Bio 101: Medical Terminology - PDF

Chapter 1: The Basic Ideas BIO 101: Medical Terminology 1 Background and History Understanding medical background and history can help you to understand and appreciate medical terms Primitive medicine At least 10,000 years old Cave paint...

Chapter 1: The Basic Ideas BIO 101: Medical Terminology 1 Background and History Understanding medical background and history can help you to understand and appreciate medical terms Primitive medicine At least 10,000 years old Cave paintings depict surgeries and other medical procedures Although few scientific and medical facts were known, medical terms existed (Layman, 2007, p. 4-5) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 2 Early Medical Laws The Code of Hammurabi Code of laws created in Mesopotamia c. 1780 BC One of the first records of medical regulations and language Laws address social conduct, contracts, and military service Includes laws and punishments for physicians (Layman, 2007, p. 6-7) Hammurabi – Louvre, Paris, France “Louvre Code Hammurabi Face” photo by Mbzt licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. BIO 101: Medical Terminology 3  The Ancient Greeks and Asclepius Ancient Greek medicine was combined with ideas of spirituality and divine intervention. Asclepius was a well-known physician (c.1200 BC) who was later deified as the god of medicine and healing. Asclepius adopted the snake as a symbol of healing – the snake shedding its skin and then growing new skin Single snake coiled around a staff became the original symbol for medicine The Caduceus Over time, it changed to include two snakes “Caduceues – Large” by Rama (Layman, 2007, p. 7-9) (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. BIO 101: Medical Terminology 4  Hippocrates Born c. 460 B.C. Father of modern medicine Turned away from ideas of divine intervention, emphasizing a logical and natural approach Explored connections between diet and health/disease Explored human anatomy Hippocratic Oath, taken by new physicians: “ I will follow that method of treatment which, according to my ability and judgment, I consider for the benefit of my patients, and abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous.” (Layman, 2007, p. 10) Bust of Hippocrates “Bust of Hippocrates” photo by Wellcome licensed under CC BY 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons. BIO 101: Medical Terminology 5  Galen and Physiology Physiology – “body functions and the study of body functions” (Landesman, 2007, p. 10-11) Claudius Galen Philosopher/physician from Greece and Rome, AD 130-200 Known as the “Father of Experimental Physiology” Studied physiology through dissection of live animals (Layman, 2007, p. 10-12) Diagram illustrating Singer’s 1925 interpretation of Galen’s view of the human “Physiological System” “Galen’s ‘Physiological System’” photo by Wellcome licensed under CC BY 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons. BIO 101: Medical Terminology 6  Vesalius Andreas Vesalius – Italian professor (1514-1564) who is credited as the founder of modern anatomy His work was possible through dissection of human cadavers, which had previously been considered morally improper Artists observed these dissections, producing detailed drawings of human anatomy (Layman, 2007, p. 12-13) Andreas Vesalius “Portrait of Vesalius from his De humani corporis fabric” attributed to Jan van Calcar (circa 1499–1546/1550) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. BIO 101: Medical Terminology 7 Diseases, Injuries, and Therapies Disease or injury occurs when anatomy or physiology is not normal Important terms: Medical – “pertaining to healing” medic = “healing” al = “pertaining to” Therapy – a particular type of medical treatment (Layman, 2007, p. 14-15) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 8 Categories of Medical Terms History Anatomy Physiology Disease/Injury Therapy (Layman, 2007, p. 16) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 9 Medical Terms and Word Parts Root (trunk) – “main idea or concept of a word.” (Layman, 2007, p. 17) E.g., medic/al – medic is the root Suffix (legs) – “letter or letters that follows the root and modifies the meaning of a word.” (Layman, 2007, p. 19) E.g., medic/al – al is the suffix Prefix (head/neck) – “a letter or group of letters that comes before a root, thereby modifying the meaning of a word.” (Layman, 2007, p. 19) E.g., pre/medic/al – pre is the prefix (Layman, 2012, p. 17-18) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 10 Word Translation Insert slashes to divide the parts of the term E.g., medic/al Then, translate the parts of the term E.g., medic = “healing” al = “pertaining to” Suffix almost always comes first in common English translation E.g., “pertaining to healing” (Layman, 2012, p. 19) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 11 Word Building or Synthesis Medical word building or synthesis: “the building up of a new medical word by combining two or more word parts together.” E.g., prefix + root + suffix = new medical term pre + medic + al = premedical meaning “ pertaining to (the period) before healing” (Layman, 2012, p. 19-20) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 12 Summary of Word Parts Three types of word parts: prefixes, roots, and suffixes Every medical term has a root and suffix Not every medical term has a prefix (Layman, 2007, p. 20) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 13 Combining Vowel Combining vowel – added between word parts to make pronunciation easier (Layman, 2007, p. 20) E.g., speed/o/meter – o is the combining vowel When building a new medical term, adding a combining vowel never hurts! (Layman, 2007, p. 22) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 14 Chapter 2: Terms of Anatomy, Anesthesia, and Surgery BIO 101: Medical Terminology 15 Background and History Surgery – literally, “hand work” Operation – “process of working” BIO 101: Medical Terminology 16 Trephination Trephin/ation = “boring”/“process of” = “process of boring Evidence of surgical work appears in prehistoric fossils Oldest of these fossils are skulls of Peruvian Native Americans that are more than 10,000 years old Trephination/trepanation – type of surgery that involves boring into bones, often the skull Performed by ancient Peruvians to relieve fluid build-up due to skull fractures (Layman, 2007, p. 29) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 17 Trephination and Sedation Sedat/ion = “quieting”/“process of” = “process of quieting down Sedation was necessary prior to a painful trephination procedure Peruvians used natural sources, such as coca leaves, a natural source of cocaine, a narcotic Narc/ot/ic – narc = “pertains to sleepiness or numbness”, narcot = “state of benumbing”, ic = “pertains to” Sedation is still used in conjunction with anesthesia An/esthes/ia = “without”/ “feeling” / “condition” = “a condition without feeling” BIO 101: Medical Terminology 18 Trephination Procedure Surgical Terms: Incise – “to cut into” Retractor Cranium – “skull” Inferior – “below” Postoperative – “after an operation” BIO 101: Medical Terminology 19 Summary of Terms Key Terms operative sedation surgical preoperative cranial anesthesia trephination, trepanation narcosis superior postoperative (Table 2.1, Layman, 2007, p. 31) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 20 John Hunter and Scientific Surgery Scottish surgeon and anatomist (mid 1700s) Ana/tom/ist – “one who specializes in” (ist) “cutting” (tom) the body “up or apart” (ana) Used autopsies improve the accuracy of surgery Autopsy – “the process of” (-y) “seeing” (ops) a dead body personally, for your own “self” (auto) Took biopsies: “the process of” (-y) “seeing” (ops) the tissues of a “living” (bi) thing. Living tissue is isolated using forceps, then excised–”cut” (cis) “out of” (ex) the body (Layman, 2007, p. 32) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 21 Scientific Surgery, cont. Cauterization – “the process of” (-tion) “burning” (cauter) Method used to prevent bleeding and seal blood vessels after a biopsy Ligatures – thread or wire that is “tied” (ligat) around a cut blood vessel to stop heavy bleeding Ligation – “the process of” (-ion) “tying” (ligat) and narrowing a blood vessel or other structure BIO 101: Medical Terminology 22 Summary of Terms Key Terms ligature autopsy ligation biopsy anatomical cauterization anatomist (Table 2.2, Layman, 2007, p. 34) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 23  William Morton and Anesthesia William Morton – Boston dentist who is credited as the first anesthesiologist Used ether inhaler, which caused patient to become unconscious (general or surgical anesthesia Local anesthesia – anesthetic is injected into a specific area on a patient’s body Anesthesiologist – “one who studies” (-ologist) “the lack of” (an) “feeling” (thesi) Anesthetist – “one who specializes in” (-ist) anesthesia Ether Inhaler, National Museum of American History, Washington, DC, USA “Ether Inhaler” photo by Daderot (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons BIO 101: Medical Terminology 24 Anesthesia and Analgesia Anesthesia – “patient lacks feeling or sensation of any kind, including sense of pain” (Layman, 2007, p. 33) Analgesia – “a condition” (-ia) “without” (an-) “pain” (alges) Analgesia does not produce the numbing and loss of sensation that anesthesia produces—only a loss of pain. (Layman, 2007, p. 35) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 25 Summary of Terms Key Terms analgesia anesthetize analgesic anesthesiologist anesthetic anesthetist (Table 2.3, Layman, 2007, p. 36) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 26 Chapter 3: Terms of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases BIO 101: Medical Terminology 27 Background and History Infection – “the process of” (ion) “dipping into, corrupting, or invading” (infect) (Layman, 2007, p. 44) Infectious diseases – “referring to” (-ious) various types of body “invasions” (Layman, 2007, p. 44) Infections invade organisms – “a condition of being” (-ism) a body having one or more “organs” (organ) Organisms are part of biology – the “study of” (-ology) “life” (bi). BIO 101: Medical Terminology 28 Organisms Macroscopic organisms – “large” (macro) enough to be “examined” (scop) with the naked eye Microscopic organisms – so “tiny” (micro) that they can only be examined (scop) using a microscope BIO 101: Medical Terminology 29  Galileo Italian scientist who developed the first microscope in the early 1500’s (Layman, 2007, p. 46) More well-known for his work with telescopes Considered the first microsopist – “one who specializes in” (-ist) “examining tiny” (micr) things, both living and nonliving. Microscopoy – “the process of examining” (-oscopy) “tiny” (micr) things Galileo Galilei Photo by User: JoJan (Own work) licensed under CC BY-SA , via Wikimedia Commons. BIO 101: Medical Terminology 30  Leeuwenhoek and Microbiology Anton van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch drape-maker Began making his own magnifying lenses in order to better see the thread patterns in linen fabrics At first he used a handheld device, but later on invented the first stand-up microscope He viewed pond water underneath the microscope and observed hundreds of tiny organisms, which he called animalcules – “tiny” (-cules) “animals” These organisms are now called protozoa – “the first or most primitive” (proto-) types of “animals” (zoa) Bodies of protozoa consist of just one living cell (Layman, 2007, p. 47-48) ‘Animalcules’ observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, c. 1795 By Anton van Leeuwenhoek [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons BIO 101: Medical Terminology 31 Leeuwenhoek, cont. Also discovered bacteria (“little staffs, clubs, or rods”) Leeuwenhoek is credited as the first bacteriologist and protozoologist (-olgist – “specialist in studying”) Types of bacteria that Leeuwenhoek observed: Cocci – named because they look like “round berries” Spirochetes – named because they look like tiny “coiled hairs” Spirilla – named because they look like “tight coils” (Layman, 2007, p. 50) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 32 Electron Microscope Electron microscope – “focuses a beam of electrons (tiny negatively charged particles) upon a specimen” Necessary for viewing tiny things such as viruses Examples: Leukocyte – “white” (leuk) blood “cell” (cyt) Parasite – “a creature that is an unwanted ‘guest’ of some other organism” (Layman, 2007, p. 52) Electron Microscope By Stahlkocher (Own work) licensed under CC-BY-SA-3.0 via Wikimedia Commons BIO 101: Medical Terminology 33 Summary of Terms Key Terms organism microscopist biological unicellular macroscopic microorganism microscopic bacteriologist microscopy (Table 3.2, Layman, 2007, p. 53) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 34 Pathogenic Macroscopic (Gross) Organisms Pathogenic – “disease” (path) “producing” (gen) Pathogens – “disease producers” Nonpathogenic – “not” (non) “disease producers” Suffix –iasis means “abnormal condition of” E.g., ancylostomiasis – “abnormal condition of” (-iasis) having “hookworms” (ancylostom) (Layman, 2007, p. BIO 101: Medical Terminology 35 Pathogenic Fungi Fungus – “presence of” (-us) a “mushroom” (fung) Fungi kingdom includes unicellular yeasts and multicellular molds and mushrooms Fungal infection – attack by yeast cells that are microscopic parasites Fungal infestation – attack by large, grossly visible multicellular fungi Mycosis – an “abnormal condition” (-osis) caused by a parasitic “fungus” (myc) Can be an infection (unicellular, microscopic) Or, an infestation (multicellular, gross) (Layman, 2007, p. 54-55) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 36 Vectors Vectors – Latin word for “carrier” Help to spread parasites that cannot enter the human body without assistance Examples: Wood ticks Mosquitoes Feces of infected birds (Layman, 2007, p. 55-56) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 37 Summary of Terms Key Terms pathogenic nematode multicellular ancylostomiasis nonpathogenic (Table 3.3, Layman, 2007, p. 57) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 38 Chapter 4: Terms of Therapy BIO 101: Medical Terminology 39 Background and History Therapy – the “process of” (-y) “treating” (therap) Therapy for illness and injury had existed since early human history Trauma – “wound” Used to refer to physical injuries and injuries involving the mind Other types of wounds, such as lesions from an illness, are not called trauma Traumatology – the “study of” (-ology) “physical wounds” (traumat) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 40 Background and History, cont. Pathology – the “study of” (-ology) “disease and suffering” (path) Pathologist – “one who studies” (-ologist) “disease” (path) Morbidity – a “condition of” (-ity) “illness” (morbid) in general Mortality – a “condition of” (-ity) “death” (mortal) Postmortem – “after” (post) “death” (mortem) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 41  Nurses and Therapy Florence Nightingale – Mother of Modern Nursing Was a nurse in England in mid-1800’s Treated soldiers wounded during Crimean War She realized that the high mortality rate in the military hospital was due to diseases caused by dirty conditions She and the other nurses cleaned the hospital using disinfectants – “ones which” (-ants) take “away” (dis-) “infections” (infect) These disinfectants killed many of the bacterial pathogens, and reduced the high morbidity (illness) and Florence Nightingale mortality (death) rates (Layman, 2007, p. 65-66) By Evert A. Duyckinish [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons BIO 101: Medical Terminology 42 Major Types of Therapy Two broad types of therapy: Chemotherapy Physiatrics – medical “treatment” (-iatrcs) and diagnosis using “natural” (physi), nonchemical agents Also known as physiotherapy or physical therapy BIO 101: Medical Terminology 43 Physiatrics Physiatrics includes: Electrotherapy – the use of “electrical current” (electro) as a “treatment” for mental illness and other clinical problems Diathermy – the “process of” (-y) applying “heat” (therm) “through” (dia-) Heliotherapy – involves the use of the “sun” (heli) and its rays for healing purposes (E.g., vitamin D deficiency) Cryotherapy – the “process of” (-y) “treating” (therap) medical problems with the application of “cold” (cry) Radiotherapy – “treatment” using “rays” (radi), usually x-rays released during radiation BIO 101: Medical Terminology 44 Physiatrics, cont. Prosthesis – an “[artificial] addition” to the body, usually an artificial limb Prostheses are now being replaced by robotic limbs Man-machine combination of human and robotic parts – cybernetic organism (Layman, 2007, p. 66-67) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 45 Summary of Terms Key Terms therapy mortality traumatology pathologist pathology postmortem morbidity physiatrics mortality diathermy (Table 4.1, Layman, 2007, p. 68) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 46  Chemotherapy Chemotherapy – “treating” morbid or premorbid problems with the use of “chemicals” Shen Nung – ancient Chinese doctor known as the Father of Chinese Pharmacy and Pharmacology Pharmacy – the “preparation of drugs” Pharmacology – the “study of” (-ology) “drugs” (pharmac) Examples: Mandrake – a plant with narcotic effects, and that can induce vomiting Ginseng – a plant whose roots are used for their stimulant effect (Layman, 2007, p. 69-70) Carved wood figure of Shen Nung Photo by Wellcome Images, licensed under CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons BIO 101: Medical Terminology 47  Chemotherapy, cont. Modern chemotherapy Sometimes uses treatments previously found in nature Creates highly purified forms in labs E.g., aspirin is made from a chemical also found in the bark of willow trees, which was used by ancient people as an analgesic Ernest Fourneau – French chemist (1872 – 1949) who is known for synthesizing many valuable drugs, for example: Sulfa drugs Ernet Fourneau, Father of Chemotherapy By [Inconnu - Photothèque historique] [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons BIO 101: Medical Terminology 48 Chemotherapy, cont. Antihistamines – drugs that act “against” (anti-) the natural substance called “histamine” Histamine – released from injured cells during inflammation Inflammation – a “condition of” (-tion) a “flame within” (inflamm) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 49 Main Types of Modern Drugs Twelve major types of drugs used for therapy: Anti-inflammatory – drugs that act “against” (anti-) the symptoms of tissue “inflammation.” E.g., aspirin Antihistamines Antipyretics – drugs that act “against” (anti-) the effects of a “fever” (pyret) E.g., acetylsalicylic acid, found in aspirin Analgesics – drugs that “take away” (an-) the sense of “pain” (alges) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 50 Modern Drugs, cont. Anesthetics – drugs that “take away” (an-) all body “feelings” (esthet) Narcotics – drugs that create a powerful “benumbing” (narc) effect E.g., cocaine Sedatives – drugs that “pertain to” (-ive) “quieting down” (sedat) a patient; decrease consciousness, reduce shaking Stimulants – drugs that “goad or excite”(stimul) the central nervous system, or other body system E.g., caffeine BIO 101: Medical Terminology 51 Modern Drugs, cont. Depressants – drugs that “press down” or decrease functions of particular body parts Include: central nervous system depressants, cardiac (heart) depressants, and respiratory (respirat – “breathing again”) depressants Tranquilizers – drugs that “calm” anxious or agitated people Do not decrease consciousness Antibiotics – drugs derived from mold or bacteria that act “against” or inhibit the “living” (bi) pathogenic microbes that cause infections E.g., Penicillins – antibiotics extracted from Penicillium fungus Antitoxins BIO 101: Medical Terminology 52 Modern Drugs, cont. Antitoxins – drugs that work “against” the effects of toxins or poisons. E.g., snake venom antitoxins (Layman, 2007, p. 71-73) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 53 Summary of Terms Key Terms pharmacology anti-inflammatory pharmacologist antipyretic inflammation sedative pharmacist antibiotic (Tabe 4.2, Layman, 2007, p. 74) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 54 Case History Key terms from medical case history: Barbiturate – a type of central nervous system (CNS) depressant Amphetamine – a type of CNS stimulant Euphoria – inappropriate feeling of “well-being” Addiction – “a process of” (-ion) “giving over to” (addict) something, such as a drug Physical dependence Psychic dependence – psychic – “pertaining to” (-ical) “mind” (psych) Intravenous (IV) – drugs given “within” (intra-) a “vein” (ven) Amphetamine poisoning – toxic “poisoning” effect of amphetamine overdosage BIO 101: Medical Terminology 55 Case Study, cont. Hallucinations – “wanderings of the mind” Delirium – the “presence of” (-um) extreme “raving” or “craziness” (deliri) Tachycardia – state in which the “heart” (cardi) is beating very “fast” (tachy) Convulsions – state of “violent tearing or shaking” (convuls) of the limb muscles Circulatory collapse – complete failure of heart’s pumping action and blood “circulation” (circul) Intramuscular (IM) – “within” (intra-) “muscle” (muscul) (Layman, 2007, p. 74-76) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 56