Thermophiles Part 1 PDF

Physiology and Screening of Industrial Microorganisms SCCG 3673 2024/2025 1 Dr. Praseetha Prabhakaran [email protected] T02, Level 4 ...

Physiology and Screening of Industrial Microorganisms SCCG 3673 2024/2025 1 Dr. Praseetha Prabhakaran [email protected] T02, Level 4  Chapters 1. Introduction 2. Microbial Growth Requirement 3. Methods of Isolating Pure Cultures 4. Screening of Anaerobic Microorganisms 5. Screening of Thermophilic Microorganisms 6. Screening of Alkalophilic Microorganisms 7. Screening of Acidophilic Microorganims  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this chapter you should be able to : 1. Explain how microbes can be classified on the basis of temperature requirements. 2. Define the following terms : psychropilic, mesophilic, thermophilic microbes. 3. Explain the major groups of thermophilic microbes and where they can be found in the environment. 4. Explain how can thermophiles and hyperthermophiles survive at high temperatures. 5. Describe the various substrate treatments and isolation techniques that can be used to isolate thermophiles from the environment. 6. Describe the potential role of thermophiles in industrial and environmental biotechnological applications.  CHAP 5 SCREENING OF THERMOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS  THERMOPHILES THERMOPHILES  Microorganisms that have an ability to grow at high temperatures. Optimum temperature >> 45oC but less than 80oC.  Have been isolated from many prokaryotic groups of MO:- Cyanobacteria Actinomycetes Gram negative aerobes Pseudomonads Phototsynthetic bacteria Spore formers Lactic acid bacteria Methane producers Methane utilizers Sulphur oxidizers and sulphate reducers Mycoplasma THERMOPHILES  CLASSIFICATION OF THERMOPHILES Psychrophilic : -10 to 20oC. (cold-loving: opt 10oC) Psychrotrophs : 0 to 30oC (opt 20oC) Mesophilic : 20 to 40oC. (moderate-temp-loving:opt 37oC) *E.coli Thermophiles : 55 – 80oC. (heat-loving: opt 60oC) Extreme thermophiles @ Hyperthermophiles : optimum temperature above 80oC. Hot springs associated with volcanic activity. Optimum 90oC. CLASSIFICATION OF THERMOPHILES THERMOPHILES THERMOPHILES CLASSIFICATION OF THERMOPHILES Methanopyrus kandleri can survive in temperatures in excess of 250 degrees F (122oC). It currently holds the record for hottest thermophile CLASSIFICATION OF THERMOPHILES  KINGDOM OF THERMOPHILES Divided into Eubacteria, Archaebacteria and Eukarya UNIVERSAL PHYLOGENETIC TREE KINGDOM OF THERMOPHILES  EU & ARCHAE BACTERIA The most ancient is Aquifex-Hydrogenobacter (>90oC) group (hyperthermophiles) – chemolithotrophs hyperthermophilic which oxidizes H2 or reduced sulfur compounds. Thermatoga is another hyperthermophile but a chemoorganotrophic organism (anaerobic fermentative). Archae – Halobacterium salinarum, Pyrococcus furiosus,Methanosarcina mazei, Picrophilus torridus (acidophile) Although prokaryotes, they are more closely related to Eukarya. Most kingdoms in Archae are thermophilic / hyperthermophilic. EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA KINGDOM OF THERMOPHILES Extremophiles  SOURCES OF THERMOPHILES Hot Springs and Associated Soils (near boiling point/above) Extremely acid- Sulfolobus, Thermoplasm, Thiobacillus Acid to neutral - Thiobacillus Neutral – Clostridium Neutral to alkaline – Thermus, Bacillus Geothermally heated soil – Clostridum, Bacillus Submarine thermal vents – Thermotoga, Pyrodictum Thermus aquaticus Sulfolobus  SOURCES OF THERMOPHILES Spontaneously Heated Substrate (60 to 70ºC)  Mushroom compost - Thermoactinomyces  Municipal compost - Bacillus  Sewage - Methanobacterium  Composted sewage - Streptomyces  Bird’s nest - Fungi  Power station effluent- sinter formed by bacteria/fungi  Hot tap water - Thermus  Canned food - Clostridium  SOURCES OF THERMOPHILES Unheated Substrate (50ºC)  Soil – actinomycetes, fungi  Peat (tanah gambut)  Lake and river sediments  Marine sediments  Copper mine leach dump - Thiobacillus  House dust - Thermoactinomyces  Air  Sugar – Bacillus, Clostridium, Lactobacillus  SOURCES OF THERMOPHILES Wide range of environment which include volcanic & geothermal regions in the USA, Mexico, Japan, Iceland, Russia & New Zealand. Malaysia Hot Springs-Sungai Klah, Perak; Sungai Gersik, Muar, Johor. SOURCES OF THERMOPHILES Sungai Klah Hot Springs Park, Perak  SOURCES OF THERMOPHILES Oil well Suwa Hotspring in Nagano Waterlogged soil Japan Green Dragon Spring at Norris Lake sediments Geyser Basin in Yellowstone, USA Hydrothermal Vents: black smoker chimney 350°C  SOURCES OF THERMOPHILES Crater Lake, White Island Sinter, Opaheke This small lake lies in the crater of The unusual shapes on this sinter, White Island volcano. The growing at Opaheke, are created distinctive green is caused by by rapidly flowing thermal water sulfur, along with extremophilic and the presence of thermophilic micro-organisms. The water is bacteria. highly acid, with a pH of about 1, and an elevated temperature of SQG 2313 about 50°C. DR. SHAFINAZ SHAHIR SOURCES OF THERMOPHILES This geyser at Tokaanu shows how the growth of thermophilic organisms is dependent on temperature. The bright orange and green patches are cyanobacteria living in the splash zone and outflow of the geyser. The orange cyanobacteria grow best in a ring around the geyser, while the green cyanobacteria grow in the much cooler outflow.  SOURCES OF THERMOPHILES This is a view of the ocean floor near a hydrothermal vent, New Zealand. The suction sampler is vacuuming up some organic microbial mat, while the probe beneath it records the temperature.