Neuron & Muscle Cells PDF

äö ál öTLoJl lio phöj9 TELEGRAM CHANNEL  Neuron &Muscle cells te body :-(Nervous System) |OElecticaL System of nelwork +FömQComolex...

äö ál öTLoJl lio phöj9 TELEGRAM CHANNEL  Neuron &Muscle cells te body :-(Nervous System) |OElecticaL System of nelwork +FömQComolex within he body uhich (1) Recleves. (2) processes (5) Aransmits inoxmalin From Senstive Sensor f the to brain gslen dspinal 'ord. -derdikeThgy oso tansmit response dendeite ucleus Soma inFormation From the brain Shaajen Norhan (cel bry) pporopriate musces. aton he Certer of the nelwork is located in he brain myela sheath which has the abilty to Slore and analy2e infYmakon Aton termingL EleclncL pulses :. button -amplttude Is Constant.. duralon dpend on inten1s oP shmuks  2 Nevous System Neuron äups CONeuron - (Nerve cel) neurons Fom aComplex nelwork wthin the body. Deurons plps d lölsiin osoats Complex oFunchon of neurons ?? Recieve 8 processes transmits informoon From One parl oF he bad b to anolher: Recieve Neurons0D tranSmids aThe Center of this nekuork is Brain Brain bl OFunclion of Braln ? Brain has he abilkty to Store 3anahze inFormaton. -neurons les)lolaca askalJs y Brain  COuhen a neuron TecieueS an Oppropriate Simulus. y it produces eecdi cal puses prapagoled through oble kke Snckrd 00uhen pulses reoch he end af the oble hy atate othet Other neurons or mUscle pells. (A8) The iessges ae elecncal pulses transmiHed by naurons. sis sul ilis f» neurons Jy pu[es elecdrical pulses goauyaslial asÀaJ Ls ( Cable) s sj daciy laipa) Spinal Cord dei (message Go) auyASSloil S Brain JIJlossw (Sl Center o l) Brain J Spinal Cord Jli SBaing sannlyzing loasis ayaSl dlal ábis al,iall mesage J|ib Spiral ord Jehes Cable elechical pulse älods ia aay Messaqe awspal lpil as gg Cable Jasu Complex nelunk -he simulus äs, a i ol puses @elechical pulses are Consbastin "gnitude ail on he inten sty o durolan Simulus (ow ) aslrengdh f Smus is nvtyed by.number of pulses prochad  4 pulses reach the encl of "Cable They acivate Other neurons or muscle cells..Compkx neluorle J SKeuron aaplabl¢ DendritesJl ais al 09 Cell body lóôgdU Dendrite JI Spinal Crd wbe atulass tba bllahs neurons blS O Brain dSpinal Cord hie all alillgol neurons b i blyys Ölsil onaly2e +sBore daw Brain Cord Spinal elecBvical pulse Jloblg todls 09 Neuron y. ports.diey bcliyb (3) axon. dendrites lin, elecncaL pubses sbpilolUai dsa dis GA sd myelin shea th ais cyay as membrane Jl aslsjlL Aóedlbs) molor nerve aaas axon Jlaylbg ewäljolloo Brain Jlisayb 3Ilobyiis aljpsl bsB;Jes motor oene My motor perve alpi úl6 mylien GosGicei oayáubll axon Jlol Ls (N) Sheath myela sheah alatidu aton J jbis !oleb o ll Node Rarnvier &,aexia cin l aindlabial 4 Aons ore Couered uth faty maeial ius asb Coled tyelir and myekn is abut 2nm long long ’aparaied by gops coled Node of Ranvier. f myelin sheath l änal) algb09 mebo increase the sperd of pulse propagoien. elecri cal pulses.  6 () Cel! body (2) dendtes Neuron (3) aon () nenve ending Cell body Recelves electricol masaqe Form aher neurons Conach Called Synapey ols Looated an the cat dend pies or on Cel brdy. Dendrites:- ae part o neuron lJa Reciee informalian om shmuk or From other Cels. axon:- jle elecicaL Cable popagate Sgnol auey From el AXons are long (mae th£nmeter n lengh) in Farends. 6 axon terminals J)Sis axon Jl i nerve ending y Tronsmit Signol to other neurons or Ms cells roin alipsd ens pouced by nlarmokan on based whch messa~e Comy cell. muscle ControL that message +ony lais alel å neurons; motor procesin For systen nerues ets the 'Certin cdor tersn- uscle pressure Lght Heat. Fockors: abot message Convy yt lensinsj ubJa musclPressure. e boy. eharonncht the P inlenGL extemals the moritor hot ogans Sensay Fro shmuli Redeve neurons motor neurons DSensony Neuron  8 ginterneuronst. lsib ransmit nfarmalin beBueen neurons sã Simple Sensory Snsory nuron ne spine mUscle iterneuron J h e interneuron JI ol motor neu Ton Sensory neuron s molor neuron. 0A simuks From a muscle produces nerve impulses hat Aravel to spine. Spinal Card Ueis as fSiqnal ransmited to motor neuran ahick mum Send impulses to ControL the muscle.  axon lengh. about 1 meter Lon9 df Faty maeraL Called 0Yelin with a Sagnented sheo OCoUETed aih 2ma are about 2mm Long. Segmerts Sparated by Gaps alec nodes of Ranvier RO ÜW aXons alosis axons mhen sheath J| loie axons JI J cis Axons with mylien Sheath called mykenaBec! nerve. Aons withat mylien Shedth called un mylkenoted nerve. mykenaled )nerve is (mast Commen, bype ohuman, than unmylenated mýlienated nere Conduct ackan psterial more Faster han unnytenated ce dameter o axon is o- 2o m (micro meter) Soeed of elecinical pulse - lo0 seed 06 mls axon Jl sa aipil ags 0 membrane aton. reopoSein mS  0 Conductuíy sdue to : depends on membrane of aton t- li Nearon OperaBes mainly on glectucal pstel1al dference beluen InBerior and exterior side o the membrane. lauylfs yb elecrical potenliaL diference Jl ub Potential difference is Coused by difent Qontentmadian f either side. ions an ElecBricalL Potentialin AXon cumions o aisde the axog inside he axon. O chlaire lori te Lorge ons Ayon membrare.. > aion is Fled wh an ionic Flucl which is Sepaaled From the Surandig boy Fhid by a thin membrane. inside he axon: here are ve lons ike k* and Lorqe -ve Organic Molecule. oUlside the axon Auld is Similar to Seo uwater is mosts 4ve due to Na ions. 3 Neqalve chlorine ions (ct) alooUA in sing condiBsoni pulse. astn membrane 1s hghy Permeable to potasium ions 9 slahty petmeabe"to odium ions. CL k Saclion potention l Jb sJ Jer l al 0 dj 6sa aiu Negaive lans ailSs posite ions as oS asPpl NacL  äö àJl 2 öTLoJ  Lec I2 A Achon potenhial The speCa poberty or the neuron is ts ablty to Grdact eleetriaL impulse - physiolygists have sudid hie poperbies of nee impules by inseting a probe into aten and measuing te changu in aton voltag witk respet to suraunding fuld. - + Reshng ptenlal and & (-0 my ) iffeéna between intertar ecterior of th Cull aCording to positve ard negatve charges inside and outside tha membrane. "Action Potentia ’ Achon potental anerve impulse is produad only f StimuLus erceds Theshold Value M an impalse isgenerated ot tke poinb of SEimulation and propagas doun calar. ise of Ihe arri va op impukse is markad by a sudden hi adon Fem ngabve eting vabil he poknial insde he to about 430 mnù potential thén raprdhy dcrase to about. 90 mU he stade. 1Len eturns sloy baek to inihal eing Potendal (m) -100 Rooting Potenti Acdon potontl (2)  e tke type of -The speed of pulse propagaion depunds on he ha on.. past aching oons propagate át pulse at Speed up to too mAsec AXon as an electrie able;. - It is poss:ble to gon Some. insight intotke funckoning op the coon by analyzing it as an insulated eleetic able Submerged in a Gndueting Flurd - In Such on analysis , Ne musb take iato atudt i Estanle of e Auds bst inside and otside te avon and E elechical pioperihes of axorn membrane BeCause ke membrane is a leaky inslator ,ts characterizd by boit GpaCitanc and erstonl (3)  ne must Gnsider te acon as a Geres f Vey Small eleatnGad. CirCut SeCHions pined togcker Jt up between te nside when o potential d:fpuend is st on, u Crrts Gon be idefed and T autside op.t Ctorn * 14 Curentou side the aton bpaCve Gmprnent of ta membane....LeiaJdãsl Te on isis just a long Stiu f tase sbuts whale aoton joind bagetar. Somple values of Ka ccut paramaters for betk a mydinted and non. myelinated osan f radius SXlo -6 m are bsted in - myelin SXlo -6 m Tep. (4) vet. famy  of GrCuit paramehers properies Sample values Sample axon. ron.melinated aoon myelinated aton proprty AXon Aodius 5xlo -6 b37 Xloalm Resistance per unit length 6,37 XQnlm Fluid (inside ond oudside) ) Gonduoivty per unt wngt ,25 Xlo mho m 3X10 op axon mambrane(m 3116 Flm gl6Flm apaC:tank per unt Lanst (C) propagation of Acion potentiaL tki when ttte m¡gnitude of iltage aCss a portion of th memban 15 redual blow theshold value , The permeab:lly oe 7 ton membrang to Sodi um iond InCease rapdy. As a reut , Sodium iand uh into t aton , dive potental ide tke aon to puritive Yalue (5) of - Ihe inthal inrush of Sodum. ions changes ta amawat elechi GL charge inside ta ton We Gon cpres tais change in Chage aQ AQ =Cay AV- change in voltage C: membrene apaCitor. A@= C AV Anotkan Stimple Glclation to esimate of minimum enesy reguined to propagate te palsL alang t aton E c(av)2 (6)  Yoltage (s -7 mu) daing pd rsing shae ,ta con. -In ta +3o. mu Volkge change Ssdium lond enter pr metr of - during each pulse 87 X6" alon lengtk. Same pomber of Be pola s5ium lavd dariny adian pa! - The propertis f Sample aon do -7 3Xlo. E ! c (ov)2 xSXI,-7x ) 2 E E l,S Xlo (7)  TE duaton of each qulse is lo sc. j aon Gan pro pagate ot mast loo pulse /sece. ewen at pak operalion Ta aton gaines ony A15 o-7 w/m to reclaga ib ptanla Synapic transmission; We ll describe how The pulse prom. adorn to Gler newrans or MuSele Cel. TIo aon branches into neie cndings , wh:ch etted bta Cel! that ae to be adivatd hrough hee nerve endings 1he aton trensmits Siqnas to o number of as -The actin ptntiad is bansmite From nuv endin to t alls Cl Gnducin. leebiel (8)  nerdouls ysten, The Sgnal is usualy - In te vertebate chemic SubstanQ. Eronsmi ted by a Gontac with GUS. one alualy nt in T2 neve endings Te neve ending and tk Gl - TIhaie is a gap (inm) between the between. Ihe regions of tnterack'an he neve body ending and hE trg L dne Qalled Syneapss. when Tke impulse fenches ie yapse ,a clemiGL Substona is released t nave ending wteh hich gaickly Jpuse acras a gep and simalk ojacantc. TLG Tke chemi a s eeadin hundes of discrete s:Ze. nerve tnding Cel Synapse (9)  Actionpotential in muscles AMuscle fibers produce and propagate the electrical impulses The action potential in muscle cell is produced by impulses from the motor neuron and the action potential is the same as the neuron but differs in: A]the duration of the action potential inmuscle celísloniger Ex. in the skeletal muscle the duration of the actlon potential is about (20MS) B]the action potential through the muscle fibers causes the muscle to contract Within the skeletal muscle fibers there are "mechanoreceptors "organ called muscle spindles "continuously transmit information in the stateof muscle contraction and this information is relayed from the mot surface potential The voltage and currents associated with the electrical activities in (neurons, muscle fibers and othercell)extend to other regions outside the cells example consider the propagation of the stimuli along the axon, thevoltage at one point on the axon drops suddenly so there is a voltage differencesbetween it and the adjacent region N.B Electrical fields associated with the electrical activities of the neurons extend to the surface of the skin We can measure these electrical fields which represent all information about the activities of the body  The movement of eye muscle Ex. The movement of action potentials the speed of the propagation of the We also will know "Electromnyography "or "EMG Muscle's function Electromyography (EMG) Heart function Electro cardiography (ECG) Eectro oculography (EOG)e Eye function Brain Function Electro Encephalography (EEG) Ahon Rtental in muscks. Jey ai mscle F bers eletrcal Puses m r neutans t- Camy messages that contrl the muscle cells Action pottial G n Gs musce cells i mpulses From mabrnnall d Actian tertial in neusnl ussw le A Puscle cels Aeton Attial Atian tetialJ aso Go lool loryer üSu J us. ( ) scton pertl insteletal muscles L2 mslWs neuYon Astontial. B y antacti o n ,muscle abes Lalyb ais shektal uscle Aers nusele sPindles  tväns mt infamatton in the stte oC ngle Contod motr neron JI detral acta slall Curents ud tages (oteraelh st musclepLew een) Cells As an Xample considerr the roArggitan ¢ the shimulus along the alon -the lt ge at one Rint on the áXon deps sud denly hee is abltege diPe rences beten it ant he a Qjacet yegin. Lal blsaslsl Electol Felds äua)l y b y a s a 3 3 1 iy eledal tiutes oF the neuYo extnd tothe wpce s the sk (measuse the eletrncal Feds) S electhcal Eieds l ctiuhes naemet f muscle - maemenT of eye. the seed pro Ratian oF Atin f ktial Electomyog Yaphy YEMG