_CH13 18 safety and infection control.pptx
Transcript
Chapter 13: Safety and Infection Control © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Role of Regulatory Agencies • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) • • • • Federal agency • Requires facilities keep practices in policy & procedure manual Ensures safety...
Chapter 13: Safety and Infection Control © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Role of Regulatory Agencies • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) • • • • Federal agency • Requires facilities keep practices in policy & procedure manual Ensures safety of workers Enforces safety & health legislation Requires health care facilities to establish practices © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Role of Regulatory Agencies (cont’d) Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) • • Federal agency • Part of Department of Health and Human Services • Developed guidelines to prevent spread of infection • Requires that all bodily substances be treated as if infectious Dedicated to prevention of disease, injury, & disability © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Principles of Safety • Developmental Considerations • Unborn children: exposure to drugs, alcohol, or smoke • Children: increase in hazards as motor skills develop • Adolescents: danger from drugs, alcohol, risky sexual activity • Older adults: risk of abuse & injury from falls © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Factors Affecting Safety: Physiological • Principles of Safety (cont’d) • • Musculoskeletal system • Injury to or aging of bones, joints, or muscles • Affects mobility & increases risk of injury Neurological system • Impairment to brain, spinal cord, or nerves • Interferes with judgment & motor control Fatigue • Leads to poor perception of danger, faulty judgment, poor problem solving © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Principles of Safety (cont’d) Factors Affecting Safety: Environmental • Home • • • Poor ventilation • • Lack of smoke detectors Gas leaks Faulty electrical systems & appliances Unlabeled toxic substances © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Principles of Safety (cont’d) • Factors Affecting Safety: Environmental (cont’d) • Workplace • • • • • • • Dust Chemicals Noise Heights Dangerous machines Heavy lifting Repetitive motions © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Factors Affecting Safety: Principles of Safety (cont’d) Environmental (cont’d) • Community • • • • • Air pollution Crime Hazardous waste sites Dilapidated housing Poor sanitation © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Patient Safety • Orientation to facility layout, safety features, & equipment • • • Adjustable bed & side rails • • Identification bracelets • Proper use & maintenance of equipment Call system Use of safety straps & side rails during patient transport Elimination of fall hazards, such as debris or objects on ground Safety Precautio ns and Actions © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Safety Precautions and Actions (cont’d) • Health Care Worker Safety • • • • Proper posture Proper body mechanics Proper ergonomics Prevention of exposure to: • • • Pathogens Chemicals Radiation © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Fire: Prevention Measures Safety Precautions and Actions (cont’d) • Regular maintenance of electrical equipment • • • • • Strict smoking policies Fire safety plan Emergency exits Fire extinguishers Instructions for reporting a fire © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Safety Precautions and Actions (cont’d) Fire Response Procedures: RACE • • Rescue anyone in immediate danger • • Confine the fire by closing doors & windows Activate the fire code system & notify the appropriate person Evacuate patients & other people to a safe area or extinguish fire, if safe to do so © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Safety Precautions and Actions (cont’d) Classes of Fires • A—Ordinary combustibles: wood, cloth, paper, plastic • B—Flammable liquids • C—Live electrical © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Safety Precautions and Actions (cont’d) Classes of Fire Extinguishers A • • For A fires only; do NOT use on B or C fires • • For B or C fires only; do NOT use on A fires Cool & smother fire with ordinary water BC Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide ABC • • For any type of fire Uses baking soda-like material © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Safety Precautions and Actions (cont’d) Directions for Operating a Fire Extinguisher: PASS • • • • Pull the locking pin Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire Squeeze the handle Sweep from side to side © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Safety Precautions and Actions (cont’d) Electrical Hazards • Do not handle electrical devices & cords: • • • • • • With wet hands When wearing wet shoes Mop up spilled fluids Make sure all plugs are grounded Report any equipment damage Service equipment regularly © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Oxygen Equipment Safety Precautio ns and Actions (cont’d) • Avoid open flames near oxygen equipment • • Place “No Smoking” signs nearby Make sure all electrical equipment is: • • Grounded In good working order • Avoid synthetic fabrics that build up static electricity • Avoid use of oils in area: petroleum jelly can ignite spontaneously in the presence of oxygen © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Safety Precautions and Actions (cont’d) Chemical Hazards Alcohol • • Used as a disinfectant Eye irritant, combustible, flammable Ethylene oxide • • Used for sterilizing Eye irritant, explosive, flammable Cleaning & disinfecting agents: eye, skin, & respiratory tract irritant Gases used for anesthetics or gas-powered equipment © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Safety Precautions and Actions (cont’d) Radiation • Wear radiation detection badge Three cardinal rules of radiation protection: • • • Minimize time of exposure to source Maximize distance from source Use appropriate shielding (lead shields or aprons, gloves) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION International radiation symbol © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Workplace Violence: Factors • Prevalence of handguns & other weapons • Criminal holds & care of disturbed, violent people • Release of mentally ill patients without follow-up care • • Presence of drugs & money • Long waits in emergency or clinic areas • Presence of gang members, drug/alcohol abusers, trauma patients, distraught family members • Isolated work with clients during examinations or treatment Unrestricted movement of public in clinics & hospitals © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Emergency Action Plan • • • • • Method for reporting fires & other emergencies • • • • Procedures for operating fire extinguishers Evacuation policy Emergency escape procedures Names & contact info of key people Procedures for shutting down critical operations Designated rescue & medical duties Site of alternative communications center Secure onsite or offsite location for storing records © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Infectious Microorganisms • • • • • Pathogen: disease-causing microorganism Found in almost all environments Bacteria: aerobic vs. anaerobic Viruses: smallest Fungi: plantlike organisms (molds & yeasts) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Infectious Disease (cont’d) • Disease-Producing Factors • • • Number of organisms in exposure • Length & intimacy of contact between person & microorganism Virulence of organism Relative strength of person’s immune system © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Infectious Disease (cont’d) The Chain of Infection: Five Links • • Reservoir: person infected (carrier) • • Vehicle of transmission • Susceptible host: person who becomes infected Exit from reservoir: nose, mouth, rectum, open wound Portal of entry: nose, mouth, GI system, wound © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Infectious Disease (cont’d) Chain of infection © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Infectious Disease (cont’d) Modes of Transmission: Direct • Touching contaminated blood or body fluids • Shaking hands with contaminated person • • Inhaling infected air droplets Intimate contact (kissing, sexual intercourse) with infected person © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Infectious Disease (cont’d) • Modes of Transmission: Indirect • • • • • Contaminated food or water Disease-carrying insects Soil Drinking glasses Improperly disinfected medical instruments © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Infectious Disease (cont’d) • Sources of Transmission • • • Human hosts with infectious disease • Infected animals: dogs, cats, birds, cattle, rodents, flies, roaches, ticks, mosquitoes Carriers of disease who are not ill with it Those incubating a disease but not yet showing symptoms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Infectious Disease (cont’d) Airborne Diseases • • • • • • • • • Tuberculosis Chickenpox Common cold Diphtheria Influenza Measles Meningitis Pneumonia Whooping cough © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Health care-associated infections © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Blood-Borne Diseases Infectious Disease (cont’d) • Human immunodeficien cy virus (HIV) • Hepatitis B • Hepatitis C © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Infectious Disease (cont’d) Training Points for Prevention of BloodBorne Diseases • • • • Descriptions of diseases • • • • Risks of contracting hepatitis B Methods of transmission Related symptoms Protective equipment & its location in facility HBV vaccine Exposure control plan Post-exposure procedures & followup care © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Preventing the Spread of Disease • Standard Precautions: Overview • Procedures to reduce transmission of microorganisms • Must be used when touching: • • • • Blood Body fluids Damaged skin Mucous membranes © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Preventin g the Spread of Disease (cont’d) Standard Precautions: Requirements • • • • Hand washing • • Avoiding sharps injuries • Not eating, drinking, or putting anything in your mouth while working Alcohol rubs Gloves, masks, gowns, & eyewear Disposal of single-use items & sharps in proper containers Not recapping, bending, or breaking needles © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Preventing the Spread of Disease (cont’d) • Medical Asepsis: Hand Washing • • Before & after every patient contact • • After handling specimens • • After using the restroom After contact with blood, body fluids, or contaminated material After coughing, sneezing, or blowing your nose Before & after lunch, taking breaks, & leaving for the day © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Preventing the Spread of Disease (cont’d) • Cleaning • • Use of soap or detergent & water Reduces # of microorganisms to safe level • Disinfection • Use of agent to destroy many, but not all, pathogens • Antiseptics © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Preventing the Spread of Disease (cont’d) • Sterilization • Total destruction of all microorganisms on objects & surfaces • • Bactericidal or germicidal means 4 methods • • • • Steam under pressure in an autoclave Specific gases, such as ethylene oxide Dry heat ovens Immersion in a chemical agent © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Preventing the Spread of Disease (cont’d) • Personal Protective Equipment • • • • Gloves Masks Gowns Eye protection © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Preventing the Spread of Disease (cont’d) • Regular Waste • • • • Paper Plastic Disposable tray wrappers Packaging materials © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Preventing the Spread of Disease (cont’d) • Sharps Waste • • • • Needles Microscope slides Used ampules Razors © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Preventing the Spread of Disease (cont’d) • Biohazard Waste • • • • Soiled dressings & bandages Soiled examination gloves Soiled examination table paper Cotton balls & applications used on body © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Preventin g the Spread of Disease (cont’d) Reporting an Exposure: Criteria for Submitting Report • Work-related exposure requiring medical treatment • Loss of consciousness or medical removal • Loss of days at work or transfer to other job • Injury involving sharp contaminated with blood • • Exposure to tuberculosis Positive blood test for contagious disease © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
