Chapter 1: Medical Terminology Concepts

Summary

This document provides an introduction to the concepts of medical terminology, including the structure of medical terms (prefixes, suffixes, roots), combining forms, pronunciation guidelines, common abbreviations, and case studies.

Full Transcript

CHAPTER 1 THE CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY J.V CASE A 2 2 -Y E A R- O L D M A L E W I T H E P I G A S T R I C PA I N U N R E L I E V E D BY A N TAC I D S , O RT H O P N E A , A N D O C C A S I O N A L DY S P H AG I A WA S D I AG N O S E D W I T H...

CHAPTER 1 THE CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY J.V CASE A 2 2 -Y E A R- O L D M A L E W I T H E P I G A S T R I C PA I N U N R E L I E V E D BY A N TAC I D S , O RT H O P N E A , A N D O C C A S I O N A L DY S P H AG I A WA S D I AG N O S E D W I T H G E R D A FT E R U P P E R G I A N D G A S T R O S C O PY S H O W E D R E F LU X W I T H O U T B L E E D I N G , U L C E R S , O R S T R I C T U R E S. H E C O N S U M E S A L C O H O L M O D E RAT E LY , DOES NOT SMOKE, AND HAS NO OTHER S I G N I F I C A N T H E A LT H I S S U E S. T H E PAT I E N T WA S P R E S C R I B E D P R E VAC I D , G I V E N D I E TA RY R E C O M M E N DAT I O N S , A N D W I L L B E R E A S S E S S E D I N SIX MONTHS. 0 Explain the purpose of medical 1 terminology Name the languages from which most 0 medical word parts are derived. 2 0 LEARNING Define the terms root, suffix, and prefix. 3 0 Explain what combining forms are and OBJECTIVE 4 0 why they are used. Pronounce words according to the S 5 0 pronuncia?tion guide used in this text. List three features of medical 6 dictionaries. 0 Identify medical words and abbreviations 7 in case studies to review concepts of medical terminology. WHAT IS MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY? The language used to describe the human body, its processes, conditions, and procedures in the medical field. THE A S H O RT W O R D PA RT ADDED BEFORE A PREFIX ROOT TO MODIFY ITS MEANING. I S A S H O RT W O R D PA RT O R S E R I E S O F PA RT S A D D E D AT T H E THE END OF A ROOT TO SUFFIX T H E F U N DA M E N TA L MODIFY ITS THE U N I T O F E AC H MEANING. MEDICAL WORD. ROOT Examples: Term: Hypertension Prefix: Hyper- (meaning "excessive" or "above normal") Root: Tens (refers to pressure or tension) Suffix: -ion (indicates a condition or process) Hypertension = A condition of excessive pressure, often referring to high blood pressure. Term: Endocarditis Prefix: Endo- (meaning "inside" or "within") Root: Card (refers to the heart) Suffix: -itis (meaning "inflammation") Endocarditis = Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. COMBINING WORDS When a suffix or another root beginning with a consonant is added to a root, a vowel is inserted between them to aid in pronunciation. EXAMPLE: neur + o + logy = neurology (study of the nervous system) COMBINING WORDS WORD DERIVATION WORD DERIVATION: Most medical words are derived from Greek (G.) and Latin (L.), forming the basis of medical terminology. Examples of Word Derivations: The Latin word mus means “mouse” and is used to describe the movement of muscles, which resembles the scurrying of a mouse. The word coccyx (tailbone) originates from the Greek word for “cuckoo” because its shape resembles the bird’s bill. Words Ending in X Rules for Adding Suffixes to Words When a consonant precedes Ending in ‘X’: 'X': When a vowel precedes 'X': The 'X' changes to G. The 'X' changes to C. Example: Example: Thorax → Thoracic (pertaining to the Pharynx → Pharyngeal to the chest (pertaining to the throat). Suffixes Beginning with RH When adding a suffix beginning with “RH” to a root, the R is doubled. Examples: Hem/o (blood) + -rhage (bursting forth) → Hemorrhage (a bursting forth of blood). Men/o (menses) + -rrhea (flow, discharge) → Menorrhea (menstrual flow). PRONUNCIATION GUIDELINES Vowels may have short or long pronunciations (e.g., 'a' in cat vs. 'a' in say). Accented syllables in words can affect pronunciation. Soft and hard sounds: Soft 'c': racer Hard 'c': candy Soft 'g': page Hard 'g': grow SILENT LETTERS AND UNUSUAL PRONUNCIATION Some letters in medical terms are not pronounced (e.g., the "p" in pneumonia ). Unusual Pronunciations: Certain words may include letters that are pronounced differently within the term (e.g., the "g" in diagnosis). These variations can make medical terminology challenging but are essential for accurate communication LEARNING STYLES People process information differently in their own preferred style TYPES OF LEARNERS 1. VISUAL LEARNERS 2. AUDITORY LEARNERS 3. TACTILE LEARNERS ABBREVIATION An abbreviation is a short form of a word or phrase, made by leaving out some of the letters or by using only the first letter of each word. EXAMPLES Medical Abbreviations: TV → Television. hgb → Hemoglobin. F → Fahrenheit. ECG → UV → Ultraviolet. Electrocardiogram. Dr. → Doctor CA → Cancer PHASE ABBREVIATION typically refers to the shortened form or acronym used to represent different phases in a process, system, or context 1. FDA → Food and Drug Administration. 2. MRI → Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 3. AIDS → Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome SYMBOLS Definition: Symbols are shorthand notations often used in medical reports and case histories to represent words or concepts. Examples: 1. ↑ → Increase (e.g., increased heart rate). 2. ↓ → Decrease (e.g., decreased blood pressure). 3. @ → At or about. MEDICAL DICTIONARIES Medical dictionaries are reference tools that define medical terms and abbreviations. They are available in print or electronic formats and provide information on diseases, procedures, and body systems. Many include appendices with diagrams, test explanations, and other medical details. Feature of medical Comprehensive dictionaries Definitions Illustrations and Visual Aids Pronunciation Guides CASE STUDY J.V. underwent a gastroscopy procedure: - Visualization of the esophagus and stomach. - Found no signs of esophagitis or ulceration. - Prescribed a proton pump inhibitor and dietary adjustments. TEST TIME HAHA!! CHAPTER 1 1. The main part of a word is called the: Answer: C. Root 2. A word part at the beginning of a word is a: Answer: A. Prefix 3. A word part at the end of a word is the: Answer: D. Suffix 4. The adjective form of thorax, meaning “chest,” is: Answer: A. Thoracic 5. The ch in the word chemistry is pronounced like the letter: Answer: C. K 6. The ps in the word psychology is pronounced like the letter: Answer: B. S 7. The word below that has a hard g is: Answer: A. Grasp 8. The symbol ↓ means: Answer: C. decrease 1. A word part that always comes after a root is a(n): Suffix 2. A root with a vowel added to aid in pronunciation is called a(n): Combining form 3. Combine the word parts dia-, meaning “through,” and –rhea, meaning “flow,” to form a word meaning “passage of fluid stool”: Diarrhea 4. The abbreviation ETOH means (refer to Appendix 2): Ethanol (alcohol) 5. Use the flashcards at the back of the book to find that the word part –al, as in neurological, is one of several suffixes that mean: Pertaining to 6. Combine the root cardi-, meaning “heart,” with the suffix –logy, meaning “study of,” to form a word meaning “study of the heart”: Cardiology 7. Use Appendix 3 to find that the suffix in gastroscopy, seen in J.V.’s opening case study, means: Visual examination 8. Appendix 1 shows that the symbol ↑ means: Increase 9. Epi- in the term epigastric is a: b. Prefix 10. The –pnea in the term orthopnea is a: d. Suffix 11. The term musculoskeletal is a(n): D.Compound words 12. The adjective for larynx is: b. Laryngeal 13. The combining form for thorax (chest): b. Thorac/o 14. In J.V.’s case study, the term GERD represents a(n): b. Acronym 15. In the case study, the ph in dysphagia is pronounced as: c. F Phonetic Forms: Write the words they represent 21. KAR-de-ak = Cardiac 22. HI-dro-jen = Hydrogen 23. OK-u-lar = Ocular 24. IN-ter-fās = Interface 25. rə-MAT-ik = Rheumatic --- Word Building: Write words for the definitions using the word parts provided 26. Inflammation of the stomach = Gastritis 27. Study of the nervous system = Neurology 28. Dropping of the kidney = Nephroptosis 29. Study of the kidney = Nephrology 30. Inflammation of a nerve = Neuritis 31. Downward displacement of the heart = Cardioptosis 32. Dysmenorrhea (dis-men-o-REE-a) a. Dys = Difficult or painful b. Men/o = Menstruation c. –rhea = Flow or discharge Meaning: Painful or difficult menstrual flow --- 33. Cardiologist (kar-dee-OL-o-jist) a. Cardi/o = Heart b. –log/o = Study of c. –ist = Specialist Meaning: A specialist in the study of the heart --- 34. Nephritis (nef-RI-tis) a. Nephr/o = Kidney b. –itis = Inflammation Meaning: Inflammation of the kidney --- 35. Renogastric (ree-no-GAS-trik) a. Ren/o = Kidney b. Gastr/o = Stomach c. –ic = Pertaining to Meaning: Pertaining to the kidney and stomach

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