Chapter 03 Main Bank Multiple Choice Questions - 3.1removed PDF

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 33) ______ are responsible for sending and receiving messages throughout the body. a. Glial cells b. Neurons c. Nodes of Ranvier d. Reuptake inhibitors Correct: Neur...

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 33) ______ are responsible for sending and receiving messages throughout the body. a. Glial cells b. Neurons c. Nodes of Ranvier d. Reuptake inhibitors Correct: Neurons are a type of cell found in the nervous system that are responsible for sending and receiving messages throughout the body. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. 34) Neurons are a. cells in the brain that are believed to help clean and feed brain cells. b. cells that send and receive information. c. bundles of nerves. d. chemical transmitters found in the hypothalamus. Correct: Neurons are a type of cell found in the nervous system that are responsible for sending and receiving messages throughout the body. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 1 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 35) The ___________ is the central region of the neuron that contains genes that synthesize proteins that comprise the chemicals and structures that allow the neuron to function. a. neuronal membrane b. dendrite c. axon d. cell body Correct: The cell body (also known as the soma) is the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus that houses the cell's genetic material. Genes in the cell body synthesize proteins that comprise the chemicals and structures that allow the neuron to function. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. 36) Which part of the neuron is responsible for manufacturing proteins? a. axon b. cell body c. dendrite d. membrane Correct: The cell body (also known as the soma) is the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus that houses the cell's genetic material. Genes in the cell body synthesize proteins that comprise the chemicals and structures that allow the neuron to function. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 2 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 37) The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called a. axons. b. nerve bundles. c. dendrites. d. synapses. Correct: Dendrites are the small branches radiating from a neuron, which receive messages from other cells and transmit the message toward the cell body. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 93–94 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. 38) Which part of the neuron acts like an antenna to receive messages from other neurons? a. cell body b. dendrite c. axon d. glia Correct: Dendrites are the small branches radiating from a neuron, which receive messages from other cells and transmit the message toward the cell body. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 93–94 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 3 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 39) Which part of a neuron transports information from the neuron to other neurons through an electrochemical reaction? a. soma b. axon c. dendrite d. cell membrane Correct: The axon is the structure that transports information from the neuron to other neurons in the form of electrochemical reaction. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. 40) If neuronal communication were compared to radio, the _______________ would be the transmitter at the radio station and the _______________ would be the antenna on your car. a. cell bodies; axons b. dendrites; myelin sheaths c. myelin sheaths; cell bodies d. axons; dendrites Correct: The axon is the structure that transports information from the neuron to other neurons in the form of electrochemical reaction. Dendrites are the small branches radiating from a neuron, which receive messages from other cells and transmit the message toward the cell body. Conceptually, the dendrites can be thought of as the neuron's receiver, while the axon can be thought of as the transmitter. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 93–94 Skill: Conceptual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 4 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. 41) The structures at the far end of the axon (i.e., furthest from the cell body) are called a. axon terminals. b. dendrites. c. glial junctions. d. spines. Correct: At the end of the axon are axon terminals, which form synapses with other neurons, muscles, or glands. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. 42) Kerry works as a messenger for a business. His job is to carry messages between different buildings. Kerry's role for the company is similar to the function of ______________ for a neuron. a. neurotransmitters b. receptor sites c. dendrites d. somas Correct: Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that function as messengers, allowing neurons to communicate with each other. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 94 Skill: Applied Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 5 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 43) The tiny space between the axon terminal of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell is called the a. receptor site. b. synapse. c. dendrite knob. d. axon terminal. Correct: Synapses are the microscopically small spaces that separate the axon terminals of one neuron from the next neuron. Neurons communicate by releasing neurotransmitters into synapses. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. 44) Mary put her hand on a hot stove. Which type of neuron is responsible for sending a pain message towards her spinal cord? a. motor neuron b. interneuron c. sensory neuron d. efferent neuron Correct: Sensory neurons bring information from the bodily senses (e.g., touch, pain, temperature) toward the spinal cord and brain. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 94 Skill: Applied Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 6 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. 45) What is the function of the myelin sheath? a. to serve as a structure for neurons b. to monitor neural activity c. to speed up the neural impulse d. to produce neurotransmitters Correct: Myelin is a fatty sheath that insulates axons from one another, resulting in increased speed and efficiency of neural communication. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 95 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 46) The __________ speeds up the passage of electrical messages by acting as an insulator of the neuronal signal. a. blood-brain barrier b. terminal button c. myelin d. synaptic vesicles Correct: Myelin is a fatty sheath that insulates axons from one another, resulting in increased speed and efficiency of neural communication. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 95 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 7 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 47) Kalika is told by her physician that her symptoms are caused by a loss of myelin. Her diagnosis would most likely be a. Parkinson's disease. b. multiple sclerosis. c. early stage Alzheimer's disease. d. epilepsy. Correct: Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which the immune system does not recognize myelin and attacks it. This can devastate the structural and functional integrity of the nervous system. When myelin breaks down in multiple sclerosis, the resulting symptoms include numbness or tingling sensations. This reflects the disruption of sensory nerve cell signals reaching the brain. The disorder also involves problems with voluntary, coordinated movement, which is due to the breakdown of myelin that supports motor nerves. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 95 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 48) What type of cell in the nervous system is responsible for mounting immune responses in the brain, removing wastes, and is found in myelin? a. endorphins b. epithelial cell c. glial cell d. neuron Correct: Glial cells are specialized cells of the nervous system that are involved in mounting immune responses in the brain, removing wastes, and synchronizing activity of the billions of neurons comprising the nervous system. Myelin is also made from glia cells. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 94–95 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 8 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. 49) Which type of cell is responsible for supporting the function of neurons? a. GABA b. glial c. epithelial d. dedrocytes Correct: Glial cells are specialized cells of the nervous system that are involved in mounting immune responses in the brain, removing wastes, and synchronizing activity of the billions of neurons comprising the nervous system. Myelin is also made from glia cells. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. 50) What do we call the state of a neuron when it is not transmitting or receiving messages? a. action potential b. resting potential c. neutral period d. refractory period Correct: The resting potential of a neuron refers to its stable, inactive state during which the cell is not transmitting or receiving messages. In contrast, the refractory period refers to a state during which a neuron cannot fire, even if stimulated. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 9 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Page Reference: 95 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with nerve cells, hormones, and their functioning. 51) The voltage of a neuron's ______________ is typically around –70 millivolts. a. postsynaptic potential b. resting potential c. action potential d. graded potential Correct: The resting potential of a neuron refers to its stable, inactive state during which the cell is not transmitting or receiving messages. It is typically around –70 millivolts. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 95 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 52) During an action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is _________ compared to the electrical charge outside the neuron. a. positive b. balanced c. negative d. neutral Correct: During an action potential, a wave of electrical activity originates at the base of the axon and rapidly travels down its length. The action potential moves down the length of the axon as positively charged ions rush through the membrane pores. During the action potential, the net charge of the cell goes from negatively to positively charged. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 10 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Page Reference: 96 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 53) When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated it a. becomes very negatively charged relative to outside of the cell. b. initiates an action potential. c. expands in size. d. closes all of its membrane pores. Correct: When a neuron is stimulated past a certain threshold, it initiates an action potential. During an action potential, a wave of electrical activity originates at the base of the axon and rapidly travels down its length. The action potential moves down the length of the axon as positively charged ions rush through the membrane pores. During the action potential, the net charge of the cell goes from negatively to positively charged. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 54) "All or none" is the principle stating that a. a neuron always fires at the same strength. b. a neuron fires at full strength or half strength. There are no other "partial" firing options. c. all the dendrites must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all. d. all somas must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all. Correct: When stimulated, a given neuron always fires at the same intensity and speed. This is referred to as the all-or-none principle: individual nerve cells fire at the same strength every time an action potential is reached. Neurons do not "sort of" fire, or "over fire", they just fire. Answer: a Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 11 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 97 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 55) ________ is the creation of new neurons. a. Neurogenesis b. Neural plasticity c. Long-term potentiation d. Synaptogenesis Correct: The creation of new neurons is called neurogenesis. Fairly recently, researchers have found that neurogenesis occurs in a limited number of regions in adult brains. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 95 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze the claim that we are born with all the nerve cells we will ever have. 56) What interesting discovery about the nervous system was made in the last 15 years or so? a. Humans only use 10% of their neurons. b. We are born with all of the neurons we will ever have. c. New neurons are formed in some brain regions. d. We are born with all of the glial cells we will ever have. Correct: The creation of new neurons is called neurogenesis. Fairly recently, researchers have found that neurogenesis occurs in a limited number of regions in adult brains. It is a myth that humans only use 10% of their brains. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 12 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Page Reference: 95 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze the claim that we are born with all the nerve cells we will ever have. 57) Which structure is like a locked door that only certain neurotransmitter keys can unlock? a. synapses b. receptors c. neural chiasms d. response terminals Correct: A lock-and-key analogy is sometimes used to explain how neurotransmitters and their receptors work: When neurotransmitters are released at the axon terminal, they cross the synapse and fit like a key in a receptor on the dendrite. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 97 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 58) ____________neurotransmitters make it more likely that a neuron will generate action potentials, whereas _____________ neurotransmitters make it less likely that a neuron will do so. a. Excitatory; inhibitory b. Inhibitory; excitatory c. Augmentation; depletion d. Depletion; augmentation Correct: When a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, in general, it can trigger one of two types of reaction in the receiving neuron. The effect can be either excitatory, increasing action potentials, or it may be inhibitory and decrease action potentials. Answer: a Diff: 2 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 13 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Type: MC Page Reference: 97 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 59) After neurotransmitter molecules are released, they may be broken down by enzymes, or they may be re-absorbed back into the axon, a process known as a. inhibition. b. neurogenesis. c. refraction. d. reuptake. Correct: Reuptake is a process where neurotransmitter molecules that have been released into the synapse are re-absorbed into the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron. Reuptake is a very important process. It is a sort of natural recycling system for neurotransmitters. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 97 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 60) Which of the following neurotransmitters affects neurons involved in voluntary movement, processing rewards, and mood? a. serotonin b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. GABA Correct: Dopamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter involved in such varied functions as mood, controlling voluntary movement, and processing rewarding experiences. Answer: b Diff: 2 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 14 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Type: MC Page Reference: 98–99 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 61) Which neurotransmitter is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite? a. GABA b. serotonin c. dopamine d. acetylcholine Correct: Sleep, mood, and appetite are complicated processes involving many different types of neurotransmitters; however, serotonin is particularly associated with these three functions. Therefore, it is the best answer. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 99 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 62) Andy has decided to seek medical help for mood disturbances and appetite problems. Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in the problems Andy is experiencing? a. GABA b. dopamine c. serotonin d. acetylcholine Correct: Serotonin is particularly associated with mood and appetite. Therefore, it is the best answer. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 99 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 15 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 63) Elizabeth was driving on the freeway when a car passed abruptly in front of her and almost hit her vehicle. As a result of the stress produced by this incident, her heart rate increased and she felt "on edge." Which of the following neurotransmitters is likely responsible for Elizabeth's response? a. serotonin b. dopamine c. GABA d. norepinephrine Correct: Norepinephrine is synthesized from dopamine molecules and is involved in regulating stress responses, including increasing arousal, attention, and heart rate. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 99 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 64) __________ plays a critical role as a neurotransmitter that stimulates voluntary muscle movement directly at the junction between nerves and muscles. a. acetylcholine b. GABA c. dopamine d. endorphin Correct: Acetylcholine is one of the most widespread neurotransmitters within the body. It is found at the junctions between nerve cells and skeletal muscles and so is very important for voluntary movement. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 99 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 16 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 65) The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system is a. glutamate. b. GABA. c. acetylcholine. d. serotonin. Correct: GABA is a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the nervous system, meaning that it prevents neurons from generating an action potential. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 66) The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system that plays a role in memory and learning is a. glutamate. b. GABA. c. acetylcholine. d. serotonin. Correct: Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. It is believed to play a critical role in memory and learning. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 17 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 67) African naked mole rats show no behavioural response when exposed to capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili peppers. This is most likely due to the fact that they lack the neurotransmitter a. glutamate. b. GABA. c. substance P. d. serotonin. Correct: Substance P is a neurotransmitter involved in the experience of pain, including the pain caused by capsaicin. African naked mole rats lack substance P, and therefore do not appear to experience pain when they come into contact with a stimulus such as capsaicin. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 100 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how nerve cells communicate. 68) Drugs that block neurotransmitter activity are called a. agonists. b. antagonists. c. excitatory. d. reuptake inhibitors. Correct: Drugs classified as antagonists inhibit neurotransmitter activity by blocking receptors or preventing synthesis of a neurotransmitter. For example, taking a dopamine antagonist will reduce dopamine activity in the brain. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 101 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the ways that drugs and other substances affect the brain. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 18 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 69) Luisa is diagnosed with a medical disorder caused by too much dopamine activity in certain brain regions. Her doctor is likely to prescribe a dopamine ________________ to treat her. a. reuptake inhibitor. b. stimulator. c. agonist. d. antagonist. Correct: Drugs classified as antagonists inhibit neurotransmitter activity, while agonists are drugs that enhance or mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter's action. Because Luisa suffers from too much dopamine activity, her doctor would prescribe an antagonist. A reuptake inhibitor would not be prescribed because inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine actually increases its effect. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 101 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the ways that drugs and other substances affect the brain. 70) Hormones are chemicals that are secreted and go directly into a. the bloodstream. b. specific organs. c. nerve endings. d. the brain. Correct: Hormones are chemicals secreted by the glands of the endocrine system. Unlike neurotransmitters, which are released into synapses, hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 102 Skill: Factual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 19 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Objective: Understand the role that hormones play in our behaviour. 71) The ________ regulates and maintains constant internal bodily states by stimulating the pituitary gland. a. thalamus b. hypothalamus c. amygdala d. hippocampus Correct: Through its control of the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus can control the endocrine system and contribute to homeostasis: the balance of energy, metabolism, body temperature, and other basic functions. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 102 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 72) Which endocrine gland controls all of the other glands in the body? a. thyroid gland b. adrenal gland c. pancreas d. pituitary gland Correct: The pituitary gland is sometimes called "the master gland" because it sends commands about hormone production to the other glands of the endocrine system. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 102 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the roles that hormones play in our behaviour. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 20 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 73) The pituitary gland is known as the _______ gland because it controls the other glands in the body. a. master b. alpha c. dominant d. ventral Correct: The pituitary gland is sometimes called "the master gland" because it sends commands about hormone production to the other glands of the endocrine system. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 102 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the roles that hormones play in our behaviour. 74) Which of the following is a likely effect of damage to the hypothalamus? a. reduced use of left arm b. deregulation of hormones c. development of aphasia d. reduced ability to reason Correct: The hypothalamus is a brain structure that regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems. Specialized chemicals called releasing factors are secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulate the pituitary to release specific hormones. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 102 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the roles that hormones play in our behaviour. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 21 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 75) Which part of the brain controls the pituitary gland? a. hypothalamus b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. diencephalon Correct: The activity of the pituitary is controlled in large part by the hypothalamus. Specialized chemicals called releasing factors are secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulate the pituitary to release specific hormones. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 102 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the roles that hormones play in our behaviour. 76) Mobombi had completed about a quarter of the distance in the marathon in which he was a participant. Suddenly, he stumbled and fell. Despite feeling a sharp pain initially, he got up and continued to run until he completed the race. Upon crossing the finish line he fell down writhing in pain. When checked out, it was discovered that Mobombi had broken his leg. He was able to run the remainder of the marathon relatively pain free due to the release of a. enzymes. b. amino acids. c. monoamines. d. endorphins. Correct: Endorphins are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus and function to reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure. Endorphins are released into the bloodstream during events such as strenuous exercise, sexual activity, or injury. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 102–103 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the roles that hormones play in our behaviour. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 22 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 77) Because they have similar chemical structures, morphine and other opiates are able to lock into receptor sites for a. GABA. b. serotonin. c. dopamine. d. endorphins. Correct: Endorphins are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus and function to reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure. Morphine—a drug derived from the poppy plant—binds to endorphin receptors (the term endorphin translates to internal or endogenous morphine). Morphine molecules fit into the same receptor sites as endorphins, and therefore produce the same pain-killing and euphoric effects. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 102–103 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the roles that hormones play in our behaviour. 78) The two main divisions of the nervous system are the __________ and the __________. a. brain; spinal cord b. autonomic; somatic nervous systems c. peripheral nervous system; central nervous system d. glands; muscles Correct: The two main divisions of the nervous system are the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system can then be further divided into the autonomic and somatic nervous systems, and the central nervous system can be divided into the brain and spinal cord. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 106 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 23 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 79) The peripheral nervous system consists of the __________ and the __________ nervous systems. a. autonomic; somatic b. autonomic; sympathetic c. parasympathetic; somatic d. parasympathetic; sympathetic Correct: The peripheral nervous system transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body and is divided into two subcomponents, the somatic system and the autonomic system. The autonomic system can be further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 106–107 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 80) The brain and spinal cord make up the a. central nervous system. b. autonomic nervous system. c. peripheral nervous system. d. somatic nervous system. Correct: This is the definition of the central nervous system. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 106 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 24 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 81) As she walks out of the living room, Gloriann turns out the light. In this example, Gloriann's __________ nervous system is active. a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. autonomic d. somatic Correct: The somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscles, which are responsible for voluntary and reflexive movement. In this example, the voluntary action of turning out the light would require the somatic nervous system. In contrast, the autonomic nervous system (composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) is responsible for controlling organs and glands. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 107 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 82) The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of nerves that control organs and glands is called the ___________ nervous system. a. somatic b. autonomic c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic Correct: The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for controlling organs and glands. It can be divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, each of which has a specific effect on the organs and glands. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 25 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 83) The fight-or-flight response is mobilized by the a. central nervous system. b. somatic nervous system. c. sympathetic nervous system. d. parasympathetic nervous system. Correct: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response of an increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and decreased salivary flow—responses that prepare the body for action. In contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system generally has the opposite effect on the body and conserves energy. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 84) As Molly is walking across campus, a car swerves toward her. Her heart races and sweat breaks out as she jumps out of harm's way. This mobilization of energy is due to the action of Molly's a. somatic nervous system. b. skeletal nervous system. c. parasympathetic nervous system. d. sympathetic nervous system. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 26 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Correct: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response of an increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and decreased salivary flow—responses that prepare the body for action. In contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system generally has the opposite effect on the body and conserves energy. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 107 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 85) Malcolm is studying alone in his room late at night when he hears a loud noise downstairs. His heartbeat increases significantly and his breathing becomes shallow. He wonders if a burglar has entered the house and decides to investigate. When he gets downstairs he discovers his cat has knocked over a plant stand. His body begins to relax and return to normal. Which part of his nervous system is responsible for returning Malcolm to a normal state? a. spinal cord b. somatic nervous system c. sympathetic nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system Correct: The parasympathetic nervous system helps maintain homeostatic balance in the presence of change, and following sympathetic arousal, it works to return the body to a baseline, nonemergency state. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 107 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 27 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 86) There are approximately __________ individual cells in your brain alone. a. 10 million b. 100 million c. 100 billion d. 10 trillion Correct: Statement of fact. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 112 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 87) An auto accident rendered Chris's nervous system unable to send messages for him to breathe, so he is on a respirator. Which brain structure was damaged in the accident? a. pons b. medulla c. cerebellum d. reticular formation Correct: Nerve cells in the medulla connect with the body to perform basic functions such as breathing, heart rate, sneezing, salivating, and even throwing up—all those actions your body does with little conscious control on your part. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 108 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge of brain regions to predict which abilities might be affected when a specific area is injured or diseased. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 28 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 88) The _______________ is a structure in the brain stem responsible for life-sustaining functions, such as breathing and heart rate. a. reticular formation b. pons c. medulla d. cingulate gyrus Correct: Nerve cells in the medulla connect with the body to perform basic functions such as breathing, heart rate, sneezing, salivating, and even throwing up—all those actions your body does with little conscious control on your part. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 89) Damage to the cerebellum is likely to disrupt which of the following? a. playing basketball b. sleeping c. homeostasis d. thinking Correct: The cerebellum is the lobe-like structure at the base of the brain that is involved in the details of movement, maintaining balance, and learning new skills. In this example, the complex timing and coordination required for playing basketball would be the most likely to be affected by damage to the cerebellum. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 109 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge of brain regions to predict which abilities might be affected when a specific area is injured or diseased. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 29 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 90) The brain is divided into several different structures on the bottom part of the brain referred to as the "hindbrain." Which of the parts of the brain listed below is located in the hindbrain? a. amygdala b. occipital lobe c. cerebellum d. thalamus Correct: The cerebellum is the only structure listed that is considered part of the hindbrain. Other hindbrain structures include the medulla, pons, and reticular formation. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 108–109 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 91) Which of the following would most likely involve the midbrain? a. raising your body temperature on a cold night b. deciding to bet all of your chips in a poker game c. remembering where you left your keys d. ducking just in time to avoid being hit by a sudden foul ball at a baseball game Correct: The midbrain allows us to detect sudden movements out of the corner of our eyes. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 109 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 30 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 92) Tourette's syndrome—a condition marked by erratic and repetitive facial and muscle movements (called tics) and frequent noise making such as grunting, snorting, or sniffing —is believed to be caused by an imbalance in the a. hippocampus. b. medulla. c. basal ganglia. d. thalamus. Correct: An excess of dopamine within the basal ganglia is believed to contribute to many of the classic symptoms of Tourette's. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 110 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge of brain regions to predict which abilities might be affected when a specific area is injured or diseased. 93) A researcher implants an electrode in a rat's brain, and then wires the electrode so that it stimulates a specific brain region every time the rat presses a lever. The rat finds the stimulation so rewarding that it does nothing but press the lever all day. Which of the following brain regions does the electrode most likely stimulate? a. nucleus accumbens b. amygdala c. cerebellum d. thalamus Correct: The nucleus accumbens is part of the basal ganglia, and is believed to be involved in pleasurable and rewarding sensations associated with certain behaviours. Researchers have found that rats will continuously self-stimulate the accumbens and related regions by pressing a lever. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 111 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 31 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 94) The part of the brain dedicated to emotion and memory is the a. endocrine system. b. limbic system. c. reticular formation. d. lymphatic system. Correct: The limbic system is an integrated network involved in emotion and memory. Two important structures in the limbic system are the hippocampus and amygdala. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 111 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 95) Stan has been extremely afraid of cats since he was scratched as a 5-year-old. Whenever he sees a cat, he starts to feel afraid. If a cat comes towards him, he often runs away immediately as he is afraid of being scratched again. Stan's response is likely a result of the ____________ in the limbic system. a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. amygdala d. medulla Correct: The amygdala facilitates memory formation for emotional events, mediating fear responses, and appears to play a role in recognizing and interpreting emotional stimuli. In this example, Stan's involuntary fear of cats is likely due to a fear memory formed by the amygdala. Answer: c Diff: 2 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 32 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Type: MC Page Reference: 111 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 96) As Joe walks to his car late at night, he hears footsteps behind him. Feeling afraid, Joe grips his keys and quickens his pace. It is likely that Joe's ____________ has been activated. a. hypothalamus b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. cerebellum Correct: The amygdala facilitates memory formation for emotional events, mediating fear responses, and appears to play a role in recognizing and interpreting emotional stimuli. In this example, Stan's fear response is likely the result of amygdala activation. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 111 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 97) Eating, drinking, sexual behaviour, and body temperature control are most strongly influenced by the a. hippocampus. b. thalamus. c. hypothalamus. d. amygdala. Correct: The hypothalamus is a brain structure that regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems, such as those involved in hunger, thirst, sexual behaviour, and body temperature. These are not functions associated with the other structures listed. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 33 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 111 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 98) What part of the brain acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information? a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. pituitary gland d. endocrine system Correct: The thalamus is involved in relaying sensory information to different regions of the brain. Most of the incoming sensory information, such as what we see and hear, is routed through the thalamus and then proceeds to more specialized regions of the brain for further processing. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 111 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 99) Most of the higher functions of the brain, such as reasoning and language, are located in the a. limbic system. b. midbrain. c. cerebral cortex. d. brainstem. Correct: The cerebral cortex is the convoluted, wrinkled outer layer of the brain that is involved in multiple higher functions, such as thought, language, and personality. It is a Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 34 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology highly advanced, complex structure that has increased dramatically in size as the primate brain has evolved. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 111 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 100) "Ewww!" says TJ when he sees an actual human brain on display at the science museum, "I didn't realize how convoluted and wrinkly it would be." Because he can only see the outer layer of the brain, TJ is actually describing just the a. cerebral cortex. b. tectum. c. limbic system. d. basal ganglia. Correct: The cerebral cortex is the convoluted, wrinkled outer layer of the brain that is involved in multiple higher functions, such as thought, language, and personality. It is a highly advanced, complex structure that has increased dramatically in size as the primate brain has evolved. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 111 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 101) The wrinkling of the surface of the brain serves what purpose? a. It cushions the brain and protects it from trauma. b. It increases blood flow that brings oxygen and nutrients to neurons. c. It allows heat to radiate away from the brain more effectively. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 35 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology d. It increases the surface area without increasing the size of the brain. Correct: Because the skull can only be so large and still fit through the birth canal, the brain has compromised by forming a wrinkled surface—thereby increasing its surface area. More surface area means more neurons and, possibly, cognitive complexity. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 111 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 102) Neuroscientists often categorize parts of the brain into grey matter and white matter. What makes the white matter regions appear white? a. It contains only dendrites. b. It is composed of myelinated axons. c. It produces a natural bleaching chemical. d. It contains only white cell bodies. Correct: White matter is composed of myelinated axons that interconnect the different regions of the brain. The myelin makes the regions appear white. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 112 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 103) Which lobes are associated with higher cognitive functions, such as planning, inhibiting impulses and emotion, language production, and voluntary movement? a. frontal b. parietal Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 36 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology c. temporal d. occipital Correct: The frontal lobes are portions of the brain important in numerous higher cognitive functions, such as planning, inhibiting impulses and emotion, language production, and voluntary movement. The frontal lobes also allow you to deliberately guide and reflect on your own thought processes. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 113 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 104) Marta was in an automobile accident and suffered an injury to her brain resulting in paralysis of her left arm. What part of Marta's brain was injured? a. auditory association area b. primary motor cortex c. somatosensory cortex d. Broca's area Correct: The primary motor cortex is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in the voluntary control of movement. Each region of primary motor cortex corresponds to a specific region of the body. The other regions listed are not involved in movement. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 113 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge of brain regions to predict which abilities might be affected when a specific area is injured or diseased. 105) Which lobes are involved in our experiences of touch as well as bodily awareness? a. frontal Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 37 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital Correct: The parietal lobes, located behind the frontal lobes, are involved in our experiences of touch as well as bodily awareness. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 112 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 106) Darla was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. Her sense of touch has been affected. Which part of the brain is the most likely site of the damage? a. frontal lobe b. temporal lobe c. occipital lobe d. parietal lobe Correct: The somatosensory cortex is responsible for our awareness of touch, and is located in the parietal lobes. This function is not generally associated with the other lobes. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 112 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge of brain regions to predict which abilities might be affected when a specific area is injured or diseased. 107) After a head injury, a person reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured. A doctor would suspect an injury in the _________ lobe. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 38 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology a. occipital b. parietal c. temporal d. frontal Correct: The lobe most closely associated with vision is the occipital lobe. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 112 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge of brain regions to predict which abilities might be affected when a specific area is injured or diseased. 108) Which lobes are involved in hearing, language, and object and face recognition? a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital Correct: The temporal lobes are located at the sides of the brain near the ears and are involved in hearing, language, and some higher level aspects of vision such as object and face recognition. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 113 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 109) Which of the following is true about the left and right hemispheres of the brain? a. The right hemisphere is generally more specialized for visual skills and music processing, while the left hemisphere is more specialized for language and math. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 39 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology b. Analytical types rely almost exclusively on their right hemispheres. c. Creative artists are accurately described as being "right-brained" because they think mostly with their right hemisphere. d. There are no significant differences between the two hemispheres. Correct: Generally, the right hemisphere is specialized for cognitive tasks that involve visual and spatial skills, recognition of visual stimuli, and musical processing. Generally, the left hemisphere is more specialized for language and math. However, the degree to which people are left- or right-"brained" is highly exaggerated in popular culture. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 115 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. 110) If Darren's brain is like that of most people, then the majority of language skills will be handled by his a. corpus callosum. b. occipital lobe. c. right cerebral hemisphere. d. left cerebral hemisphere. Correct: Virtually all right-handed and about two-thirds of left-handed individuals show language dominance in the left hemisphere. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 115 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with the structure and organization of the nervous system. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 40 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology 111) Bill was admitted to the hospital last week after he fell. When Bill's son visited, he found his father was unable to get words out in a smooth, connected fashion. If Bill's difficulty speaking is due to brain damage, what is the likely location of the damage? a. Broca's area b. Gall's area c. Wernicke's area d. Korsakoff's area Correct: Located in the frontal lobe, Broca's area is responsible for complex grammar and speech production. Loss of speech function is referred to as Broca's aphasia. In contrast, Wernicke's area is involved in language comprehension. Damage to Wernicke's area can affect the content of speech, but does not affect the flow or grammar. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 117–118 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge of brain regions to predict which abilities might be affected when a specific area is injured or diseased. 112) The corpus callosum a. is a bundle of nerves that connects the two halves of the cerebral cortex. b. is made of fibrous muscle that holds the hemispheres together. c. causes a vegetative state when severed accidentally. d. is the boundary between the brainstem and the reticular formation. Correct: The corpus callosum is a collection of nerves that allow the two hemispheres of the cerebrum to communicate. Severing the corpus callosum creates a bizarre "split- brain" condition, where patients usually appear normal, but one half of their brain is unaware of what is happening in the other half. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 115 Skill: Conceptual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 41 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Objective: Understand how studies of split-brain patients reveal the workings of the brain. 113) Sometimes a person's corpus callosum is split, which separates the two hemispheres completely. This is done to a. study the effects of a split brain. b. change a person's personality. c. determine the precise area of cognitive functioning. d. control epilepsy. Correct: Staring in the 1940s, split-brain surgeries began to be used to treat extremely severe cases of epilepsy. It is a very rare operation, and it would be unthinkable to use it as an experimental procedure, despite the wealth of information researchers have attained by studying split-brain patients. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 115 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how studies of split-brain patients reveal the workings of the brain. 114) Jack suffered a brain injury as a result of hitting his head while waterskiing. One of the problems that developed was that Jack could not pronounce certain words correctly for a long period of time until he had extensive speech therapy. Now Jack can speak as he did before his accident. This is an example of _____________, which allowed the structure and function of Jack's brain cells to change to adjust to the trauma. a. adaptology b. neural stagnation c. neuroplasticity d. the reflex arc Correct: Neuroplasticity is the capacity to change and rewire itself based on individual experience. Neuroplasticity is very important when it comes to recovery from brain injury, because existing areas can often be modified to accommodate the injury. In this Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 42 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology example, it appears that an area related to speech became damaged. With the help of speech therapy however, Jack's brain was able to rewire over time. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 116 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with measuring and observing brain activity. 115) Researchers have developed a therapy for stroke patients with Broca's aphasia that uses ________________ to encourage neuroplasticity. a. electrodes b. practising singing words c. neurotrophic drugs d. exercise Correct: A therapy called Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) has been developed to retrain the brains of individuals with Broca's aphasia to speak through singing. The therapy does not "heal" damaged nerve cells in the left hemisphere at Broca's area. Rather, language function is taken over by the corresponding area of the right hemisphere. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 117 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with measuring and observing brain activity. 116) Small electrodes are pasted onto Miranda's scalp and are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied through the use of a. a CT scan. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 43 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology b. functional magnetic resonance imaging. c. a microelectrode. d. an electroencephalogram. Correct: An electroencephalogram (EEG) measures patterns of brain activity with the use of multiple electrodes attached to the scalp. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 124 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze whether neuroimaging can be used to diagnose brain injuries. 117) Which of the following is a machine designed to measure the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the brain? a. DDT b. EMG c. ESG d. EEG Correct: An electroencephalogram (EEG) measures patterns of brain activity with the use of multiple electrodes attached to the scalp. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 124 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze whether neuroimaging can be used to diagnose brain injuries. 118) Libby's physician refers her to a medical centre in order to have the biochemical activity in her brain analyzed. She is given an injection of a radioactive glucose-like substance and then is told to lie down with her head in a scanner. The technique being used is a. positron emission tomography. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 44 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology b. functional magnetic resonance imaging. c. microelectrode recording. d. an electroencephalogram. Correct: Positron emission tomography (PET) scans use low levels of radioactive glucose that is injected into the blood to visualize which areas of the brain are engaged by various tasks (active nerve cells use up the glucose at a faster rate than do resting cells). Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 125 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze whether neuroimaging can be used to diagnose brain injuries. 119) A major drawback associated with PET scans is that a. they are not accurate. b. they are dangerous. c. they take a long time to acquire data. d. they cannot detect which brain regions are active during a task. Correct: Positron emission tomography (PET) scans use low levels of radioactive glucose that is injected into the blood to visualize which areas of the brain are engaged by various tasks. A drawback is that PET scans take a long time to acquire—which is a problem when you want to see moment-by-moment activity of the brain. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 125 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze whether neuroimaging can be used to diagnose brain injuries. 120) A brain-imaging method using magnetic fields to measure the spinning of hydrogen atoms in the brain is called a. electroencephalography (EEG). Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 45 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology b. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). c. positron emission tomography (PET). d. computed tomography (CT). Correct: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a giant magnetic field to align and spin hydrogen atoms in the same direction. Radio waves are then passed through the brain, disrupting the alignment of the atoms. These disruptions produce a signal that can be translated into a detailed, three-dimensional image of the brain. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 123 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze whether neuroimaging can be used to diagnose brain injuries. 121) A functional MRI (fMRI) measures a. structures of the brain. b. structural detail of various structures. c. the release of energy from water in biological tissue. d. the flow of blood within the brain. Correct: Traditional MRIs only allow researchers to visualize the structures of the brain. Functional MRIs (fMRI) allow researchers to visualize blood flow, which is closely correlated to brain activity. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 125–127 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze whether neuroimaging can be used to diagnose brain injuries. 122) Which technique measures the electrical activity of brain cells directly? a. MRI b. fMRI Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 46 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology c. PET scan d. MEG Correct: Unlike PET scans and fMRIs, which measure brain activity indirectly, magnetoencephalography (MEG), measures the tiny magnetic fields created by the electrical activity of nerve cells in the brain. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 125 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze whether neuroimaging can be used to diagnose brain injuries. 123) An area of damage in the brain is called a(n) a. wound. b. lesion. c. stereotoxic infiltration. d. invasive cortical manifestation. Correct: A lesion is any kind of damage to the brain. Researchers sometimes make intentional lesions to animal brains to see how they affect behaviour. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 121 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze whether neuroimaging can be used to diagnose brain injuries. 124) Which technique for investigating the function of brain regions is similar to lesioning, but has no ill effects? a. TMS b. fMRI c. PET scan Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 47 of 48  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 3: Biological Psychology d. MEG Correct: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a procedure in which an electromagnetic pulse is delivered to a targeted region of the brain. The result is a temporary disruption of brain activity, analogous to the permanent disruption caused by a brain lesion. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 122 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze whether neuroimaging can be used to diagnose brain injuries. 125) In what way is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) different than other techniques researchers use to study brain activity, such as PET scans, fMRIs, and MEG? a. TMS requires the use of radioactive materials. b. Other techniques take much longer to acquire data compared to TMS. c. TMS records the activity of glial cells as well as neurons. d. TMS is used to actually change the activity in the brain by either stimulating or disrupting activity. Correct: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a procedure in which researchers send an electromagnetic pulse to a targeted region of the brain to either stimulate or disrupt activity. This differs from PET scans, fMRI, and MEG, which are passive techniques and do not alter brain functioning. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 122–125 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze whether neuroimaging can be used to diagnose brain injuries. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 48 of 48