Chapter 1 CSIS PDF

CSIS 273 Personal Computing for Applied Sciences Chapter 1 Computer Architecture Hardware (Inside the Box)  Chapter 2 Objectives ✓Types of Computers. ✓Explain in general terms how computers store and manipulate information ✓ Describe the basic structure a...

CSIS 273 Personal Computing for Applied Sciences Chapter 1 Computer Architecture Hardware (Inside the Box)  Chapter 2 Objectives ✓Types of Computers. ✓Explain in general terms how computers store and manipulate information ✓ Describe the basic structure and organization of a computer ✓ Discuss the computer system’s main internal components and the ways they interact ✓ Explain why a computer typically has different types of memory and storage devices Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 2  A- Exploring Our Digital Planet Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 3  Computers in Perspective ✓All computers take in information called input and give out information called output. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 4  Data and Information ✓ Data are raw (unprocessed) facts. A list of test scores, recipe… ✓ Before processing, data have little or no meaning. ✓ Information consists of data that have been processed and made useful. ✓ Information: Communication that has value because it informs. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 5  Information Processing Cycle Input data Output information Process data Example: Input exam Output average Process scores scores to compute average Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 6  Computers in Perspective (Computer System) ✓ The computer’s versatility is built upon its: Hardware: The physical part Software: The instructions that tells hardware how to transform the input data (information in a form it can read) into the necessary output People Slide 7  Computer Types Embedded Systems ✓Embedded system (single user): A microprocessor used as a component of a larger system to perform a specific task. Examples (Thermostats, traffic lights, cars, toys, game machines) ✓The program is etched on silicon so it cannot be altered. This is called firmware. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 8  Personal Computers ✓ Personal computer: Designed to be used by one person at a time (single User) Used for: Tool for enhancing productivity, creativity, communication Used where: Office, home, Lab… ✓ Desktop computer has several components: Tower (containing microprocessor and other components) Monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers ✓ Some house all components in monitor casing Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9  Workstations ✓ Workstation : (single User) A high-end desktop computer with massive computing power. Used for computationally intensive interactive applications Large-scale scientific data analysis ✓ Line separating workstations and desktop computers becoming less distinct. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 10  Portable Computers Laptop computers— sometimes called notebook computers—designed for portability Netbooks are extra-small, extra-light, no-frills computers Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 11  Handheld Devices (PDAs) stands for (or denotes) Personal digital assistants Smart phones combine the functions of a phone, camera, PDA, game machine, and music/video player. Tablet computers bridge the gap between smart phone and notebook/netbook PC. Smart phone Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 12  Servers ✓ Server: (Single user) A computer that provides other computers connected to a network with access to data, programs, and other resources ✓ Any desktop computer can be used as a server but some are specifically designed for this purpose. ✓ Servers have faster processors, more memory, or faster network connections. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 13  Mainframes ✓ Mainframes: (Multi-user)Room-sized computers with price tags to match ✓ Today mainframe computers are used by large organizations, for big computing jobs such as airlines and banks. ✓ Mainframe computers can communicate with several users simultaneously through timesharing. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 14  Supercomputers Typical supercomputer (multi-user) is constructed out of thousands of microprocessors. Power users with special requirements need access to fastest, most powerful computers Used where: Weather forecasting, encryption and Decryption Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 15  B-Hardware Basics Inside the Box Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall  What Computers Do Is a Processing Cycle Four basic operations: ✓ Receive input: Accept information from outside world ✓ Process information: Perform arithmetic or logical operations on information ✓ Produce output: Communicate information to outside world ✓ Store information: Store and retrieve information from memory and storage devices Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 17  What Computers Do (cont.) Hardware components Input devices Output devices Microprocessor (CPU) Memory and storage devices Primary storage (RAM) Secondary Storage (Harddisk,DVD,Tape) Peripherals Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 18  Bit Basics ✓Bit: From Binary digit Smallest unit of information computer can process Can have one of two values: 0 or 1 ✓Byte Collection of 8 bits Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 19  Bits as Numbers Binary number system ✓ Denotes all numbers with combinations of 0s and 1s ✓ Decimal numbers automatically converted to binary ✓ Binary number processing hidden from user Decimal Binary Decimal Binary 0 0000 5 0101 1 0001 6 0110 2 0010 7 0111 3 0011 8 1000 4 0100 9 1001 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 20  Bits, Bytes, and Buzzwords Byte = 8 bits or one character in ASCII Kilobyte (KB, K) = 1024 bytes = 210 bytes = 1024 KB = 220 bytes Megabyte (meg, MB) Gigabyte (gig, GB) = 1024 MB = 230 bytes Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB = 240 bytes Petabyte (PB) = 1024 TB = 250 bytes Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 21  The Computer’s Core: CPU and Memory ✓ A digital computer is a collection of on/off switches designed to transform information from one form to another. ✓ The user provides the computer with patterns of bits—input—and the computer follows instructions to transform that input into a different pattern of bits—output—to return to the user. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 22  The CPU: The Real Computer ✓ CPU often called “processor” ✓ Performs transformations of input into output ✓ Interprets and executes instructions in programs ✓ Performs arithmetic and logical data manipulations ✓ Communicates with other parts of the computer system indirectly through memory Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 23  Central Processing Unit (CPU) ✓ CPU acts as the computer’s brain. It carries out program commands by performing calculations and communicating with various components of the computer. ✓ CPU is made of three main parts: Control Unit: sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them and controls the flow of data to and from the ALU, the registers, the caches, primary storage, secondary storage and various output devices. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 24  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory Registers: are high-speed storage areas that store very small amounts of data and instructions for short periods of time. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): performs the mathematic calculations and makes logical comparisons. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 25  The CPU: The Real Computer (cont.) ✓ Modern Microprocessor Complex collection of electronic circuits CPU housed with other chips on circuit board Circuit board containing computer’s CPU is called motherboard Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 26  The CPU: The Real Computer (cont.) ✓ Choosing a Computer Type of CPU is important part of decision Two important factors to consider: Compatibility Performance Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 27  Compatibility ✓Not all software is compatible with every CPU. ✓Every processor has built-in set of instructions. ✓CPUs in same family are generally backward compatible. Designed to process instructions handled by earlier models ✓Programs written for Linux can’t run on Windows. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 28  Performance ✓ Some processors faster than others ✓ Performance is determined by: Speed of internal clock—measured in gigahertz (GHz) Architecture of processor is described by the Number of bits processor that can process at one time Typically 32 or 64 bits—called word size ✓ Heat generated increases with clock speed Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 29  Performance (cont.) ✓ Multicore Processors Single chip contains multiple CPUs (cores) Run simultaneously Divide work Most new PCs have at least two cores. Quad core becoming common Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 30  Techniques for speeding up a computer’s performance: From Multicore to Cluster ✓Instead of adding more cores (CPU’s) (Parallel Processing), a large system might simply add more machines to a network (Server Cluster). ✓Parallel processing has been used in high-end servers and workstations for some time. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 31  The CPU ✓ Typical CPU is divided into several functional units: Control unit Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) includes registers(32 and 64bits) Decode unit (takes the instruction read by the prefetcher and translates it into a suitable form for the CPU internal processing) Bus unit (communication between memory and CPU) Prefetch unit (instructs the bus unit to read the instruction stored at a particular memory address) ✓ These units work together to complete the execution of program instructions. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 32  The CPU (cont.) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 33  The Computer’s Memory ✓ Random access memory (RAM) Most common type of primary storage Stores program instructions and data temporarily Memory locations have unique addresses Volatile—disappears when power is turned off Read-Write Memory Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 34  The Computer’s Memory (cont.) ✓ Read-only memory (ROM) Information is etched on chip when manufactured the storage is permanent and retains the instructions when the power to the computer is turned off. Stores start-up instructions and other critical information Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 35  The Computer’s Memory (cont.) ✓ Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) Special low-energy type of RAM: to store the date, time, and calendar of the computer) ✓ Flash memory A form of rewritable read-only memory that is compact, portable, and requires little energy. Can be written and erased repeatedly Used for digital cameras, cell phones, handheld computers Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 36  Memory 1. When you turn on the computer, the CPU automatically begins executing operating system instructions stored in ROM. 2. The executing instructions help the system start up and tell it how to load the operating system—copy it from disk into RAM. 3. Once instructions for the operating system are loaded into RAM, the CPU is able to execute them. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 37  Buses ✓ Information travels between components on the motherboard through wires called internal buses or just buses. ✓ Buses: Bridges between processor and RAM ✓ Buses connect to: Storage devices Expansion slots External ports Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 38  Ports ✓ Computer has variety of ports to meet diverse needs Video port(s) to connect monitors Audio ports to connect speakers and/or headphones USB ports to connect keyboards, pointing devices, printers, cameras, disk drives, portable storage devices, and more ✓ Some ports connected directly to system board ✓ Others connected to expansion cards Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 39  Ports Expansion Slots Expansion card Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 40  How the CPU Works Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 41  Peripherals ✓ Slots and ports make it easy to add peripherals to computer system. ✓ Some peripherals, such as keyboards and printers, serve as communication links between people and computers. ✓ Other peripherals link computer to other machines. ✓ Still others provide long-term storage media. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 42  Green Computing ✓ When compared to other industries the computer industry is relatively easy on the environment. ✓ The manufacture and use of computer hardware and software does have a significant environmental impact. ✓ You have some control over the environmental impact of your computing activities. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 43  Green Computing (cont.) Buy green equipment Print only once Use a laptop recycle your waste Take advantage of energy products saving features Pass it on, donate to Turn off your computer schools when you are away Send bits not atoms(train Save energy, not screen vs email) saver Consider hidden environmental costs Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 44  Chapter 2 Summary ✓ A computer manipulates patterns of bits represented by two symbols: 0 and 1. ✓ Bits can be grouped into coded messages that represent alphabetic characters, pictures, colors, sounds, and other kinds of information. ✓ The microprocessor follows software instructions to perform calculations and logical manipulations that transform input data into output. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 45  Summary (cont.) ✓ Not all CPUs are compatible with each other. ✓ Modern CPUs employ multicore or many core processing systems that speed calculations. ✓ The CPU uses RAM (random access memory) as a temporary storage area. ✓ ROM (read-only memory) contains unchangeable information. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 46  Summary (cont.) ✓ The CPU and main memory are housed in silicon chips on the motherboard and other circuit boards inside the computer. ✓ Buses connect to slots and ports that enable the computer to communicate with internal devices and external peripherals. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 47