Body Parts & Human Anatomy (English) PDF

1 INGLESE Location ​ Pitch: football, hokey rugby ​ Field: cricket ​ Course: golf ​ Track/stadium: athletics ​ Court: tennis, volleyball, basketball, squash ​ Swimming pool: water polo ​ Ice rink: ice skating, ice hockey ​ Slope: alpine skiing ​ Circuit: motor racing ​...

1 INGLESE Location ​ Pitch: football, hokey rugby ​ Field: cricket ​ Course: golf ​ Track/stadium: athletics ​ Court: tennis, volleyball, basketball, squash ​ Swimming pool: water polo ​ Ice rink: ice skating, ice hockey ​ Slope: alpine skiing ​ Circuit: motor racing ​ Ring: boxing Body parts 1.​ Eyebrow=sopracciglia 2.​ Cheek=guancia 3.​ Chin=mento 4.​ Eye=occhi 5.​ Mouth=bocca 6.​ Chests=petto 7.​ Wrist=polso 8.​ Palm=palmo 9.​ Finger=dito 10.​ Knee=ginocchio 11.​ Foot=piede 12.​ Forehead=fronte 13.​ Nose=naso 14.​ Lips=labbra 15.​ Ear=orecchio 16.​ Neck=collo 17.​ Shoulder=spalla 18.​ Elbow=gomito 19.​ Forearm=avambraccio 20.​Hand=mano 21.​ Hip=fianco 22.​ Thumb=pollice 23.​ Thigh=coscia 24.​ Calf=polpaccio 25.​ Shin=stinco 26.​ Toe=dito del piede  2 27.​ Ankle=caviglia 28.​ Heel=tallone The human skeleton The human skeleton: is a structure composed of 206 bones connected by joints and ligaments that supports the entire body and gives it a shape. 1.​ Skull: cranio 2.​ Jaw: mascella 3.​ Mandible: mandibola 4.​ Spine/backbone: colonna vertebrale 5.​ Collarbone/clavicle: clavicola 6.​ Shoulder blade/scapula: scapola 7.​ Breastbone/sternum :sterno 8.​ Rib: costola -> rib cage: cassa toracica 9.​ Humerus -> omero 10.​ Dorsal vertebrae: vertebre 11.​ Lumbar vertebrae: vertebre lombari 12.​ Pelvis: bacino 13.​ Sacrum: osso sacro 14.​ Coccyx: coccige 15.​ Radius: radio 16.​ Ulna: ulna 17.​ Carpal: carpo (congiunge il radio con il metacarpo) 18.​ Metacarpal: metacarpo 19.​ Proximal phalanges: falange più vicina al polso 20.​Middle phalanges: media falange 21.​ Distal phalanges: falange più lontana 22.​ Femur: femore 23.​ Patella/kneecap: rotula 24.​ Tibia: tibia 25.​ Fibula/peroneal bone: perone 26.​ Tarsal: tarso 27.​ Metatarsal: metatarso 28.​ Phalanges Parts (2): ​ axial skeleton: central part -> skull, spine, rib cage ​ appendicular skeleton: shoulder girdle (cingolo scapolare) upper limbs (mani, braccia), pelvic girdle (cintura pelvica), lower limbs (arti inferiori) Function: 1.​ Support our body  3 2.​ Protection our organs 3.​ Movement The bones: ​ Long bones -> appendicular skeleton: tibia ​ Short bones -> hands and feet, vertebral (stability and support) ​ Flat (perché sono piatte) bones -> skull, sternum, rib cage, scapula (strong bones) Limbs: Upper limbs Lower limbs arm (humerus) thigh (femur, kneecap) forearm (ulna, radius) leg (tibia,fibula) hand (carpal,metacarpal,phalanges) foot Traumas: ​ Fracture -> it’s a brake ​ Metatarsalgia -> inflamed and painful (pianta del piede=soul of the foot) The muscular system The muscular system is the series of muscles which extend throughout the body Front: 1.​ Neck: collo 2.​ Trapezius: trapezio 3.​ Shoulders: spalle 4.​ Pectorals: pettorali 5.​ Biceps: bicipite 6.​ Forearms: avambraccio 7.​ Abs: addominali 8.​ Quadriceps: quadricipite 9.​ Calves: polpaccio Back: 1.​ Trapezius: trapezio 2.​ Shoulders: spalle 3.​ Upper back: parte superiore della schiena 4.​ Triceps: tricipiti 5.​ Forearms: avambraccio 6.​ Lower back: parte inferiore della schiena 7.​ Gluteus: glutei 8.​ Hamstrings 9.​ Calves: polpaccio Functions:  4 ​ Move the skeleton ​ Maintain its posture ​ Generate heat ​ Make the heart beat ​ Constitute the walls of hollow organs Tissues: ​ Skeletal ○​ create movement ○​ more than 600 skeletal muscles ○​ about 40% of a person’s weight ○​ voluntary ​ Cardiac ○​ involuntary ○​ it makes up the walls of the heart ○​ creates the rhythmic pulsing that pumps blood through the body thanks to signals from the brain ​ Smooth ○​ involuntary ○​ found in our internal organs: our digestive system, blood vessels, bladder, respiratory organs and the uterus ○​ controlled automatically by the nervous system Muscular disorders: ​ Sprain: is a stretching or tearing of ligaments. The most common location for a sprain is in the ankle ​ Muscle pain: causes-> Tension Stress Overuse Minor injuries. It is localised; affects one or more muscles/ parts of the body ​ Strain: is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon. Strains often occur in the lower back and in the hamstring muscle in the back of your thigh ​ Bruise: is a collection of blood under the skin. Deep bruises occur most often in thighs and arms during contact sports like football and rugby ​ Cramp: is a sudden and involuntary contraction of one or more muscles Tendons: Bands of fibrous material that attach muscles to bones 1. Large 2. Small ‘Tendonitis’= swell+inflamed The circulatory system It is composed of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. Function:  5 It transports oxygenated blood from the lungs and the heart around the body passing through the arteries. After delivering oxygen and nutrients to vital organs, the deoxygenated blood is then returned to the lungs and the heart through the veins. The heart Is located under the rib cage, slightly to the left of the breastbone and between the lungs. The pulmonary artery and the aorta carry oxygen-rich blood around the body. Blood vessels 1.​ Arteries: carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all body tissues and organs 2.​ Veins: take blood back to the heart; this blood is low in oxygen and rich in waste products that must be removed from the body. The superior vena cava is the large vein that brings blood from the head and arms to the heart, while the inferior vena cava carries blood from the abdomen and legs to the heart 3.​ Capillaries: connect the arteries and the veins. Their thin walls allow oxygen, nutrients and carbon dioxide to enter and leave the cells of internal organs Healthy food The human body can be compared to an engine in which food represents the fuel. Nutrients: ​ Macronutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, fats and oils ​ Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals ​ Fibre ​ Water  6 MICRONUTRIENTS Proteins ​ 20% energy ​ Meat, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, pulses ​ PROTEINS= amino acids (small molecules containing carbon+ hydrogen+ oxygen+ nitrogen atoms) ​ Function: growth, repair, maintenance Carbohydrates ​ Main source of energy ​ Monosaccharides= glucose and fructose ​ Carbohydrates= carbon+hydrogen+oxygen ​ Pasta, bread, potatoes, beans, cereals Fats = atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ​ Functions ○​ temperature+store of energy ○​ absorb fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K. ​ 2 types: ○​ saturated (animal fats) ○​ unsaturated (oil- oily fish, nuts, vegetable oils and seeds MICRONUTRIENTS ​ Vitamins+minerals are essential components of our diet ​ Small amounts ​ Vitamin C=the most important micronutrients FIBRE = fruits, vegetables, nuts Functions: maintain health, prevent diseases WATER Breaks large food molecules into smaller ones -> facilitates digestion  7 Verbi importanti per lo sport ​ Practise: quando si fa un’attività ripetuta per migliorare le proprie skills ​ Train: imparare nuove skills ​ Exercise: muovere il proprio corpo per restare in una buona condizione fisica Tennis What is? ​ It’s a ball sport in singles or doubles ​ The object is to score more points and to win sets faster than the opposing player or team The court ​ Hard surface (cemento) ​ Grass ​ Synthetic surface ​ Clay (argilla) Equipment ​ Sportswear ​ Tennis balls Tennis strokes ​ Serve ​ Forehand ​ Backhand ​ Volley ​ Smash Swimming What is? ​ Is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one's entire body to move through water Strokes ​ Freestyle/front crawl: stomach, flutter kick, ultimate movement with arm, side breathing ​ Breaststroke: stomach, frog kick, arm pull it together and you make circular movement, front breathing ​ Butterfly: stomach, dolphin kick, we pull arm together, front breathing ​ Backstroke: back, flutter kick, untilgat arm Equipment ​ Goggles: occhialini ​ Fins: pinne ​ Hand paddles: palette ​ Kickboard: tavoletta  8 ​ Snorkel: boccaglio ​ Cap: cuffia ​ Pullbuoy: cilindro ​ Swim parachute: paracadute ​ Pull band: elastico ​ Resistant belt: cintura di resistenza ​ Nose clip: tappa naso Long course pool ​ Parts ○​ Starting blocks ○​ Lane: corsia ○​ Lane guides ○​ Lane markers = lane ropes -> linee galleggianti ○​ Two side lanes ​ 2 regulation pool sizes -> 50m lunghezza e 2,5m larghezza ​ Only eight swimmers ​ Indicators ○​ Red rope: to stop or to turn ○​ T -> to stop or to turn ○​ Flags = to stop or to turn Rules ​ Aim (obiettivo): to get to the finish line first ​ Race start (inizio gara): to start a race swimmers line up at the starting blocks and they go after the signal goes off ; for backstroke events, as well as the start of the medley relays, swimmers start in the water ​ Pool (lunghezza- n.corsie- migliori corsie- altri elementi): ○​ 50 m long by 25 m wide ○​ minimum depth of 2m or recommended depth of 3 m ○​ 10 lanes measuring 2.5 m and a backstroke indicator which is those flags you see hanging on top of the pool ○​ other elements: temperature of the water, light brightness, water volume, starting blocks, touching pads ○​ 10 lanes/ 8 swimmers in a competition ○​ the two outside lanes are known as buffer zones ○​ the best lane is the center lane ​ Strokes (colpi): freestyle, breaststroke, backstroke, butterfly ​ Races (gare): freestyle (50,100,200,400,800,1.500m), gli altri 3 (100,200m), individual medleys (200m-400m), team events (freestyle 4x100 / 4x200), medley relay (staffetta 4x100) ​ Rules: ○​ Stay in your lane  9 ○​ Not impede others ○​ No false starts ○​ Touch the pad before turning or to stop time ○​ Use the correct stroke Synchronized swimming In the past, this sport was called ‘water ballet’ because it is a mixture of swimming, dance and gymnastics. Accompanied by music, swimmers perform skillful movements in the water. A synchronised swimming routine takes place on, above and below the surface of the water. Routines normally last from 2½ to 5 minutes depending on the number of athletes in a team. Sometimes swimmers perform ‘solo’, but there are also duets, trios and teams composed of up to 10 members. Swimmers can be thrown out of the water to hip level or even higher with ‘lifts’ that are an essential part of a synchro swimming routine. There are three parts to every lift: the top (or ‘flyer’), the base and the pushers. The flyer is usually the smallest member of the team and must be very agile. The base is also relatively small with powerful legs. The pushers are generally the bigger and stronger members of the team. Lifts are very difficult movements as swimmers can never use the bottom of the pool for support. Football or soccer? Football in the United Kingdom and soccer in Australia, Canada, South Africa, Ireland, and the United States. What is? ​ Definition: a ball game, it’s a team sport ​ Who: between 2 teams, 11 players each ​ Where: on a field or pitch ​ Objective: to score a goal and to prevent the opposition team scoring a goal. ​ Time: 90 minutes, divided in 45 minutes and a half, there is a break of 15 minutes -> injury time (tempo di recupero) - extratime (tempi supplementari) Football pitch-soccer field 1.​ Corner flag 2.​ Sideline 3.​ Goal line 4.​ Penalty spot/penalty mark 5.​ Center spot 6.​ Halfway line 7.​ Penalty area Equipment ​ Shirt/jersey ​ Football boots -> they have studs (tacchetti) ​ Shin pads/shin guards  10 ​ Socks ​ Shorts ​ Goalkeeper gloves (guanti portiere) ​ Football ball -> spherical ball Roles ​ Defenders (difensore) ​ Strikers (attaccante ) ​ Goalkeeper (portiere) ​ Midfielders (centrocampista) Vocabulary 1.​ Draw/tie: both teams have scored the same number of goals. 2.​ Extratime (supplementari): an additional period of play after 90’ if the score is equal in a final tournament 3.​ Captain/skipper (capitano): leader of a team 4.​ Coach (allenatore): who trains the players 5.​ Foul (fallo): when player commits an invalid action 6.​ Injury time (tempi di recupero): additional time at the and of each half 7.​ Offside (fuorigioco): a striker is closer to the opposing team’s goal than the last defender when the ball is passed 8.​ Throw-in (rimessa): the player take the ball and use their hands 9.​ Away match (trasferta): a match played at the opposing team’s football ground (tutta l’area che comprende lo stadio, gli spalti, campo) 10.​ Football ground: including the pitch, toilet, bar ecc. 11.​ Header: when the player hit the ball with head 12.​ Hat-trick (tripletta): a player scores three goals in one match 13.​ Home match: a match played at the team’s own football ground. 14.​ Own-goal (auto goal): A goal scored accidentally by a member of the defending team Footballers can play the ball in different ways ​ Kick the ball towards the goal area to try to score a goal: SHOOT ​ Kick the ball to another player in the team: PASS ​ Move the ball forward with the head: HEAD ​ Move the ball with a rapid succession of small kicks: DRIBBLE Different kicks 1.​ Free kick (calcio di punizione) 2.​ Penalty kick (rigore) 3.​ Corner kick (calcio d’angolo) 4.​ Kick off (calcio d’inizio) 5.​ Goal kick (rimessa dal fondo)  11 Athletics What is? ​ Athletics is a group of track and field events covering a wide variety of sports, with competitions featuring running, walking, jumping and throwing under different disciplines. Events ​ Truck events: only running ​ Field events: everything that isn't racing ​ Combined events: mixture of truck and field events (ex: pentatlon) Track events Field events Combined events 100m, 400m hurdles, 800m, Javelin, discus, high jump, pentathlon, decathlon, 4x100m relay, 10.000 pole vault (salto con asta), eptathlon meters, 110 hurdles, 200m, triple jump, shot put (lancio 1.500m, 4x400m relay, peso), long jump, hammer 5.000, 3.000 steeplechase, 400m Vocabulary ​ Hurdles (corsa ad ostacoli) ​ High jump (salto in alto) ​ Hammer (lancio del martello) ​ Javelin (lancio del giavellotto) ​ Long jump (salto in lungo) ​ Discus (lancio del disco) ​ Pole vault (salto con l’asta) ​ Shot put (lancio del peso) Field events ​ High jump ○​ Competitors jump over a horizontal crossbar ○​ Fosbury flop technique: head and shoulders pass over the bar before the rest of the body ○​ Approach: the speed, long strides (passi lunghi) ​ Long jumps ○​ Athletes run down a track and jump from a wooden board into a PIT ○​ Foot past the board = invalid jump ○​ Fixed n° off the attempts ○​ 3 components: approach -> take off (decollo) -> lending ​ Pole vault ○​ Athletes use a long, flexible POLE to jump over a horizontal bar ○​ AIM (obiettivo): to clear the bar without knocking it down ○​ Vaulting poles are made of fiberglass  12 ○​ Landing mats Races Sprints Middle distance races Long distance marathon 100m 800m 3.000m 200m 1.500m 5.000m 200m 10.000m Marathon (42,195km) Pentathlon, Heptathlon, Decathlon ​ Pentathlon -> uguale uomini e donne ○​ fencing ○​ swimming ○​ show jumping (equitazione) ○​ cross county running (corsa campestre)+pistol shooting ​ Heptathlon -> diverso uomini e donne ​ Decathlon -> diverso uomini e donne Volleyball What is? ​ Volleyball is a game in which two teams hit a ball with their hands forwards and backwards over a high net ​ Object: the object of the game is to win three sets faster than the opposing team Equipment ​ kit: socks, shorts, T-shirt ​ shoes (light and flexible) ​ knee pads N° of players Teams are made up of 12 players with six players taken to the court to any one time They consist of: a libero and two setters in the back row a left side, right side, and middle hitters in the front row Scoring A point is scored when the ball hits the floor within the court boundaries or when an error is made: when the ball strikes one team's side of the court, the team gains a point; when an error is made, the other team is awarded a point; if the ball hits the line, the ball is counted as in the court; the team that won the point serves for the next point. If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point, the players of the team acquiring the serve rotate their position on the court clockwise. Touches  13 In volleyball each team is only allowed up to 3 touches of the ball. 1. pass or bump 2. set 3. attack or spike ​ block: players jump over the net and block the ball ​ dig: before the ball touch the ground you try to rescue it Libero ​ is a defensive specialist ​ wears a different coloured jersey to the rest of the team ​ their job is to rescue attacks by performing spectacular digs ​ cannot serve the ball, make an attacking shot above the net, cross the attack line Substitution ​ a team can substitute up to six players per set ​ a Libero can be substituted an unlimited amounts of times What can’t you do? ​ You cannot hit the ball onto the ground outside the area of play ​ You cannot hit the ball twice in succession ​ You cannot catch or throw the ball ​ You cannot step over the line during a serve ​ You cannot touch the net or run underneath the net ​ You can't hit the ball into the antennas of the net ​ You cannot touch the ball more than three times Skills 1.​ Set (alzare) 2.​ Spike (attaccare) 3.​ Dig (recuperare la palla a terra prima che cada) 4.​ Serve (servizio) 5.​ Bump (badger) 6.​ Block (muro) Artistic gymnastics What is? ​ Athletes perform shorts routines on different types of apparatus Apparatus ​ Woman ○​ Floor (corpo libero) ○​ Vault (volteggio) ○​ Uneven bars (parallele asimmetriche) ○​ Balance beam (trave) ​ Man ○​ Vault (volteggio)  14 ○​ Floor (corpo libero) ○​ Parallel bars (parallele simmetriche) ○​ Rings (anelli) ○​ Pommel horse (cavallo) ○​ High/horizontal bars (barra orizzontale) Vault 3 Phases: 1. approach: gymnasts sprint down a 25m runway, jump onto a springboard 2. flight: flight platform that enables the gymnasts to perform one or more multiple twists and somersaults 3. landing gymnasts land on two feet on the other side of the vaulting apparatus Gymnasts are given points for speed, power, precision and standard of difficulty Uneven bars Bars are positioned at different heights Kip= skill used to mount the apparatus Sequence of swinging and circling movements Chalk, tape, grips= to prevent slipping and blisters fall= allowed to remount in 30 secs Routines are judged on difficulty, technique and composition Balance beam ​ Padded wooden beam ​ Routines: combination of leaps, dance elements, handsprings and poses. ​ Duration: up to 90 secs. ​ Gymnasts show balance, flexibility, poise and strength. ​ Barefoot/ beam shoes (toe shoes) Floor ​ Spring floor: gives bounce and height to tumbling exercises + provides softer impact ​ Use of the entire floor area ​ Routines are accompanied by music ​ Routines are judged for: synchronization, artistic expression, degree of difficulty ​ Points are deducted if the gymnast steps outside the perimeters of the mat Pommel horse ​ Pommel horses are made of a metal body covered with foam rubber and leather. The ‘pommels’ or handles are made of plastic. ​ Gymnasts usually perform exercises involving leg work such as the ‘scissors’ element. ​ No pauses are allowed in the routine ​ Points are awarded for difficulty and form: the gymnast’s legs must always be kept straight and the feet pointed. ​ Dismount: ○​ swinging his body over the horse  15 ○​ doing a handstand to land Rings ​ Only men use the rings. ​ The rings hang freely from a metal frame ​ During a routine, gymnasts must demonstrate balance, power, and dynamic movement. ​ They must also include a ‘hold’ position in which they and the rings remain completely still for 2 seconds. ​ A typical static hold is known as the ‘iron cross‘. ​ Coaches are allowed to lift gymnasts into position at the start of their routine. Dismounts from the apparatus can include twists or somersaults. Parallel bars ​ Only men perform on parallel bars. ​ Balance, strength, timing and coordination are required to carry out a routine of swings and releases combined with acrobatic flight elements. ​ A momentary handstand should be included in swings. ​ The gymnast can dismount from the side or the end of the bars. ​ Dismounting should include a perfect double foot stuck landing. ​ Points will be deducted if the gymnast moves one or both feet on landing. High bar ​ The high bar is made of steel or fibreglass ​ It’s placed 2.5m above the landing area. ​ Leather grips are used by gymnasts to hold onto the bar to perform giant swings, releases and twists. ​ Giant swings give gymnasts enough momentum to perform acrobatic releases and dismounts. Rhythmic gymnastics What is? ​ It’s a combination of ballet, dance and apparatus manipulation ​ Gymnasts manipulate a ball, ribbon, hoop or clubs. ​ Individual routines/ group routines (5 gymnasts) ​ Gymnasts wear colorful LEOTARDS ​ They must cover the entire floor area Apparatus ​ Ribbon ​ Ball ​ Hoop ​ Clubs ​ Rope  16 Winter sports Location ​ Alpine skiing -> Piste/Slope ​ Snowboard -> Half-pipe/Slope ​ Cross country skiing -> Flat terrain ​ Ice hockey/Figure and speed skating/Curling -> Ice rink ​ Sky jump -> Hill with ramp ​ Skeleton/Luge/Bobsleigh -> Ice run/truck Alpine skiing A skier races down the slope wearing skis with fixed-heel bindings Equipment Three essential thing: skis, boots and fixed heel bindings (ski bindings=attacchi) ​ Ski glove ​ Goggles ​ Ski boot ​ Ski suit ​ Ski pole ​ Skis ​ Ski helmet Vocabulary 1.​ Downhill (discesa libera): an extremely fast run down a very steep hill with different kinds of terrain so skiers also jump and turn 2.​ Slalom: a short downhill race with gates (poles) which are very close together. Skiers must pass through all the gates 3.​ Giant slalom: this is similar to a slalom but the gates are not so close, the course is longer and speeds are faster 4.​ Super giant (Super G): in this race a shorter version of the downhill run is followed by a slalom 5.​ Super combined: this is a combination event in which skiers travel very fast downhill but must also pass through gates placed relatively far from each other Snowboard Athletes, riding snowboards, glide down the slope Freestyle skiing Athletes compete by performing artistic aerial tricks Cross-country skiing Athletes ski across a course consisting of uphill, downhill and flat terrain Ski jumping An athlete skis down an artificially created ramp and takes off. Scoring is based on distance travelled, style and balance during flight Nordic combined Athletes compete in ski jumping and cross-country skiing  17 Biathlon Biathlon combines cross-country-skiing and shooting. Athletes ski across the course to reach the shooting range where they shoot the targets with their rifle Luge Lugers lie on their back on a small sled with their feet stretched out in front of them. There are no brakes. There are handles on each side of the luge that riders can hold during their descent. Equipment: a helmet with face visor, aerodynamic booties and a skintight suit. Lugers also wear gloves with spiked tips so they can get a grip on the ice when they push their sled to gain speed at the start of a race. Skeleton In this sport competitors ride the sled on their stomach and descend the twisting ice run head first. Sleds are made of steel but do not have any steering or braking mechanisms. Along the sides of the sled there are handles the athlete can hold during a run. Essential equipment: skintight speedsuit, spiked shoes and a special helmet with face shield. Elbow and shoulder pads are optional Bobsleigh The teams, who consist of two or four persons, travel inside the open bobsleigh. At the beginning of the race, the aerodynamic sleigh is pushed to start its run along a narrow, twisting icy track. The pilot steers by manipulating two rings at the front of the sleigh, while the athlete at the back uses a brake to stop the sled at the end of the run Ice hockey Two teams, consisting of six players wearing skates and protective gears, compete to score goals by sending a rubber ball or puck into the opposing goal with hooked or angled sticks Curling A game played on ice in which large round flat stones are slid across the surface towards a mark. Members of a team use brooms to sweep the surface of the ice in the path of the stone to control its speed and direction Ice skating Figure skating Figure skating involves skating "figures" on ice. The sport requires competitors to skate selected patterns, or figures, as part of their routines. Speed skating Long track speed skating takes place indoors or outdoors on ice rinks. Skaters compete against each other over different distances. Competitors race two at a time but there are also team relay races in speed skating.  18 Skaters wear aerodynamic skin tight racing suits with hoods to reduce wind resistance. Short track (speed skating) In short track speed skating events, four or six skaters race against each other round a small indoor oval-shaped ice rink on 111.12 m-long track. As competitors frequently collide with other skaters or with the wall of the rink, they wear a plastic helmet to protect their head. Gloves and knee pads also provide extra protection against accidents.