The Brain and the Nervous System PDF

THE BRAIN AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM  THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neurons Dentrits Axon parasympathetic nervous system myelin sheath neurogenesis Synapse Action potential WILL NOT DISCUSS HOW DOES YOUR BRAIN KNOW TO FEEL HURT  Gather and process...

THE BRAIN AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM  THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neurons Dentrits Axon parasympathetic nervous system myelin sheath neurogenesis Synapse Action potential WILL NOT DISCUSS HOW DOES YOUR BRAIN KNOW TO FEEL HURT  Gather and process information, Produce responses to stimuli, THE NERVOUS Coordinate the workings of SYSTEM different cells Contains Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM  PNS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS Somatic (bodily) nervous system Autonomic nervous system SYSTEM sympathetic parasympathetic nervous system nervous system helps yo take CHEMIC AL MESSENGERS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM  CHEMICAL MESSENGERS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neurotransmitters Follow a particular path  Serotonin N E U ROT R A N S M I T T E R S affects neurons involved in sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression, and mood.  Serotonin N E U ROT R A N S M I T T E R S Dopamine affects neurons involved in voluntary movement, attention, learning, memory, emotion, pleasure and reward, and possibly responses to novelty.  Serotonin N E U ROT R A N S M I T T E R S Dopamine Acetylcholine affects neurons involved in muscle action, arousal, vigilance, memory, and emotion.  Serotonin Dopamine Acetylcholine N E U ROT R A N S M I T T E R S Norepinephrine affects neurons involved in increased heart rate and the slowing of intestinal activity during stress, and neurons involved in learning, memory, dreaming, waking from sleep, and emotion  CHEMICAL MESSENGERS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Long distance Released in the HORMONES messengers bloodstream  HORMONES Melatonin: helps to regulate daily biological rhythms and promotes sleep.  HORMONES Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, facilitates the ejection of milk during nursing, promote, in both sexes, attachment and trust in relationships.  HORMONES Adrenal hormones, involved in emotion and stress. The outer part of each adrenal gland produces cortisol, increases blood sugar levels and boosts energy The inner part produces epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine, prepares body for fight or flight  HORMONES Sex hormones  HORMONES Sex hormones Androgens musicalizing hormones deepened voice, facial and chest hair, pubic hair Testosterone" influences sexual arousal  HORMONES Sex hormones Androgens musicalizing hormones deepened voice, facial and chest hair, pubic hair Testosterone" influences sexual arousal Estrogens: feminizing hormones breast development and the onset of menstruation  HORMONES Sex hormones Androgens musicalizing hormones deepened voice, facial and chest hair, pubic hair Testosterone" influences sexual arousal Estrogens: feminizing hormones breast development and the onset of menstruation Progesterone growth and maintenance of the uterine lining in preparation for a fertilized egg CHEMICAL MESSENGERS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The brain’s volume NEUROMODULATORS control  NEUROMODULATORS Serotonin transporter: picks up leftover serotonin and transports it back to the sending neuron for recycling.  NEUROMODULATORS Endorphins: Role in appetite, sexual activity, blood reduces pain promotes pleasure. pressure, mood, learning, and memory  HAPPY CHEMICALS These chemicals promote Endorphins are happiness and pleasure while neuromodulators that help you reducing depression and to cope with pain and stress anxiety (released before), dopamine is a mood-boosting neurotransmitter that is released after you reach a goal Serotonin dopamine endorphins oxytocin  When you took the course expecting MAPPING THE Natasha’s usual low courseload and you realize we are on slide 25 of 45 and its just BRAIN week 2  MAPPING THE BRAIN electroencephalogram PET scan (positron-emission tomography) transcranial direct current stimulation transcranial magnetic stimulation lesion method parasympathetic nervous system WILL NOT DISCUSS  MAPPING THE BRAIN  MAPPING THE BRAIN  Pons sleeping, waking, and dreaming MAPPING THE BRAIN Medulla bodily functions that do not have to be consciously willed  Cerebellum MAPPING THE BRAIN sense of remembering balance and simple skills coordinates and acquired the muscles reflexes  Thalamus MAPPING THE BRAIN directs sensory messages sensory to higher except relay areas in sense of station charge of smell vision, sound, or touch  hypothalamus issuing monitoring the instructions to basic survival body’s current help the body drives state maintain a steady state MAPPING THE BRAIN Pituitary gland sends out hormonal messages  Amygdala MAPPING THE BRAIN contributes to the initial quickly decision to evaluates determining approach or sensory its withdraw information emotional from a importance person or situation  Hippocampus MAPPING THE BRAIN the storage of new information in memory  Cerebrum it is in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes MAPPING THE BRAIN Cerebral hemispheres right hemisphere left hemisphere controls the left controls the right side of the body side of the body L AT E R A L I Z AT I O N I N T H E T WO HEMISPHERES THE TWO HEMISPHERES Right side Left side Controls right Controls left  Cerebral Cortex Higher mental functions MAPPING THE BRAIN Lobes of the Cortex occipital parietal temporal frontal lobes lobes lobes lobes Structure Functions Brain stem Pons Sleeping, waking, dreaming Medulla Automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate Reticular activating system (RAS) Screening of incoming information, arousal of higher centers, (extends into center of the brain) consciousness Cerebellum Balance, muscular coordination, memory for simple skills and learned reflexes, involvement in cognitive and emotional learning Thalamus Relay of impulses from higher centers to the spinal cord and of incoming sensory information (except for olfactory sen- sations) to other brain centers Hypothalamus Behaviors necessary for survival, such as hunger, thirst, emotion, reproduction; regulation of body temperature; control of autonomic nervous system Pituitary gland Under direction of the hypothalamus, secretion of hormones that affect other glands SOME K E Y PART S Amygdala Initial evaluation of sensory information to determine its importance; OF T H E BR AI N mediation of anxiety and depression; formation and retrieval of emotional memories Hippocampus Comparison of new sensory information with existing knowledge in order to regulate the RAS; formation of new memories about facts and events, as well as other aspects of memory Cerebrum (including cerebral Higher forms of thinking cortex) Visual processing Occipital lobes Processing of pressure, pain, touch, temperature Parietal lobes Memory, perception, emotion, hearing, language comprehension Temporal lobes Movement, short-term memory, planning, setting goals, creative Frontal lobes thinking, initiative, social judgment, rational decision making, speech production IS OUR BRAIN FLEXIBLE?  PLASTICITY the brain’s ability most pronounced to change in has a resurgence during infancy and response to new in adolescence early childhood, experiences, LET’S DEBUNK SOME POP PSYCH IS THERE HIS OR HER BRAIN?  Do the brains of males and females differ, on average, in structure or function? what, if anything, do those differences TO A N S W E R T H I S I N T E L L I G E N T LY … have to do with men’s and women’s behavior, abilities, ways of solving problems, or anything else that matters in real life?