medicines, medical attendance, hospital fees, necessary transportation and subsistence. Absence in the cases enumerated above shall not be charged against vacation or sick leave. He shall, in addition, be entitled to a lump sum gratuity of 100-2,000 pesos depending upon the merits of the case. Claims under this section shall be paid and adjudicated by the INP. Death and Permanent Total Disability Benefits. If a member of the INP is killed or died from injuries suffered or sickness contracted in the line of duty, the surviving spouse or if there be none, the surviving dependent legitimate children, shall be entitled, in addition to other benefits, to a gratuity equivalent to one year's salary which shall in no case be less than six thousand pesos, burial expenses equivalent to Provided, further, That if the deceased employee has no primary beneficiary, the non-dependent legitimate children, together with illegitimate children, if any, or if there be none, the surviving parents, or in their absence, the surviving brothers and sisters shall be entitled to a lump sum benefit equivalent to one year's salary and burial expenses equivalent to three month's salary of the deceased, which shall be in no case be less than six thousand pesos and one thousand pesos, respectively.  Dependent legitimate children shall include the legitimate, legitimated, or legally adopted child who is not gainfully employed and not over 20 years of age, or over 21 years of age provided that such child is congenitally incapacitated and incapable of self-support physically or mentally. If such member of the INP is permanently and totally disabled as a result of injuries suffered or sickness contracted or aggravated in line of duty, the Director General of the Integrated National Police shall cause the compulsory retirement of such member of employee upon certification of the appropriate medical officer that the extent of the disability or sickness renders such member unfit or unable to further perform the duties of his position, in which case he shall be entitled to a gratuity equivalent to one year's salary which shall in no case be less than six thousand pesos and to a lifetime Should such member who has been retired under permanent total disability die within five years from his retirement, his surviving spouse or if there be none his surviving dependent legitimate children shall be entitled to the pension for the remainder of the five-year guaranteed period. Status of Missing Personnel Members of the INP Missing in Action. Any member of the INP in the performance of duty who is officially reported missing in action, kidnapped or captured by lawless elements shall, while so absent be entitled to receive or to have credited to his account the same pay and allowances to which such member was entitled at the time of the beginning of his absence: provided, that such member shall not have been AWOL. Should the director general, upon recommendation of the intermediate commanders, subsequently determine that the member concerned Power to Administer Oaths. Officers of the INP from the ranks of police/fire lieutenant and above shall have the power to administer oath on matters directly connected with the performance of their official duties. Theory and Philosophy of Police Service 1. Home rule theory - Police are considered servants of the community. ·Effectiveness of the policemen in their functions depends on the express wishes of the people. Policemen are civil employees whose primary duty is the preservation of the public peace and security. This is applied in countries that have decentralized government structure.  2. Continental theory - Policemen are considered servants of a higher authority. - Ordinary people have little or no share in all of the police duties, nor have any direct connection with the police functions - this theory is applied in countries that have centralized government Philosophy of the PNP Service 1. Service Organizational Concepts and Principles Traditional Organizational Theories  a. Theory of Organization by Luther Gullick 1. Planning-working out in broad outline the things that need to be done and the methods for doing them to accomplish the purpose set for the organization. In other words, it is the act of knowing what to do and how to do it. It is the basic process of selecting goals and determining how to achieve them. It involves selecting missions and objectives, the policies programs and procedures and the action to achieve them. It requires decision making, which is, choosing from among alternatives future courses of action. 2. Organizing - the establishment of the formal structure of authority, through which work subdivisions are arranged, defined and coordinated for the defined objective. It is the process of making the organizations fit with its objectives, its resources and its environment. 3. It is the identification and classification of required activities, the grouping of activities necessary to attain objectives, and the assignment of its grouping to a manager with the authority necessary to supervise it. 4.Staffing - the whole personnel function of bringing in and training the staff and maintaining favorable conditions of work. It is the filling and keeping filled positions in the organizational structures. This is done by identifying work force requirements, inventorying the people available, recruiting, placing personality, promoting, appraising, compensating, and 5. Directing - the continuous task of making decisions and embodying them in specific and general orders and instructions and serving as the leader of the organization. It is the process of giving orders, commands, directives or instructions to personnel in order to rule or guide them in knowing or telling what to do, where to go, etc. in 6. Coordinating - the all-important duty of interrelating the various parts of the work. It is the manner of integrating the different elements within or outside the organization into an efficient and harmonious relationship, thus making them work together or fit with each other. 7. Reporting-keeping those to whom the executive is responsible informed as to what is going on, which thus includes keeping 8. Budgeting-all that goes with budgeting in the form of fiscal planning, accounting and control. It is the management of income and expenditures within the organization. It includes the appropriation of funds to be distributed to functional units and the system of determining expenses. b. Bureaucratic Management by Max Weber 1. Hierarchy - each lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one. There is a right of appeal and of statement of grievances from the lower to the higher. 2. Division of Labor - is based on a “specified sphere of competence.” 3. Rational rules-applied uniformly throughout the organization. 4. Record-administrative acts, decisions and rules are put into writing. 5. The “rights” associated with a position are the property of the office and not the officeholders. 6. Merit-employees are appointed and promoted on the basis of qualifications and special training. 7. Maintenance of impersonal relationships, because rational decisions can only be made objectively and without emotions. c. Scientific Management by Frederick Taylor is a theory of motivation in which employees will be guided in their actions by what is in their economic self-interest. d. Administrative Theory by Henri Fayol includes 1. Division of work or Specialization 2. Authority and responsibility- the right to give orders and the power to extract obedience. Whoever exercises authority has responsibility. 3. Discipline-in essence the obedience, application, energy and behavior, and outward marks of respect in accordance with the standing agreement between the organization and its employees 4. Unity of command – with an employee receiving orders from only one supervisor 5. Unity of direction- with one head and one plan for a group of activities having the same objective – unity of command cannot exist without unity of direction 6. Subordination of individual interest to the general interest the interest of an individual or a group of employees does not prevail over the concerns of the organization 7. Remuneration of personnel – to be fair to the employee and employer 8. Centralization – the objective is to pursue the optimum utilization of the capabilities of personnel 9. Scalar chain – the chain of superiors ranging from the ultimate authority to the lowest ranks, often referred to as the chain of command 10. Order – material and human resources should be in the right place at the right time, and individuals should be in the jobs or positions most suited for them 11. Equity – employees should be treated with kindness 12. Stability of tenure of personnel – an employee needs time to adjust to a new job and reach a point of a very satisfactory performance high turn over should be avoided 13. Initiative – the ability to conceive and execute a plan should be encouraged and developed at all levels of the organization  Open systems theory – organization described as flexible adaptive and organic associated with open system theory. Human Relations approach-this was developed in reaction to the mechanistic orientation of traditional organizational theories which were viewed as neglecting or ignoring the human element. 1. Maslow's Need Hierarchy (arranged, like the rungs on a ladder, from the lower-order to the higher-order needs) i. Physiological or basic needs, such as food, shelter, and water ii. Safety needs, including the desires to be physically safe, to have a savings account for financial security, and to be safe in one's job iii. Belongingness and love needs, such as the iv. Esteem needs - including the desire for a stable, fairly based, and positive evaluation of one's self as evidenced by compliments, commendations, promotions and other cues. v. Self-actualization needs - such as the want to test oneself potential and gain a sense of fulfillment 2. Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory - the hygiene factors relate to the work environment while the motivators relate to the work itself. late to the work itself. Hygiene Factors (Work Motivators Environment) Supervisory practices Achievement Policies and administration Recognition for accomplishments Working conditions Challenging work Interpersonal relationships Respect and regard from others Status Advanced possibilities Effect of the job on personal Opportunity for growth and development life Job security Permanency on the job Money Financial security 3. Contingency Theory - certain methods and practices are effective in one situation but not in others. It recognizes that many internal and external environmental variables affect organizational behavior. Because these variables differ according to particular situations, there is no one best way for structuring and managing diverse types of organizations; it all depends on particular situations. 4. Theory Z-this includes job security for workers, participatory decision making, group responsibility, teamwork and informal controls; increased quality of products and services; slow evaluation and promotion policies and broader career paths; and a greater concern for employees' work and nonwork welfare, including the family.  Theory X Theory Y 1.The average person inherently 1. Work, whether physical or mental, is as dislikes work and will try to avoid it. natural as play or rest, and most people do not inherently dislike it. 2.Most people must be coerced, 2. External control and the threat of controlled, directed and threatened punishment are not the only means of with punishment to get them to work brining about effort toward organizational toward organizational goals. goals. People will exercise self-direction and self-control when they are committed. 3.The average person prefers to be 3. Commitment to goals is a function of the directed, wants to avoid rewards made available, especially responsibility, has relatively little ambition, and seeks security above rewards that satisfy esteem and self- all actualization needs. 4.The average person learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek responsibility. 5.The ability to exercise a relatively high degree of ingenuity and creativity in the solution of problems is widely distributed throughout the organization. The New Paradigms of Administration a.Chaos Theory-this theory is used when too much happens too fast, things seem out of control, and collapse of the organization seems not only possible, but imminent. Yet, somehow, out of this chaos, order does emerge as the organization creates new structures and procedures to adjust to the new realities thrust upon it. b. Quantum Theory-the police organization is an energy field and focus should not only be done on what exists, but also on what the possibilities are for the future. Concepts of police service  1. Old Concept Police is looked upon as a repressive machinery of the government. Punishment, which is, throwing more people in jail rather than keeping them out of jail, is the sole instrument of crime control. The yardstick of police efficiency is more arrest. Thus, the job of the police is to arrest and put people in jail rather than keep them out of jail.  2. Modern Concept Police is an instrument for crime prevention. ·It is not only focused on criminal apprehension, but it includes social services. Objective of the police is to promote the welfare of the individual citizen as well as the society in general. The yardstick of police efficiency is the absence of crime. ……………………… … LONG QUIZ! NEXT MEETING! ☺