Chapter 2: Making a Living and Organizing Society PDF

: CHAPTER 2 MAKING A LIVING AND ORGANIZING SOCIETY INTRODUCTION How should society be organized? This motive question will serve as our guide to be certain of the main focus of this module. We already learned the climate and geography of the Southeast Asian countries, no...

: CHAPTER 2 MAKING A LIVING AND ORGANIZING SOCIETY INTRODUCTION How should society be organized? This motive question will serve as our guide to be certain of the main focus of this module. We already learned the climate and geography of the Southeast Asian countries, now it is important to know the culture and history behind each country. We want to know how the Southeast Asian countries got to what they are today. We want to know why a wide variety of cultures developed in Southeast Asia. Throughout time and in every part of the world, people have organized themselves into groups with common rules of living. A society is the name we give to the organization of such a group. Think about the people you see every day. Do you spend each day meeting new strangers? Or do you see the same family members, classmates, and teachers every day? Chances are, there is a pattern to your interactions. A group of people sharing a culture is known as society every society has a society structure, or a pattern of organized relationships among groups of people within the society. A society may be as small as a single community or as large as a nation or even a group of similar nations. Smaller groups work together on particular tasks such as gathering food, protecting the community, and education. Social structure helps people work together to meet one another’s basic needs. With this, the making of a living of a group of people could be the most important factor for us to determine how the society is organized. The organization of the region of Southeast Asia as social structure could be traced by knowing its historical background from pre-historic period to the mother time. It could also be analyzed by tracing the development of their races and ethnicities particularly of their subsistence strategies and political systems. SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES The following are the specific learning outcomes expected to be realized by the learner after the completion of this module: 1. Trace the historical background of the organization in Southeast Asian as a societal structure through the available information about prehistoric basis provided by different sources. 2. Describe the distinctive characteristics of the different cultural groups and ethnicities of Southeast Asia by recognizing their subsistence strategies and the development of their political structures and form of institutionalized social relations. 3. Analyze the how making a living of the people related to the process of the organization of the society in Southeast Asia. 1 LEARNING ACTIVITIES Unlock the difficulties by performing this preparatory activity first. Get the understanding of the following main concepts before you proceed to the next part of this module by writing your understanding in the space provided after the terms. 1. History _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. Prehistoric _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. Society _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4. Ethnicities _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5. Social Process _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2  Read the content and acquire further detailed information by accessing the sources provided. MAKING A LIVING AND ORGANIZING SOCIETY A. PREHISTORY Knowledge of the early prehistory of Southeast Asia has undergone exceptionally rapid change as a result of archaeological discoveries made since the 1960s, although the interpretation of these findings has remained the subject of extensive debate. Nevertheless, it seems clear that the region has been inhabited from the earliest times. Hominid fossil remains date from approximately 1,500,000 years ago and those of Homo sapiens from approximately 40,000 years ago. Furthermore, until about 7000 BCE the seas were some 150 feet (50 meters) lower than they are now, and the area west of Makassar Strait consisted of a web of watered plains that sometimes is called Sundaland. These land connections perhaps account for the coherence of early human development observed in the Hoabinhian culture, which lasted from about 13,000 to 5000 or 4000 BCE. The stone tools used by hunting and gathering societies across Southeast Asia during this period show a remarkable degree of similarity in design and development. When the sea level rose to approximately its present level about 6000 BCE, conditions were created for a more variegated environment and, therefore, for more extensive differentiation in human development. While migration from outside the region may have taken place, it did not do so in a massive or clearly punctuated fashion; local evolutionary processes and the circulation of peoples were far more powerful forces in shaping the region’s cultural landscape. Paleolithic Anatomically modern human hunter-gatherer migration into Southeast Asia before 50,000 years ago has been confirmed by the combined fossil record of the region. These immigrants might have, to a certain extent, merged and reproduced with members of the archaic population of Homo erectus, as the fossil discoveries in the Tam Pa Ling Cave suggest. Data analysis of stone tool assemblages and fossil discoveries from Indonesia, Southern China, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and more recently Cambodia and Malaysia has established Homo erectus migration routes and episodes of presence as early as 120,000 years ago and even older isolated finds date back to 1.8 million years ago. Java Man (Homo erectus) and Homo floresiensis attest for a sustained regional presence and isolation, long enough for notable diversification of the species' specifics. Ocean drops of up to 120 m (393.70 ft) below the present level during Pleistocene glacial periods revealed the vast lowlands known as Sundaland, enabling hunter-gatherer populations to freely access insular Southeast Asia via extensive terrestrial corridors. Modern human presence in the Niah cave on East Malaysia dates back to 40,000 years BP, although archaeological documentation of the early settlement period suggests only brief occupation phases. However, author Charles Higham argues that, despite glacial periods modern humans were able to cross the sea barrier beyond Java and Timor, who around 45,000 years ago left traces in the Ivane Valley in eastern New Guinea "at an altitude of 3 2,000 m (6,561.68 ft) exploiting yams and pandanus, hunting, and making stone tools between 43,000 and 49,000 years ago." The oldest habitation discovered in the Philippines is located at the Tabon Caves and dates back to approximately 50,000 years BP. Items there found such as burial jars, earthenware, jade ornaments and other jewellery, stone tools, animal bones, and human fossils date back to 47,000 years BP. Unearthed human remains are approximately 24,000 years old. The descendants of these earliest Homo sapiens immigrants, loosely identified as "Australo-Melanesians", include the Negritos, Papuans, Indigenous Australians and Hill Tribes (most of them have Austronesian admixture in modern times). They are associated with the occupation of caves, rock shelters and isolated upland regions in Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines or on remote islands, such as the Andaman Islands and although displaced from the coasts and plains they are present in all regions for at least 30,000 years. Neolithic Migrations The Neolithic was characterized by several migrations into Mainland and Island Southeast Asia from southern China by Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Kra-Dai, and Hmong- Mien-speakers. The most widespread migration event, was the Austronesian expansion, which began at around 5,500 BP (3500 BC) from Taiwan and coastal southern China. Due to their early invention of ocean-going outrigger boats and voyaging catamarans, Austronesians rapidly colonized Island Southeast Asia, before spreading further into Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Madagascar, and the Comoros. They dominated the lowlands and coasts of Island Southeast Asia, intermarrying with the indigenous Negrito and Papuan peoples to varying degrees, giving rise to modern Islander Southeast Asians, Micronesians, Polynesians, Melanesians, and Malagasy. The Austroasiatic migration wave centered around the Mon and the Khmer, who originate in North-Eastern India arrive around 5000 BP and are identified with the settlement on the broad riverine floodplains of Burma, Indochina and Malaysia. Early Agricultural Societies Territorial principalities in both Insular and Mainland Southeast Asia, characterized as Agrarian kingdoms had by around 500 BCE developed an economy based on surplus crop cultivation and moderate coastal trade of domestic natural products. Several states of the Malayan-Indonesian "thalassian" zone shared these characteristics with Indochinese polities like the Pyu city-states in the Irrawaddy river valley, Van Lang in the Red River delta and Funan around the lower Mekong. Văn Lang, founded in the 7th century BCE endured until 258 BCE under the rule of the Hồng Bàng dynasty, as part of the Đông Sơn culture eventually sustained a dense and organized population that produced an elaborate Bronze Age industry. Intensive wet-rice cultivation in an ideal climate enabled the farming communities to produce a regular crop surplus that was used by the ruling elite to raise, command and pay work forces for public construction and maintenance projects such as canals and fortifications. 4  Though millet and rice cultivation was introduced around 2000 BCE, hunting and gathering remained an important aspect of food provision, in particular in forested and mountainous inland areas. Many tribal communities of the aboriginal Australo-Melanesian settlers continued the lifestyle of mixed sustenance until the modern era. Bronze Age Southeast Asia Earliest known copper and bronze production in Southeast Asia has been found at the site of Ban Chiang in North-east Thailand and among the Phung Nguyen culture of northern Vietnam around 2000 BCE. The Dong Son culture established a tradition of bronze production and the manufacture of ever more refined bronze and iron objects, such as plows, axes and sickles with shaft holes, socked arrow and spearheads and small ornamented items. By about 500 BCE large and delicately decorated bronze drums of remarkable quality, that weighed more than 70 kg (150 lb) were produced in the laborious lost-wax casting process. This industry of highly sophisticated metal processing has been developed locally bare of Chinese or Indian influence. Historians relate these achievements to the presence of well organized, centralized and hierarchical communities and a large population. Pottery Culture Between 1,000 BCE and 100 CE the Sa Huỳnh culture flourished along the south- central coast of Vietnam. Ceramic jar burial sites that included grave goods have been discovered at various sites along the entire territory. Among large, thin-walled, terracotta jars, ornamented and colorized cooking pots, glass items, jade earrings and metal objects had been deposited near the rivers and at the coast. The Buni culture is the name given to another early independent centre of refined pottery production that has been well documented on the basis of excavated burial gifts, deposited between 400 BCE and 100 CE in coastal north-western Java. The objects and artifacts of the Buni tradition are known for their originality and remarkable quality of incised and geometric decors. Its resemblance to the Sa Huỳnh culture and the fact that it represents the earliest Indian Roulettes Ware recorded in Southeast Asia are subject of ongoing research. B. THE PEOPLE OF SOUTHEAST ASIA: “RACES” AND ETHNICITIES The Aslians and Negritos were believed as one of the earliest inhabitant in the region. They are genetically related to the Papuans in Eastern Indonesia, East Timor and Australian Aborigines. In modern times, the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. The second largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia is Vietnamese (Kinh people) with around 86 million populations, mainly inhabiting in Vietnam, thus forming a significant minority in neighboring Cambodia and Laos. The Thais is also a significant ethnic group with around 59 million populations forming the majority in Thailand. In Burma, the Burmese account for more than two-thirds of the ethnic stock in this country. Indonesia is clearly dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups, with hundreds of ethnic minorities inhabited the archipelago, including Madurese, Minangkabau, 5 Bugis, Balinese, Dayak, Batak and Malays. While Malaysia is split between more than half Malays and one-quarter Chinese, and also Indian minority in the West Malaysia however Dayaks make up the majority in Sarawak and Kadazan-dusun makes up the majority in Sabah which are in the East Malaysia. The Malays are the majority in West Malaysia and Brunei, while they forming a significant minority in Indonesia, Southern Thailand, East Malaysia and Singapore. In city-state Singapore, Chinese are the majority, yet the city is a multicultural melting pot with Malays, Indians and Eurasian also called the island their home. The Chams forming a significant minority in Central and South Vietnam, also in Central Cambodia. While the Khmers are the majority in Cambodia, and forming a significant minority in Southern Vietnam and Thailand. The Hmong people are the minority in Vietnam, China and Laos. Within the Philippines, the Tagalog, Visayan (mainly Cebuanos, Warays and Hiligaynons), Ilocano, Bicolano, Moro (mainly Tausug, Maranao, and Maguindanao) and Central Luzon (mainly Kapampangan and Pangasinan) groups are significant. The Philippines is also unique in Southeast Asia, in holding the only Latino founded communities in Southeast Asia due to its former political union with Mexico during the era of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and also possessing a Mexican-Spanish based Creole language called Chavacano. There is also burgeoning American expat population in the Philippines. C. SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES Subsistence means to support life. For example, subsistence farming literally means farming for the purpose of supporting life. It is easy to imagine that different geographical and cultural areas will create different strategies to support their own way of life. These various strategies are called subsistence strategies, or methods used to support life. In Southeast Asia it consists of foraging, swidden agriculture, traditional wet rice cultivation and mechanized farming. 1. Foraging is the process of gathering food from uncultivated plants or undomesticated animals. You can think of it as a ''Hunter/Gatherer'' type of lifestyle. A foraging subsistence strategy requires large amounts of edible plant growth to sustain itself and plentiful prey to hunt for meat. Foragers need to live a nomadic lifestyle. They must move constantly to follow the growing season in different geographical regions and the migration patterns of their animal-based food source. This subsistence strategy only supports small groups due to the limited food source in each area, the need to constantly move, and the need to find shelter from the environment. In a foraging subsistence, people in the same foraging group maintain a bond of sharing equally with each other. 2. Swidden agriculture or shifting cultivation has been practised in the uplands of Southeast Asia for centuries and is estimated to support up to 500 million people – most of whom are poor, natural resource reliant uplanders. Recently, however, dramatic land- use transformations have generated social, economic and ecological impacts that have affected the extent, practice and outcomes of swidden in the region. While certain socio-ecological trends are clear, how these broader land-use changes impact upon local livelihoods and ecosystem services remains uncertain. 3. Traditional wet rice cultivation is the growing of rice in flooded fields called padi fields in Indonesia. Its traditional form is found throughout Southeast Asia southern china, Japan, north and South Korea, Indonesia and many other tropical regions. Originally, rice 6  is not a water plant. Only after an adaption over thousands of years, sophisticated wet rice sorts were bred artificially. There are several advantages for wet rice over dry rice. The annual floods due to the monsoon get an integrated part into the rice production circle. Many kinds of weeds and crop pests don't drive well in the water. There is a significant difference between rainfall farming and irrigation farming. 80% of the world's rice production is based on wet rice farming. The water is not standing but in a steady, slow flow. For a kilogramm of rice, between 3,000 and 5,000 liters water are required. If the water flows too slowly, algaes grow and harm the plants; does it flow too fast, nutrients flush out. Most of the rice sorts in Southeast Asia are wet rice. Practically most of the rural landscapes are coined by rice paddies. In practice, the cultivation looks like that: The first step is the seeding into mildly watered soil (here it becomes evident that rice is not an original wet plant, for the seeds wouldn't grow in the water. The fields have to be ploughed then, traditionally with water buffalos, nowadays more and more with tractors. Third, after some weeks, the seedlings have to be transferred from the plant field into the rice paddies. The growth now depends much on the irrigation. Problematic is if there is not enough rain or other water supply, or if there is too much rain who floods the fields. Most of the rice sorts in Southeast Asia are wet rice. Practically most of the rural landscapes are coined by rice paddies. 4. Mechanized agriculture is the process of using agricultural machinery to mechanize the work of agriculture, greatly increasing farm worker productivity. In modern times, powered machinery has replaced many farm jobs formerly carried out by manual labour or by working animals such as oxen, horses and mules. Southeast Asia as a region varies widely in its cultures, history, and political institutions. Due to this variety of regime types and the large variance of theoretically relevant explanatory factors, Southeast Asia presents political scientists with a “natural laboratory.” Levels of socioeconomic modernization, paths to state and nation-building, ethnic heterogeneity, colonial heritage, the structure of governing coalitions and elite formations, the shape and extent of interest and civil society organizations, as well as institutional factors like type of government or electoral system all differ widely. This chapter provides an overview of Southeast Asia’s demographic, cultural, and religious characteristics; outlines its pre-colonial, colonial, and postcolonial political development; and argues that the region’s eleven countries fall into three broad regime categories: Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, and—most recently—Myanmar are examples of “electoral authoritarianism.” Brunei Darussalam, Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand after 2014 are closed autocracies that lack multiparty elections. Finally, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Timor- Leste make up the region’s defective democracies, all stable but suffering from different constellations of problems, including intermittent mass mobilization, corruption, and incomplete stateness. D. VARIETIES OF POLITIES A polity is an identifiable political entity—any group of people who have a collective identity, who are organized by some form of institutionalized social relations, and have a capacity to mobilize resources. A polity is an identifiable political entity—any group of people who have a collective identity, who are organized by some form of institutionalized social relations, and have a capacity to mobilize resources. A polity can be any other group of people organized for governance (such as a corporate board), the government of a country, or country subdivision. In geopolitics, a polity can be manifested in different forms such as a state, an empire, an international organization, a political organization and other identifiable, resource-manipulating 7 organizational structures. A polity like a state does not need to be a sovereign unit. The most preeminent polities today are Westphalian states and nation-states, commonly referred to as nations. A polity can encapsulates a vast multitude of organizations, many of which form the fundamental apparatus of contemporary states such as their subordinate civil and local government authorities. Polities do not need to be in control of any geographic areas, as not all political entities and governments have controlled the resources of one fixed geographic area. The historical Steppe Empires originating from the Eurasian Steppe are the most prominent example of non-sedentary polities. These polities differ from states because of their lack of a fixed, defined territory. Empires also differ from states in that their territories are not statically defined or permanently fixed and consequently that their body politic was also dynamic and fluid. It is useful then to think of a polity as a political community. A polity can also be defined either as a faction within a larger (usually state) entity, or at different times as the entity itself. For example, Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan are parts of their own separate and distinct polity. However, they are also members of the sovereign state of Iraq which is itself a polity, albeit one which is much less specific and as a result much less cohesive. Therefore, it is possible for an individual to belong to more than one polity at a time. Bands, “Autonomous” Villages, Chiefdoms, States Bands – Bands have been found primarily among foragers, especially self-sufficient pedestrian foragers. The total number of people within these societies rarely exceeds a few dozen. Bands are essentially associations of families living together. They are loosely allied by marriage, descent, friendship, and common interest. The primary integrating mechanism for these societies is kinship. Bands are extremely egalitarian--all families are essentially equal. There is no economic class differentiation. However, there are often clear status differences based on gender and age. No band level societies survive today with their traditional form of political organization intact. However, they did until the last half of the 19th century in out-of-the-way regions of northern Siberia, the desert and sub-arctic regions of North America and Greenland, the tropical lowlands of Central and South America, the Australian desert interior and tropical north, as well as a few isolated areas of Southeast Asia. While it is easy to think of these people and their traditional way of life in the past as oddities, it is important to keep in mind that the distant ancestors of all people on earth lived in bands at one time. Before the end of the last ice age, around 10,000 years ago, it is likely that very few societies had more complex levels of political integration. “Autonomous” Villages - The 'village' is a powerful unit of analysis in both a material and a metaphorical sense. The traditional village 'community' is often paraded as a paragon of virtue, and the modern village as a corrupted version of the original. Yet the notion of the traditional village as egalitarian, self-sufficient, autonomous, subsistence-oriented, corporate, peaceful and moral is often at odds with the historic evidence. As such, it presents difficulties when the image is used to construct visions of what 'development' is doing, and should be doing, in rural areas of the developing world. This paper looks at the evidence from Southeast Asia regarding the origins and structure of village 'communities' in the region, and examines some of the implications for development. Chiefdoms - Chiefdoms are similar to bands and tribes in being mostly classless societies. However, chiefdoms differ in having a more or less permanent, fulltime leader with real authority to make major decisions for their societies. These leaders are usually referred to by anthropologists as chiefs. Sometimes there is an advisory council as well, but there is no bureaucracy of professional administrators. The government is essentially just the chief. A chiefdom is a form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'. These elites form a political-ideological aristocracy relative to the general group. 8 State – State level political systems first appeared in societies with large-scale intensive agriculture. They began as chiefdoms and then evolved into more centralized, authoritarian kingdoms when their populations grew into tens of thousands of people. While chiefdoms are societies in which everyone is ranked relative to the chief, states are socially stratified into largely distinct classes in terms of wealth, power, and prestige. The processes of state formation in the agrarian states of Southeast Asia lend themselves to fruitful comparative analysis using Eliasian concepts. However, in the difficult physical environment of a region endowed with plentiful land relative to population, the control of labor was more important than control of territory, as demonstrated by the cases of Siam and Java. Moreover, the religious, ceremonial and symbolic significance of kingship remained very important even when the coercive power of the centre was weak. Courts made absolutist claims, but their dominance depended on symbolic power and on complex intrigues and networks of patronage. Elias is useful to analyze these endogenous processes of state formation. However, the modern states of the region were forged by colonialism, nationalist movements and the more recent technocratic developmentalist programmes of authoritarian elites. Rapid economic transformation and industrialization have brought new classes and new tensions to test the adequacy of state structures, now far removed from the elite territorial competition of the past. The pre-nineteenth century “theater” state In political anthropology, a theatre state is a political state directed towards the performance of drama and ritual rather than more conventional ends such as warfare and welfare. Power in a theatre state is exercised through spectacle. The term was coined by Clifford Geertz in 1980 in reference to political practice in the nineteenth-century Balinese Negara, but its usage has since expanded. Hunik Kwon and Byung-Ho Chung, for example, argue that contemporary North Korea is a theatre state. In Geertz's original usage, the concept of the theatre state contests the notion that precolonial society can be analyzed in the conventional discourse of Oriental despotism. Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali is a 1980 book written by anthropologist Clifford Geertz. Geertz argues that the pre-colonial Balinese state was not a "hydraulic bureaucracy" nor an oriental despotism, but rather, an organized spectacle. The noble rulers of the island were less interested in administering the lives of the Balinese than in dramatizing their rank and hence political superiority through large public rituals and ceremonies. These cultural processes did not support the state, he argues, but were the state. It is perhaps most clear in what was, after all, the master image of political life: kingship. The whole of the negara - court life, the traditions that organized it, the extractions that supported it, the privileges that accompanied it - was essentially directed toward defining what power was; and what power was what kings were. Particular kings came and went, 'poor passing facts' anonymized in titles, immobilized in ritual, and annihilated in bonfires. But what they represented, the model-and-copy conception of order, remained unaltered, at least over the period we know much about. The driving aim of higher politics was to construct a state by constructing a king. The more consummate the king, the more exemplary the centre. The more exemplary the centre, the more actual the realm. Geertz used the Balinese case to develop an abstract model of the Theatre state applicable to all the South East Asian Indic polities. To succinctly summarize his theory, "Power served pomp, not pomp power." Other anthropologists have contested the ahistorical, static nature of the model. They point out that he has depoliticized a political institution by emphasizing culture while ignoring its material base. Bureaucracies versus Oligarchies 9  As system the difference between oligarchy and bureaucracy is that oligarchy is a government run by only a few, often the wealthy while bureaucracy is structure and regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government operations. The signal performances of Southeast Asian countries in attaining economic growth and political stability are frequently explained by cultural and policy factors. Recent research suggests, however, that the role of the state is extensive and central to economic and political goals. The present approach to the comparative evaluation of state capacities attempts to account for the variations and nuances of the performance of Southeast Asian states. The structure of political support and available means of social control provide relatively greater capacity to state elites in Singapore and Malaysia, and less capacity to state elites in the Philippines and Indonesia; Thailand is an intermediate case. Democratic States versus Authoritarian States The word democracy comes from the Greek words ‘demos,’ which refers to the people, and ‘kratos,’ which means power. Thus, a democratic state is one in which power emanates from the people. One might say, then, that authoritarianism is the opposite of a democracy. In an authoritarian regime, all power is concentrated in one person alone, often referred to as the dictator. One of the most basic features of a democracy that sets it apart from authoritarianism is the process by which leaders are chosen. Because a democracy is meant to uphold the power of the people, leaders are chosen such that they truly represent the people’s interests. This is done through fair and honest elections, whereby citizens may collectively express their choice of leaders through the ballot. In an authoritarian state, such mechanisms are rendered either obsolete or futile. Dictators want to cling to power, and so the very notion of an election is counter to that desire. Thus, authoritarian states often do away with elections entirely, taking the choice away from the people to begin with. In more insidious cases, dictators engage the electoral process but dishonestly. By rigging the system, while offering their citizens the illusion of choice, the staged elections only serve to legitimize the dictator’s continued rule, as it continues to seem as if the dictator enjoys the support of the public. SOURCES: 1. https://asiasociety.org/education/introduction-southeast-asia 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia 3. http://www.asienreisender.de/rice.html 4. https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/political/pol_2.htm 5. https://study.com/academy/lesson/political-organizations-bands-tribes-chiefdoms- states.html 6. https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Southeast-Asia 10  After reading the content, answer the following questions and perform the suggested activities. CHALLENGE YOUR SELF 1. Construct a timeline illustrating sequence of the major event that happened during the prehistoric period in Southeast Asia from Paleolithic period to the age of Pottery Culture. Make a short explanation bellow on it. Construct your timeline here: Write your explanation on the space below: ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Identify some of the races and ethnicities in Southeast Asia with their location and any information about them by completing the table below: Ethnic Group Location Any Information About Them 11 3. Complete the diagram by indicating the development and advantages of the way of life of the people living the societies having the kind of subsistence strategy connecting on it. Subsistence Strategies Development and Advantages of the Way of Life Foraging Swidden Agriculture Traditional Wet Rice Cultivation Mechanized Agriculture 4. Define the following concepts by using your own words: a. Bands ___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ b. State ___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ c. Theater state ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ d. Oligarchies ______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 12  e. Authoritarian State ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ TRY THIS OUT 1. Chose a particular social structure based on subsistence strategy and establish your imagination that you are living on that certain kind of society. Write an imaginary diary of what you have experienced in a day. Try to be specific of the details on your status, family background, event of happenings and your way of living based on the structure of the society you have chosen. 13 14