Modern Systems Analysis and Design Chapter 2: The Origins of Software PDF

Modern Systems Analysis and Design 10th Edition Chapter 2 The Origins of Software Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives 2.1 Explain outsourci...

Modern Systems Analysis and Design 10th Edition Chapter 2 The Origins of Software Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives 2.1 Explain outsourcing 2.2 Describe six different sources of software 2.3 Discuss how to evaluate off-the-shelf software Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Introduction In the past software development for organizations was done mostly in-house and from scratch Today, there are many different sources of software Now the focus is on where you can obtain the many pieces and components that you will combine into an application Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Outsourcing Outsourcing – turning over responsibilities for some or all of an organization’s information systems applications and operations to an outside firm Reasons for outsourcing: – Freeing up internal resources – Increasing the revenue potential of the organization – Reducing time to market – Increasing process efficiencies – Outsourcing noncore activities Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 2-1: Sources of application software Sources of software can be categorized into six major groups – IT services firms – Packaged software providers – Enterprise software – Cloud computing – Open-source software – In-house development (Sources: John_T/Shutterstock, David Papazian/Shutterstock, denayunebgt/123RF, Lucky Business/Shutterstock, Palo_ok/Shutterstock, GaudiLab/Shutterstock, yupiramos/123RF.) Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Information Technology Service Firms IT service firms help companies develop customer information systems for internal use These firms employ skilled IT people Some examples of these companies are seen in the table on the next slide Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 2-1: Leading Software Firms and Their Development Specializations Specialization Example Firms or Websites IT Services Accenture Deloitte IBM HPE Packaged Software Providers Intuit Microsoft Oracle SAP AG Symantec Enterprise Software Solutions Oracle SAP AG Microsoft Cloud Computing Amazon Web Services (AWS) Google IBM Microsoft Salesforce.com Open-Source SourceForge.net Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Packaged Software Producers Serve many market segments Range from general, broad-based packages, such as productivity tools, to very narrow, niche packages, such as managing a day care center Some off-the-shelf software systems cannot be modified Prepackaged software is also called “off-the-shelf” – Examples include Quicken, QuickBooks, Microsoft Word, TurboTax – At best meet 70% of an organization’s needs Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Enterprise Solutions Software Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate individual traditional business functions into a series of modules so that a single transaction occurs seamlessly within a single information system rather than several separate systems Benefits include: – A single repository resulting in more consistent and accurate data – Additional modules can be added as needed SAP AG is a leading vendor of ERP systems Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cloud Computing (1 of 2) Cloud computing – the provision of computing resources, including applications, over the Internet Customers do not have to invest in the computing infrastructure needed to run and maintain the resources Users pay on a per-use basis or license the software Global market, based on cloud computing, is estimated at $490.3 billion and estimated to grow to $591.8 billion in 2023 Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cloud Computing (2 of 2) Cloud computing examples include: – Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides – SalesForce.com (Customer relationship management) – Allows software as a service (SaaS) Benefits include: – Freeing internal staff – Faster access to applications – Lower-cost to corporate-quality applications Concerns include security and reliability Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Open-Source Software Freely available, including source code Developed by a community of interested people Performs the same functions as commercial software Examples: Linux, mySQL, Firefox Two ways to make money with open-source software: – Provide maintenance and services – Sell a more full-featured version of the free software Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved In-House Development Involves using an organization’s staff to create systems Can lead to more maintenance needs Not unusual to incorporate a hybrid of in-house and purchased components Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 2-2: Comparison of Six Different Sources of Software Components Producers When to Go to This Type of Internal Staffing Requirements Organization for Software IT services firms When task requires custom support and Internal staff may be needed, system can’t be build internally or system depending on application needs to be sourced Packaged software When supported task is generic Some IS and user staff to define producers requirements and evaluate packages Enterprise-wide For complete systems that cross Some internal staff necessary solutions vendors functional boundaries but mostly need consultants Cloud computing For instant access to an application; Few; frees up staff for other IT when supported task is generic work Open-source software When supported task is generic but cost Some IS and user staff to define is an issue requirements and evaluate packages In-house developers When resources and staff are available Internal staff necessary though and system must be built from scratch staff size may vary Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software Common criteria to consider when choosing off-the shelf software: – Cost: compare developing in-house vs. purchasing or licensing the software package – Functionality: the tasks that the software can perform and the mandatory, essential, and desired system features – Vendor Support: can vendor provide support and how much it can provide – Flexibility: the ease with which software is customized – Documentation: understandable and up-to-date user’s manual and technical documentation Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Validating Purchased Software Information Request for Proposal (RFP) – document provided to vendors asking them to propose hardware and system software that will meet the requirements of a new system Test the software based upon your selection criteria Gather information from other users of the software If soliciting RFPs from more than one vendor be sure to create a scoring value for each item requested Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Summary In this chapter you learned how to: – Explain outsourcing – Describe six different sources of software – Discuss how to evaluate off-the-shelf software Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved