Chapter 1 & 2 Agr615 PDF

 Course Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, students should be able to: 1. Define the principal of nursery selection and selection. 2. Accurately summarize the types of nurseries and operation involved. 3. Execute the maintenance activities in the nursery. The site must be fenc...

 Course Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, students should be able to: 1. Define the principal of nursery selection and selection. 2. Accurately summarize the types of nurseries and operation involved. 3. Execute the maintenance activities in the nursery. The site must be fenced  MPOB FASSB AGROCOM FELDA SIME IOI DARBY SUPPPLIERS AAR PAMOL EPA UP DOA SABAH WATERING WATERING 0.5 litre / BAG 8 mm RAINFALL  WEEDING REMEMBER : ONLY MANUAL WEEDING AT THIS STAGE WEEDING 45 CM Lorry seedlings 1mt 70-80 3mt 130-140 5mt 300-350 YEAR MONTH 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Preparation of nursery start Preparation of pre – nursery starts Seed planted in pre – nursery Pre – nursery seedlings planted to main nursery Field Planting Planting replacement ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE STAGE NURSERY SINGLE STAGE NURSERY (ADVANTAGES) once the seed has been planted, there is no further movement until field planting so that the root system is not disturbed and therefore establishment and growth is faster 12 m or 40 feet ii.Economic Factors -Low yield per ha (15 -18 mt/ha) -High cost of harvesting & maintenance -Poor crop Recovery 12 WHY DO WE NEED TO REPLANT? -Crop losses through loose fruit -CPO prices iii.Manpower -Availability of tall palm harvester 13 WHY DO WE NEED TO REPLANT? iv. Potential Yield -When we have large areas of Class 1 soil giving Class 4 yield. v.High incidence of Ganoderma vii.Availability of capital to fund the cost of Replanting viii) Replacing with latest planting materials. 14 8. MAINTAINING CORRECT AGE PROFILE Age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Percentage of area 12% 20% 40% 16% 12% Category Immature Young mature Prime age Tall palms Very tall 9. SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION Age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Percentage of area 12% 20% 40% 16% 12% Category Immature Young mature Prime age Tall palms Very tall Oil Palm Yield profile 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Age 10. IMPROVING ACCESS AND PAST MISTAKES No proper access 17 10. IMPROVING ACCESS AND PAST MISTAKES Close planting caused the palm to etiolate and bare ground. 10. IMPROVING ACCESS AND PAST MISTAKES REPLANTING “ What is A Good Replant” “ How Do you Measured/Judged a Replant ” 20 DEFINITION OF GOOD REPLANT i.Vigorous Palm Seedlings ii.Eveness of palms in respect to size, colour,unblemished frond over the whole replant iii.Well planned & Prepare Field iv.Best Agronomic Practices v.Best Material ; Clonal 21 DEFINITION OF A GOOD REPLANT vi.Early Maturity – 30 mth vii.Well Structured Palms with High Numbers of Dark Green Fronds viii. Good Legume Cover Crop 22 DEFINITION OF A GOOD REPLANT viv. Good drainage system x. Good Roads/Terrace system xi.Good Planting Technique , well compaction and levelling the soil with radius 3 feet. 23 DEFINITION OF A GOOD REPLANT xii. Timing of Planting xiii.No P&D attack 24 Planning of replant 1. Replanting program 2. Set minimum yield according to soil type Eg. Coastal area Min. YPH 20 Mt. Inland area Min. YPH 18 Mt. 3. Set age limit Eg. 25 years for straight planting 23 years for terraced areas 4. Take into consideration of resources and capacity 2 5  PREPARATIONS PRIOR TO FELLING Months prior to felling Operation 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Decision to replant – Stop manuring Order seeds & confirm nursery Ascertain field boundary and (HCV) area Prepare replant blueprint Raise seedlings in the nursery Order LCC Deboling Ganoderma palms Meeting with replanting contractor Meeting with stakeholders & neighbors Prepare contract & work schedule Appoint planting contractor Census the existing palms 16 Replanting Program Replanting Hectare ESTATE FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 A 257.39 - 201.15 - -  B 159.55 112.85 117.96 158.17 97.89  - Even distribution - Optimum utilisation of resources - Good replanting standard - Opportunity to correct past mistakes FALLOW PERIOD – FROM FELLING TO COMPLETE PLANTING Size of replant Colour Code 6 months >7 months Very Poor Additional 2 months for replanting peat area. 26 SPH PARAMETER Terraced area Flat ground Colour Code >142 to 148 >142 to 148 Excellent >136 to 142 >139 to 142 Good >130 to 136 >136 to 139 Fair >124 to 130 >133 to 136 Poor 124 and below 133 and below Very Poor  PLANNING OF A REPLANT 5. Appointment of replanting Contractor -Work Specification -Work Scheduled -Rigorous selection process to appoint replanting contractors -Conduct site visit to conform work quality -Appointment made well ahead of time -Annual assessment by Estate Managers 30 SPECIFICATION OF WORK 31 TENDER RATES 32 TIME TABLE 33 PLANNING OF A REPLANT 6.MANPOWER & TRAINING Manpower requirement for immature fields 1st Year – 7.5 Ha./worker (Planting, LCC, Field upkeep & EFB application) 2nd year – 11 Ha./worker (Field upkeep and P&D) 3rd year – 12 Ha./worker (Field upkeep, palm sanitation & scout harvesting) Average for three years – 10 Ha./ worker Regular cross visit to sister estates Once or twice yearly – organize replant field day Recognition – Annual award for best replant etc. 34 Training Exchange of ideas during field day and cross visit to replants 35 PLANNING OF A REPLANT 7. Replanting Plan - Specification -Map -Roads/Bridges -Drainage -Planting Direction -Timing ; Spring or Autumn Plantings 36 CENSUS MAP PLANNING OF A REPLANT 7. Tender Award -Allocation of Planting Material -Ordering LCC 38  WHAT WILL BE YOUR REACTION WHEN YOU ARE TOLD TO CARRYOUT REPLANTING?  Activities Upkeep of Preparation Pre-felling during immature for activities replanting field harvesting Topics of A. Pre-felling activities B. Activities during replanting C. Upkeep of immature field D. Preparation for harvesting E. Q & A  MAIN TOPICS A. Pre-felling activities B. Activities during replanting C. Upkeep of immature field D. Preparation for harvesting E. Q & A  Pre-felling activities 1 Replanting Program 2 Planting materials & Nursery 3 Ascertain the field boundary 4 Ascertain High Conservation Value (HCV) area 5 Prepare replant blueprint 6 Deboling of Ganoderma palms 7 Eradication of noxious weeds 8 Meeting with contractor and Estate Managers 9 Palm census 10 Pre harvesting before felling 11 Prepare contract & work schedule (Gantt chart) Replanting Program Replanting Hectare ESTATE FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 A 257.39 - 201.15 - -  B 159.55 112.85 117.96 158.17 97.89  - Even distribution - Optimum utilisation of resources - Good replanting standard - Opportunity to correct past mistakes  PLANTING MATERIALS & NURSERY Large replant >200Ha Consider two season Based on rain fall pattern Seed order Order 30% additional seeds 18 months prior to planting 6 months prior to sowing Raise 2-3% APMs (18 to 20 mths) for later supply Culling by estate By Manager & executive At 3rd and 6th month Final culling – At 11th to 12th months old by R&D 6TH MONTH CULLING BY ESTATE PERSONNEL  ASCERTAIN FIELD BOUNDARY AND HIGH CONSERVATION VALUE (HCV) AREA Third party - boundary survey - land department GPS survey for :- – Internal boundary – HCV area – Rationalize boundary Perimeter - Permanent markers Field boundary - drain or road PREPARE REPLANT BLUEPRINT DEBOLING OF GANODERMA PALMS Carry out 4 to 6 months in advance Pre-mark the infected palms Include dead/vacant points Quality checker Put up safety signage 2m 1.2m 2m  GANODERMA INFECTED PALMS THE ROOT BOLE TISSUES ARE TO BE EXCAVATED TO A DEPTH OF 6”X6”X5’ (5ft) Deep (6 ft) Square FILLING OF PITS OF EXCAVATED DIESEASED PALMS & SHEDDING FELLED PALMS Before commencement of felling in the proposed area, to fill up all pits of excavated diseased palms using fresh soil from the inter rows. The filled soil must be compacted. Diseased palms, which were felled by the estate, are to be shredded and stacked in the same manners as normal standing palms. 50  ERADICATION OF NOXIOUS WEEDS 2 rounds spot spraying mainly on flat ground Avoid spot spraying on hilly areas as it can be conducted after terracing Take advantage of shady condition Minimise spreading of noxious weeds during land preparation MEETING WITH CONTRACTORS AND STAKEHOLDERS Estates pre-inform the replanting contractor on – Replanting hectarage – Machinery requirement – Timeline for completion Communicate with Keep all stakeholders informed stakeholders:- on our replanting plan and how – Neighbors it will impact them. – Cattle owners – Ketua Kampung PALM CENSUS Census 2 months prior to felling and communicate to contractor Harvesting should continue during felling to minimize VOPs. PRE HARVESTING i. To maximize Crop Recovery by no unharvested bunches (Ripe Bunches) were left attended. ii. Special Gang were assigned to harvest all Ripe Bunches 54 Special gang to remove Ripe Bunches 55 REPLANTING WORK SCHEDULE Field more than 50ha - sub-divide Work schedule – communicate to subordinates & contractor Any delay by contractor - communicate in writing  MAIN TOPICS A. Pre-felling activities B. Activities during replanting C. Upkeep of immature field D. Preparation for harvesting E. Q & A 1  Activities during replanting 1 Safety briefing and issue Permit to Work (PTW) 2 Meeting with contractor/subordinates at replanting field 3 Pre-lining 4 Felling, shredding, stacking and deboling 5 Planning and construction of roads 6 Terracing / Cambering 7 Ploughing and harrowing 8 Drainage 9 Fencing / Trenching & Cattle grid/gate 10 Lining and Holing 11 Establishing LCC 12 Planting of seedlings 13 EFB mulching 14 Maintaining records 2  Pre - Lining Felling & Shredding Deboling Close debole holes INLAND 2º up to 6º) Straight FFB evacuation path planting Ploughing & Harrowing Spot spraying LCC planting Lining & Holing Planting palms EFB mulching 3  Pre – Lining Felling & Shredding Deboling Close debole holes INLAND >6ᵒ Road construction Terrace area Terracing Spot spraying LCC planting Lining & Holing Planting palms EFB mulching 4 SAFETY BRIEFING TO CONTRACT WORKERS - Conducted jointly by Safety and Estate executives - About one week ahead of felling 5  PERMIT TO WORK (PTW) Issue before starting work Should be issued weekly All operators report at AP post daily 21 SITE MEETING WITH CONTRACTOR, OPERATORS AND SUBORDINATES Deliberate on:- Specification Work schedule Blueprint Safety 7  PRE-LINING Communicate on planting distance Decide on type of stacking:- – 2 rows to one stacking – 4 rows to one stacking – CECT Correct the direction to suit current requirement (if necessary) 8 In straight line planting on level to undulating territory, chipped debris are stack by below: ▪At territory which the field drain depth was 1 at each 4 palms pushes in the middle parkway of 4 palms lines in the middle of 2 field drains. ▪At a range when the field drain depth was 1 at each 8 palms pushes, the materials that was shredded is arranged at streets which is aside from the drain place. The diagram for 1 field drain cover 4 palm rows The diagram for 1 field drain cover 8 palm rows FELLING, SHREDDING & STACKING 10cm Provide measurement stick to quality checker 12 DEBOLING & REMOVAL OF ROOT MASS Hole size verified by QC 13 DEBOLING ON TERRACE On straight planting – 2.0m x 2.0m x 1.0m For terraced areas – 1.5m x 1.5m x 0.6m Debole holes left exposed for two weeks 1.5m 14  PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS Road marking by Manager & executives Old Use clinometer road – Maximum 1:10 (5.8˚) Road gradient Road must cut across all terraces – Normal 1:12 (4.8˚) New No dead ends roads road Wide junctions - able to turn both directions Gravelling within 2 years 15 ROAD CONSTRUCTION Road Gradient < 7°slope Usage of Clinometer zain.zakaria @simedarby.com Clinometer ROADS ARE CONSTRUCTED PRIOR TO TERRACING ‘B’road ‘B’road ‘B’road ‘A’road Start the ‘B’ road from ‘A’ road at foothill @ 200m apart 18  Road at constant directions for correct carry distances All terraces well connected to ‘B’road Road gradient within 4˚ to 6˚ 19  PROPOSAL ON WIDER ROAD 4.9m (16 ft.) roads on hilly area is critical for:- To facilitate proper entrance to the terraces Maneuverability & Safety Long lasting 4.9m (16ft) 20 PLANTING TERRACES New areas – lining is a must – 7.3m (24 ft.) apart Terrace back drop – 40cm – 60cm (16” – 24”) Wider terraces 4.9m (16’) where possible (up to 18˚ slope) Wider terrace entrance No hanging terrace Quality Checker 21 Properly spaced out terraces - Start lining on steepest are at 7.3m (24ft) apart - Short terraces should be connected to upper terrace 22 Correct Terrace backdrop - 40cm to 60 cm (16” to 24”) Water retained away from the planting point 23 AVOID DEEP TERRACE BACKDROP - BACKDROP NOT MORE THAN 8˚ Prolong water stagnant will damage the seedling 24 No hanging terraces - Channel roadside water into terrace - Avoid grading terrace entrance 35  SIDE CHANNEL FOR CAMBERED PATHS IN PLACE OF CONSERVATION TERRACES C C A A M M Legend B B Direction E E of water R R diversion E E Cambered D D Path P P OP A A Seedlings T T H H Low laying areas - plant on platform On high water table areas, plant seedlings on raised platform 27  3.8m 4m 3.0m 4m 3.8m - Width of the camber Legend should be 3m. Ploughing area Cambered path - Plough the planting Windrow rows 4m wide. OP Seedlings 7.4m 28  PLOUGHING AND HARROWING 4m wide along planting row Ploughing Depth 25cm to 30cm (10” to 12”) 2 weeks fallow period – between 1st and 2nd plough – between 2nd plough and harrowing Accurate pre-lining and windrowing is critical to ensure correct ploughing area 29 Fencing - Reinforce concrete pole - Should last > 6 years - Timely completion prior to planting 30 Cattle grid - Convenient and long lasting - Size 4.2m x 3m (14ft x 10ft) 31 Modified violle lining - Workers must be well trained - Balanced planting distance 32  LINING FOR PLANTING POINT Check and adjust the lining point on the following:- – 1.5m away from terrace embankment – 2 m from infield roads and drains – 3 m from main roads Complete the adjustment before holing 1.5m (5ft) 33  ESTABLISHING LCC Order seeds 3 to 4 months in advance Calibrate seeds usage correctly Timely planting is critical 34  MUCUNA BRACTEATA (MB) 0.6 3m 3.6m 2.4m 0.6m m Plant at 1 point per palm MB planting Legend Raise in polybag 2 to 3 between months ahead the palms Area not ploughed Ploughing area Supply casualties to Camberedpath Drain achieve full coverage C.E.C.T Be prepared for OP Seedlings regular maintenance MB plantingPoints Planting of OP seedlings Seedlings of correct age will have minimum transplanting shock Cont… 46  PLANTING OF OP SEEDLINGS Proper training before start planting No shallow and deep planting Normal Planting Start planting beginning of wet weather Stop planting if no rain for more than 3 days Deep Planting 47 PLANTING OF OP SEEDLINGS Critical operations to observe – Loading at nursery – Unloading at field – Distribution into field – Unloading at planting point Wet the seedlings prior to dispatch Suitable glove for handlers Open the polybag just before / planting No overnight seedlings in the field 38  EFB MULCHING Replant fields - top priority for EFB allocation Complete within one or two months after planting Start the application from terrace and lateritic areas 39 MAINTAINING RECORDS One record book for each field For payment and audit purpose Records to maintain Roads Drains Terrace No of seedlings received No of seedlings supplied Etc. 40 MECHANICALS FELLING, SHREDDING & CLEARING The proposed area shall be mechanically felled, and all oil palm trunks and the fronds are to be chipped, cleared and stacked using the zero burning technique. Rajah lining should be carried out prior to commencement of felling and shredding. Ensure that shredded palm material is properly placed in between the new planting rows 1 PRE LINING – OIL PALM TO OIL PALM To determine the direction and distance between each line for : trenches, subsidiary drains, planting rows, Close-ended Conservation Trenches (CECT) To be carried out by competent personnel. PRE-LINING-METHODOLOGY To use appropriate instrument to ensure accurate lining is done. Theodolite / Dumpy level PRE-LINING-METHODOLOGY Compass PRE-LINING-METHODOLOGY To mark the CECT, sub-drains and planting row lines with 6’ pegs at about 100’ intervals. 6’ peg 100’ Pegging of the CECT, sub-drain and planting rows PRE-LINING-METHODOLOGY To plant permanent markers at important points/lines to avoid displacement of pegs during felling/other land preparation. Direction of CECT, subsidiary drains and planting rows zain.zakaria @simedarby.com zain.zakaria @simedarby.com zain.zakaria @simedarby.com CONSTRUCTION OF CECT Dimension - 2.4m (Width at the top) x 2m (width at bottom) x 1.8m (depth). Every 4th palm rows. 4.75m from the roadside (in front) and end 4.75m from the collection drain (back). The spoil - use to raise the harvesters’ path. CECT CONSTRUCTION OF CLOSE ENDED CONSERVATION TRENCHES (CECT) 2.4m 1.8m 2.0m CLOSE ENDED CONSERVATION TRENCHES The trenches eventually served as moisture source for the palm. Palm needs 60cm to 90 cm water below the ground for optimum growth PLANTING LAYOUT OF FLAT AREA Collection Drain 2m x 0.6m x 1m CECT 2.4m x 2m x 1.8m (Close Ended Conservation Trenches) Subsidiary Drain 1m x 0.3m x 0.75m Cambered Path Collection Road  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING MECHANICALS FELLING, SHREDDING & CLEARING Stacking using the Zero Burning Technique 14  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING PALM TO PALM REPLANTING Fell the individual palms mechanically. Excavate any remnants of the bole and root mass around the bole and level off the depression. Shred the palm into chips of not more than 10 cm (4") thick and to a length of not more than 90 cm (36’’). 15 TRAPEZOID BUCKET FOR SHREDDING PALMS 16 SHARPENING THE TRAPEZOID BUCKET 17 SHARPENING USING A GRINDER MACHINE 18  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING PALM TO PALM REPLANTING Excavators are use for Chipping 19 SHREDDING FROM ROOT BOLE AND MASS 20 FELLING IN PROGRESS 21 SHREDDING PALM FROM ROOTS MASS 22 SHREDDING PALM AT ANGLE 60 DEGREES 23 SHREDDING PALMS 24 SHREDDING THE PALM AT 60 DEGREES 25 26  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING PALM TO PALM REPLANTING Length 90cm (36’') Thickness 10 cm (4") 27  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING PALM TO PALM REPLANTING 10 cm (4") Thickness 90 cm (36’’) Length 28 DAILY MONITORING FELLING CHIPPING MORE THAN 4 INCHES 31 FRAGMENTS WERE MARKED ‘X’ ABOVE 4 INCHES 32 THICKNESS MORE THAN 4 INCHES 33 SHREDDING CHIPS MORE THAN 4 INCH 34 SHREDDING TILL PALM CROWN 35 THICKNESS LESS THAN 4 INCHES 36 37 ROOTS MASS WERE EXCAVATED 38 REMOVING ROOTS MASS 39 EXCAVATED HOLE 40 INFILLING NEW SOIL AND LEVEL 41  EXCAVATED PIT NOT COMPACTED AND LEVEL 42 ROOTS MASS MORE THAN 4 INCHES 43 ROOT MASS NEED TO CHIP BELOW 4 INCHES 44 ATTENDANT MACHINE MONITOR THE WORK 45 SHREDDING PALM IN PROGRESS 46  NO 1 – MACHINE NO 1 TRACEABILITY FOR EXCAVATORS 14.8 – REFERS TO DAY AND MONTH 47  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING MECHANICALS FELLING, SHREDDING & CLEARING Excavate any remnants of the bole and root mass around the bole and level off the depression 48  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING MECHANICALS FELLING, SHREDDING & CLEARING Palms are to be completely uprooted with all the compact rootmass dug out to a minimum depth of 60cm ( 2 ft ) 49  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING MECHANICALS FELLING, SHREDDING & CLEARING Shredded materials and rootmass shall be heaped on the interrow and compacted 50  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING PALM TO PALM REPLANTING Chipping 51  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING PALM TO PALM REPLANTING Chipping 52  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING MECHANICALS FELLING, SHREDDING & CLEARING During felling, all palms are to be pushed into the frond stacked inter-row. Shredded materials and root-mass shall be heaped on the inter-row and compacted. For palms planted along the roadside, they must be a buffer zone at least 30 feet into the field before chipping. 53  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING MECHANICALS FELLING, SHREDDING & CLEARING Pulled at least 30 feet Into the field before chipping 54  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING MECHANICALS FELLING, SHREDDING & CLEARING Stacking Row Path / Planting Row 55  TOO MANY FRONDS STACK OVER SHREDDED MATERIALS 56 TOO MANY FRONDS STACKING OVER SHREDDED MATERIALS 57 FRONDS STACKING 58 In straight line planting on level to undulating territory, chipped debris are stack by below: ▪At territory which the field drain depth was 1 at each 4 palms pushes in the middle parkway of 4 palms lines in the middle of 2 field drains. ▪At a range when the field drain depth was 1 at each 8 palms pushes, the materials that was shredded is arranged at streets which is aside from the drain place. The diagram for 1 field drain cover 4 palm rows The diagram for 1 field drain cover 8 palm rows FRONDS STACKING 62 FRONDS STACKING 63 SHREDDED PALM STACK BELOW FRONDS 64  PALM TO PALM REPLANTING MECHANICALS FELLING, SHREDDING & CLEARING All waterway such as drains, streams, ravines etc. shall be free of shredded material and other debris. All FFB ( Fresh Fruit Bunches ), ripe / unripe are to be placed away from the stacked shredded materials for later collection. 65 RIPE BUNCHES FROM FELLING 66 BLACK BUNCHES 67 BLACK BUNCHES WITHOUT SHELL 68 BLACK BUNCHES LEFT IN STACKING 69 BLACK BUNCHES LEFT UNCOLLECTED 70 2.7 Terracing  INTRODUCTION Terrace is an important at hilly area. Followed by contours 2 categories in contour terrace 1. Existing palm planted on contour terrace 2. Existing palm not planted on contour terrace  Terrace area Width 16’ – 18’  Objectives To construct planting terraces according to contract agreement specification To ensure all the works followed the company standard To ensure that the planting terraces one in line with the company policies  Observation 18 feet 3 feet  Observation cont….. Made by bulldozer moved back and forth several times, grading soil layer by layer Slope Inward To Hill Side Road Cutting Before Terracing Differentiation between good terrace and bad terrace Frond outplacement at the stacking row Contractor paid RM 16/chain Mechanization Equipment BULLDOZER Measure of Blade 3.66 m 0.96m  TERRACE AFTER STACKING Stacking Arranged Between Part Of Terrace GOOD TERRACE  stacking terrace terrace  Road Construction Road Cutting Before Terracing Advantages : No Step Effect Terrace Entrance Level To Road Ready Access To Vehicle And MAIC (mechanical Assisted Infield Collection) Machine Save Cost No Necessity To Level Down High Terrace Entrance No Necessity To Connect Terrace Below The Road  Road Cutting Road Cutting Before Before Terracing Terracing  Disadvantages Evacuation of crop one much difficult in terrace area compare by flat Limited mechanization can use Have a problems if the terrace so hilly Uncontrolled weeds Frond not arrange Ready for transplanting  conclusion Construction of terrace will max the use of land but it must done correctly to make sure future crop management can be done easily. so monitoring must done. zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 18 zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 19 zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 20 When it is a long carry… (>300 meter apart of the collection road) Large vacancy in middle of the field (not planted due to poor supervision) zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 21  < 12’ Poor terrace back drop (will not hold water) Poor terrace width, < 12 feet Closely planted palms, < 23 feet (between terrace) zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 22 Incorrect lining technique will result in palm etiolation, and etiolated palms are invariably low yielding zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 23  CLOSED PLANTING - ETHIOLATION 25 ft zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 24  ETHIOLATION – INVARIABLY LOW YIELDING zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 25  Erect fronds  Poor back drop slope (not 15 to 20 degree) will cause severe surface run-off.  Distance between terrace should be further with lesser slope (furthest 28 feet) zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 26 POORLY DONE TERRACING zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 27 POORLY DONE TERRACING zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 28 POORLY DONE TERRACING zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 29 Poor accessibility….. zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 30 Surface run off is rampant when slope of >5° is straight lined, not terraced during land preparation zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 31  ◼ Back drop slope of 15 to 20 degree ◼ Stop bund interval of 30 to 40 feet apart Terrace construction meant for water conservations zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 32 We will never pack our platform with this magic orange fruit if we continued to assume that we know the basic. zain.zakaria Sime Darby @simedarby.com Plantation SOP 33