Chapter 7 The Skeleton PDF

Chapter 7 The Skeleton PART 1 THE AXIAL SKELETON Skull ridge Vertebral column 7.1 The skull consists of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones Name, describe, and identify the skull bones. Identify their important markings. Compare and contrast the major functions of th...

Chapter 7 The Skeleton PART 1 THE AXIAL SKELETON Skull ridge Vertebral column 7.1 The skull consists of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones Name, describe, and identify the skull bones. Identify their important markings. Compare and contrast the major functions of the cranium and the facial skeleton. Overview of skull topography Cranium func+on Y - Enclose and protect the brain coronal A8achment sites for head and neck muscles - Flat bones Sutures - Squamous - interlocking joints - immobile W - serrated appearance The major skull sutures include - coronal and sagi,al - squamous and lambdoid sutures Lamboid Facial Facial bones func+on - Framework of the face bones - Anchor the facial muscles of expression - Cavi+es o special sense organs of sight, taste, and smell - Provide openings for air and food passage - Secure the teeth > maxilla -> upper teeth - - Mandible > lower teeth -.  Cranial vault calvaria ---- - - Forms superior, lateral, posterior aspects of skull ↑ -- --- Cranial base - - Forms inferior aspect of skull Cranial fossae o Anterior o Middle o Posterior - Brains sits on top superior h] cranial middle Fossa Define the bony boundaries of the orbits, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. Small cavities in skull - Orbits o eyeballs - Nasal cavity - Sinus - air filled, lighten the skull o Frontal o Maxillary Frontal orbits Maxillary hasa s  Name, describe, and identify the skull bones. Identify their important markings. Cranium Frontal Bone Frontal - Anterior cranial bone - Supraorbital margins o thickened part under the eyebrows Parietal Bones and Major sutures Frontal Coronal - sutures for parietal bones and ____________ bone Nasal bone supraorbital Sagittal - sutures for parietal bones margin temporal Squamous- sutures for parietal and _______________ bone occipital Lambdoid - sutures for parietal and _______________ bone lacrimal Zygomatic maxilla nasal conchae (inferior) romer Facial bones mandible Mandible - largest , strongest _____________________________ bone in face - _____________________bone irregular Maxilla - connects with zygomatic, nasal, and lacrimal bone. - Houses __________________teeth upper Zygomatic bones - temporal bone cheekbones that connect with maxilla and ____________ Nasal bones Sagittal - form bridge of nose Lacrimal bones - where tears fall Vomer - forms part of nasal septum Inferior nasal conchae - form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity Lamboid Temporal Bones Petrous part - Mastoid process - Sternockidomastoid (scm) attachment for __________________________ occipital Ext mastoid prot process Occipital Bone External Occipital protuberance - attachment for ________________________ upper trapezius  Cranium Parietal Bones and Major sutures - Coronal - Sagittal - Squamous - Lambdoid Temporal Bones Squamous part I. - I Zygomatic process and arch. o Attachment for ________________ masseter Tympanic part 2. - Z External Acoustic Meatus. o Ear canal ↳ Si Petrous part - 3 Mastoid process - 4 Styloid process Stylhyoid muscle o attachment for _______________ W Midsagittal Sphenoid bone - S Sella turcica of sphenoid bone o Hypophyseal Fossa-pitratory gland. Palatine bone - Hard palate Temporal bone - 6 Internal Acoustic meatus + o CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Hearing - balance. 6 S Hard palate Inferior Occipital Bone Foramen Magnum - Brain stem à medulla Occipital condyles - Articulates with superior articular facet of ____ C) Temporal Bones Squamous part - Mandibular fossa o Receives ____________________ condylar process of mandible Mandibular earotid canal Petrous part TMJ Fossa - Jugular foramen ⑧ o CN IX, X, XII & Internal jugular vein - Carotid canal JugularForamen o ____________ internal carotid artery occipital condyle Foramen magnum  olfactory- Smell > - CNI cribi Form plate Ethmoid Ethmoid bone [ I Crista galli - Dura mater 3 Stone" Sphenoid bone -"Key - 8. rotundum Hypophyseal Fossa of Sella turcica - 2 _____________________ 2 F ovale. - Greater wing and Lesser wing F spinosum. - 3 Optic Canal o CN II optic - Foramen rotundum and ovale 4 o CN V branches - Foramen spinosum o middle meningeal artery Temporal Bones Petrous part Hypoglossal canal - Middle and inner ear cavities o 4 Internal Acoustic meatus > CN VIII - - Jugular foramen balance Semicircular canals - Hearing-cochlea Ethmoid I Occipital bone 2 Hypoglossal canal - CN XII Hypoglossal Ethmoid bone 3 - Crista galli - ↳ Cribiform plates - 3 Lateral mass Superior view of Sphenoid bone - Hypophyseal fossa of Sella turcica - Greater wing and Lesser wing - Superior Orbital fissure o CN III, IV, VI o V1 - Optic Canal - Foramen rotundum, ovale, spinosum Poster view of Sphenoid bone - Body of sphenoid - Greater and Lesser wing - Pterygoid process - Superior Orbital fissure  Squamous Temporal Bones Squamous part-ends at squamous suture M - Zygomatic process and arch - Mandibular fossa TMJ o Receives condylar process of mandible to form __________ Tympanic part- part of external ear - External Acoustic Meatus Temporal Petrous part Middle and inner ear cavities - Internal Acoustic meatus Mastoid process · Styloid process Mandibular Fossa Tympanic part mandible T Temporo- out fossa coronoid process Mandible Facial bones - Ramus and mandibular angle o masseter condylar - Mandibular notch process - Coronoid process o temporalis - Condylar process o Forms _____________ TMJ with mandibular fossa - Body of Mandible - Alveolar process - Mental foramen Maxilla - Frontal process - Orbital surface - Zygomatic process - Alveolar process - Infraorbital foramen  Hyoid Bone - anchored by stylohyoid ligaments o styloid processes of temporal bone - moveable base for tongue Special Characteristics of the Orbits and Nasal Cavity The Orbits The Orbits Formed by 7 bones 3 2 - I Frontal, Zygomatic, and Sphenoid - 4 Maxilla and Palatine S I - Lacrimal and Ethmoid Frontal 67 7 3 ↳ S 2 4 The Nasal Cavity The Nasal Cavity meatus Sop. - Conchae of Ethmoid (superior, middle, inferior) Conchae middle - I Perpendicular plate of palatine bone inf o Both forms _______________ lateral walls - Conchae is more ________________ medial - Meatus is _____________________ lateral (superior, middle, inferior) Function L opening/passageway - Conchae improve ______________ air Flow o mucous surface helps trap debris - 2 Cribiform plate of Ethmoid bone I roof o forms ______________ of nasal cavity - 4 Palatine processes of maxillae and the palatine bones 3 o forms ______________ floor of nasal cavity (hard palate) 2 - 3 Palatine - Floor - Hard bo ne palate y Palatine process Paranasal Sinuses Paranasal sinuses ! - Frontal - - iEthmoid and Sphenoid 3 Maxillary Features i - Mucosa lined; air filled sinuses - Moth appearance - Material flows in and out due to openings in sinuses that connect to nasal cavity Function - warm and humidify air - lighten skull - enhance resonance of speech 7.2 The vertebral column is a flexible, curved support structure. Describe the structure of the vertebral column, list its components, and describe its curvatures. Indicate a common function of the spinal curvatures and the intervertebral discs. Discuss the structure of a typical vertebra and describe regional features of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. General Characteristics Regions and Curvatures ↓ Total of 24 vertebrae (unfused) Cervical region C1 – C___ Con______ Thoracic region T1 – T___ Con______ Lumbar region L1 – L____ Con______ Sacral region ____ Fused Con______ Coccyx ____ fused vertebrae  Ligaments ↓Anterior Longitudinal – prevent hyper____________ extension 2 Posterior Longitudinal – prevent hyper___________ flexion 3 Ligamentum flavum ↓ - connects adjacent vertebra at __________ lamina - preserves upright posture 4 Interspinous - connects _____________ spinous processes 3 2 - limits ____________ Flexion 5 Supraspinous 4 - connects posterior projections of spinous processes - flexion limits _____________ Intervertebral Discs Nucleus pulpous post long - elastic and compressible - gelatinous like ball inside Annulus fibrosis Ant. long - collagen fibers outer ring composed of _________________ Herniated disc - protrusion of _____________ nucleus pulpous through the___________________. annulus Fibrosis - can result in nerve compression Herniated disc annulus Fibrosis nucleus polpons Abnormalities Scoliosis - thoracic S shaped, common in __________region - more common in girls Kyphosis - thoracic region Excess curvature at ___________ Lordosis - Excess curvature at ___________ lumbar region scoliosis Lordosis kyphosis  General structure of vertebrae post. Spinous process Body - anterior portion TransverseProcess - intervertebral disc sandwich forms where ____________________ Vertebral arch – posterior portion that connects to body Spinal cord Vertebral foramen – ___________________ passes through Transverse process – lateral Facets – _________________ of vertebra vertebral Superior Articular stacking Pedicle – projects posteriorly and forms side of arch Arch facet Lamina – complete posterior arch Lamina Spinous process – posterior vertebral pedicle foramen Body Any. Regional Vertebral characteristics Cervical vertebrae post Tubercule. Features - C1 and C2 are hollow o C1 is _____________ atlas transverse foramen o C2 is _____________ ax is - Form _______________________ atlantoaxial joint facet for o Secured via _____________ transverse ligament of _________ atlas ant tubercule Dens - C1 superior articular _____________ facet. C1-superior C1-Inferior o articulates with occipital ________________ condyles spinous process o forms __________________________joint antlanto-occipital - Dens on C2 o articulates with ____________for facet dens o Facets stack on top of each other - Transverse foramen o ____________________ vertebral artery passes through Dens Body C2 - Superior Dens Cl transverse ligament of atlas C1 Catas) 12 (axis) up Bifid spinous process Thoracic vertebrae - Shaped like a giraffe posteriorly - Heart shaped body 8 - ____________ Steep slope of spinous process - Transverse costal facets receive ___________ tubercule of rib Transversecoast a facet - Inferior costal facet receives ______________ head of rib inf costal facet. ↳ Head of rib Lumbar vertebrae - Shaped like a moose posteriorly E - Thick, Kidney shaped body - __________ slope of spinous process Sacrum and Coccyx - 5 Fused vertebrae O - Auricular surface Auricular o forms the _______SI joint surface - Anterior sacral foramina o ______________ ventral rami 7 o blood vessels nerves - Posterior sacral foramina I 2 o ______________ dorsal rami coccyx  7.3 The thoracic cage is the bony structure of the chest. Name and describe the bones of the thoracic cage. Features Differentiate true from false ribs. - True ribs ______ 1 7 - v. False ribs ________ 8- 17 Sternum and Ribs - Floating ribs _______________ 11 * 12 clavicular s n - Hyaline cartilage (Costal) Functions * - - Protection of thoracic cavity biness - Attachment site for muscles Regions of sternum - Manubrium, body, xiphoid true - First rib attaches to _________________ manubrium 11 Muscle attachments - SCM Sterrocidomastoid - - o clavicle and manubrium - Rectus abdominis o Ribs ______ 5 7 - Falsea intercostal - o xiphoid process Intercostal muscles between ribs space - Pectoralis major o sternum and medial clavicle "Floating o Ribs _________ 1- 7 superior costal transverseas facet O Qubercule Transverse costal facets receive ________________ of rib Superior costal facet receive __________________ head of rib PART 2 THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 7.4 Each pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle and a scapula Identify bones forming the pectoral girdle and relate their structure and arrangement to the function of this girdle. Identify important bone markings on the pectoral girdle. Pectoral (shoulder) girdle components - Clavicle and Scapula - Sternal end of clavicle o attaches to clavicular notch of ________________ manubrium - Acromial end of clavicle o forms ______________________________ Acromioclavicular joint oint Arrangement of shoulder girdle enables mobility but has poor _________________ · AC stability clavicle - Only the clavicle attaches to axial skeleton - Shallow glenoid cavity Acromion - Shoulder dislocations are common Ligaments and muscles - ________________________ Stabilize humerus in the scapula g Sternala scapula Acromial end  Anterior medial Scapulae lateral Acromion Suprascapul materar Superior border Anterior Medial border - Rhomboid major Lateral border - Teres ________________ minor corocoid superior angle Superior angle process - Levator scapulae glenoid ity Inferior angle - Teres _________________ major Glenoid cavity - head __________of humerus articulates - forms ____________________ ball and socket joint Coracoid process - Biceps brachii (________________ Short head) lateral subscapular fossa Subscapular fossa border - Subscapularis medial border inf. angle Posterior Spine - Trapezius - __________________ posterior deltoid as Supraspinos Acromion - Trapezius - middle __________________ deltoid Spine Supraspinous fossa - supraspinatus infraspinous Infraspinous fossa Fossa - infraspinatus Lateral supraglenoid Supraglenoid tubercle tubercule - long head) biceps brachii (_____________ Infraglenoid tubercle - - long head) triceps brachii (_____________ I/ infraglenoid ↓ bercule Ant post. 7.5 The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, and hand Identify bones forming the pectoral girdle and relate their structure and arrangement to the function of this girdle. Identify important bone markings on the pectoral girdle. Arm Proximal humerus Head of humerus - Glenohumeral _______________________ joint Greater tubercle - SIT > rotator cuff - Lesser tubercle - Subscapularis > rotator cuff - Deltoid tuberosity - Deltoid Distal humerus Medial epicondyle Wrist/hand ____________________ flexors - Flexor carpi radialis D - Flexor carpi ulnaris - Flexor digitorum superficialis - Palmaris longus Pronator teres - ___________________ pronation Lateral epicondyle Wrist/hand ______________________ extensors - Extensor carpi radialis longus - Extensor digitorum medial Supinator- _______________________ supination Supaandylar Trochlea ridge - articulates with trochlear notch of ulna Coronoid fossa a - receives coronoid ____________of process ulna olecranon coronoid I Capitulum fossa - articulates _________________with head of radius ou radial M. E r Radial fossa. M E Fossa - _________________ receives head of radius 2 E. Olecranon fossa - receives olecranon trocklea trocklea olecranon Head of radius coronoid process of ulna  radioulnar jt. Forearm - Forearm: Ulna and radius => humeroulnar jt Proximal articulation. - humerus and each other Distal articulation Head - _____________________ radioulnar joint ① ______________osseous inter membrane - connects radius and ulna ② proximal Proximal Ulna radio-ulnar Olecranon - Elbow joint Trochlear notch- articulates with _____________ trocklea Fossa (on humews) Coronoid process- articulates with coronoid ________ Radial notch of ulna - articulates with _________ head of radius Proximal radius # Head of radius - capitulum articulates with ___________________ Neck ② Radial tuberosity - Biceps brachii Distal ulna Head of ulna - articulates with ulnar notch of radius ulnar styloid process Distal radius Ulnar notch of radius Radial styloid process Homeostatic Imbalance Colle’s fracture Distal - radius distal end of _______________ breaks radio-vlnat - Common fracture joint. - FOOSH (falling on outstreeted hand) trocklear notch lunate coronoid Scaphoid process radial radiat notch styloid process ulna Styloid process Distal radio- ulnar jt proximal vina.. Homeostatic Imbalance ________________ median nerve and tendons travel through carpal tunnel - Tunnel formed by ligaments through wrist Carpal tunnel syndrome - overuse and inflammation of tendons - Compress _________________ median nerve, causing tingling and numbness TX: Surgery or splint wrist Hand Carpals Proximal row (medial to lateral) I Pisiform > 2 Triquetrum - Lunate & Scaphoid - Last three form the radiocarpal joint Distal row (lateral to medial) Trapezium – attaches to thumb = index Finger) Trapezoid lattaches to --- Capitate - Hamate – attaches to pinky and ring finger Metacarpals ~ Sesamoid bones - Form palm of the hand Thumb is ____, I pinky is ______ V G II - Base articulates with carpals 7 S Head articulates with proximal phalanges ⑳ 6 82 4 Phalanges 3 Proximal Middle Distal - Thumb has proximal and distal only Anterior -Q hand posterior hand 7.6 The hip bones attach to the sacrum, forming the pelvic girdle Name the bones contributing to the os coxae, and relate the pelvic girdle's strength to its function. Describe differences in the male and female pelvis and relate these to functional differences. Hip girdle St - formed by 2 hip (Coxal) bones and sacrum o Ilium, Ischium, Pubis O - Attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton - Support pelvic organs - More stable than shoulder joint Ilium Anterior head Acetabulum- receives ______________ of femur Iliac fossa- iliacus Iliac crest - Lat dorsi - Glute Max - Obliques (External/Internal) - TFL Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) - TFL - Sartorius AIIS - Rectus femoris -guads- > vastus 8 Posterior Anterior and Inferior gluteal line - Glute _________ medius and _______________ minimus Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS) and posterior gluteal line - Glute _____________ may Ischium Posterior Greater sciatic notch - Sciatic nerve Ischial spine - Pelvic floor muscles Ischial tuberosity - Hamstrings Anterior Ischial ramus - Adductors Pubis Anterior lateral Superior pubic ramus – pectineus Inferior pubic ramus - gracilis Pubic tubercle Pubic crest – rectus abdominis  Male v. Female Hips Pelvic structure and Childbearing Pelvic brim False Tre - Continuous oval ridge pelvis pelvis - from the pubic crest to sacral promontory - divides true and false pelvis True pelvis - - ________________ below to pelvic brim - defines birth canal pelvic prim False pelvis - _________________ above to pelvic brim Female True pelvis - cavity is broad and shallow False pelvis - more tilt forward 92 Pelvic brim W - - Oval ____________ shaped ischial spines further apart Male True pelvis - cavity is narrow and deep - thick bone False pelvis - less tilt forward Pelvic brim - ______________ heart shaped - ischial spines closer to each other Lower Limb Three segments of lower limb 7.7 The lower limb consists of the thigh, leg, and foot - thigh, leg, and foot Identify the lower limb bones and their important markings. Carries entire weight of erect body Thigh Proximal femur Anterior Head - articulates with ___________________ acetabulum of pelvis 0 Neck Fovea capitis - ligamentum teres secures femur in acetabulum Greater trochanter – lateral hip rotators (piriformis, gemellus, obturator internus Lesser trochanter - iliopsoas * 10 hip flexor Intertrochanteric line – ______________ vastus medialis and lateralis Posterior Gluteal tuberosity – Gluteus __________________ maximus Intertrochanteric Crest – lateral hip rotators Distal femur II Anterior Medial condyle – articulation - Articular surface of medial condyle on tibia Medial epicondyle - Adductor magnus - Medial gastroc Adductor tubercle – Adductors attachment Lateral condyle – articulates with - articular surface of lateral condyle on tibia Lateral epicondyle - lateral head of gastrocnemius - popliteus Patellar surface Posterior Anterior Intercondylar fossa – passageway for ______ ACL and ________ PCL post. Linea aspera – continuation of gluteal tuberosity, vastus group Medial and lateral supracondylar line - diverge from linea aspera  Articular surface Leg lateral - Made up of two parallel bones, tibia and fibula m.. C condyle medial Connected by interosseous membrane Head of condyle Tibia - tibula - medial leg bone Superior tibial - receives weight of body from femur tibio tuberosity o transmits to foot fibular Proximal tibia Anterior jt- - Medial condyle and articular surface - Lateral condyle and articular surface interosseus o Tibialis anterior membrane o Extensor digitorum longus - Intercondylar eminence o meniscus - Tibial tuberosity - Patellar tendon Distal tibia - Medial malleolus - Inferior articular surface Fibula - ______weight NOT bearing; no articulation with femur - Articulates proximally and distally with tibia Anterior Proximal - Head o Fibularis longus Distal - Lateral malleolus m.. m 1. m. inferior articular Ant Surface post. Bimalleolar fracture - break in the distal ends of both the tibia and fibula - common sports injury  Foot Foot includes bones of tarsals, metatarsus, and phalanges - Body weight carried primarily by talus and calcaneus (heel) - Calcaneal tuberosity: touches ground Tarsals Phalanges Talus - Articular surface of tibia Medial cuneiform - Tibialis anterior Calcaneus - Gastrocnemius metatarsals Es - Soleus V Metatarsals - I to V - Enlarged head of metatarsal I Navicular cuboid. o forms “ball of the foot” talus farsals Phalanges Digit I (hallux, great toe) trocklea - two bones: no middle phalanx of talus Digits II to V calcaneus - three bones: distal, middle, and proximal phalanx Dorsal surface of phalanges II to V - ________________ Extensor digitorum longus Plantar surface of phalanges II to V - Flexor ________________ digitorum longus medial Lateral Arches of the foot - Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons - Allow foot to bear weight Three arches medial. Medial longitudinal: arch curves upwards transverse Lateral longitudinal: low curve that elevates lateral part of foot Transverse: runs obliquely from one side of foot to other. lateral Homeostatic imbalance Flat foot, or pes planus (or sometimes “fallen arches”) Causes - may be a congenital condition or may be acquired later in life - can also be caused by increasing age, obesity or high-impact activities Prevention and treatment - Wearing proper footwear with good arch support can help prevent problem - Orthotic shoe inserts may also help manage symptoms