Ch.12 & 2 Exam Review PDF

Ch.12 & 2 review for exam 1  Metacognition Metacognition - Awareness and understanding of your own thinking and learning process The brain thinking about how it works  The metacognition cycle is informed by self-regulated learning components Self-regulation – self-control...

Ch.12 & 2 review for exam 1  Metacognition Metacognition - Awareness and understanding of your own thinking and learning process The brain thinking about how it works  The metacognition cycle is informed by self-regulated learning components Self-regulation – self-control/management, the extent to which one influences, modifies, or controls their behavior (including thoughts and feelings) Elements of Self-regulation Setting standards and goals – What do I want to achieve? Self-observation – What is good and what needs improvement in my behavior? Self-evaluation – How do I feel about my behavior? Self-reaction – Self imposed reinforcement and punishment based on evaluation Self-reflection – Make adjustments to goals and behaviors  Self-Regulated Learning components 1. Goal setting What do you want to accomplish from 5. Use of effective, goal-relevant your reading/studying? learning strategies 2. Planning 6. Self-monitoring Time management Testing your knowledge Emphasize challenging concepts over What do I know? easy concepts What don’t I know? 3. Self-motivation 7. Appropriate help seeking Self-efficacy 8. Self-evaluation Self-discipline (no procrastinating) Did you reach your goals? Self-reaction 9. Self-reflection 4. Attention control How did my learning strategies work? What needs adjustment? Effective Learning Strategies: Reading Identify What is important? Make use of graphs, figures, tables, illustrations Elaborate and Question How does this relate to what I already know? Organize information Outline, concept map, make a picture, etc. Draw inferences: How might this be applied in other situations? What are some examples of this? Clarify things that are unclear Evaluate What do I think about this? Summarize In your own words  Effective Learning Strategies: Note Taking Why take notes? Help pay Attention Encoding what is heard to visual form External storage of info to put in brain later (extended mind) What should I write? Main ideas Supporting details Examples Your own elaborations/connections/thoughts Use your own words and summarize Direct verbatim copying not helpful!  Comprehension monitoring Illusion of knowing Danger: You stop studying / trying to learn Solution Metacognitive techniques Self-regulation learning strategies Brain Basics: Brain Cells Glial cells (“glue”) = the “other” brain cells. Support neurons. 9:1 ratio of glial to neurons. Guide development of nervous system Repairs damage Controls nutrient flow Electrical insulation speeds signal transmission E.g. Myelin Sheath Basic Building Blocks of the Human  Neurons – send and receive electro-chemical messages Brain Cells Patterns of neural firing = thinking, memory, processing, etc. Neuron parts: Dendrites - “branches” on the soma that contain synaptic receptors (receive). Soma - Cell body Axon - the slender tube that extends from the soma, where electrical impulses (action potentials) travel Myelin Sheath – glia cells that help speed of transmission Nodes of Ranvier – gaps between myelin sheath Salutatory conduction, “jumping” Synaptic terminal (button) – sends chemical signals into the synapse Synapse – gap between neurons Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters – the brain’s chemical messengers Neuron communication Accumulation of neurotransmitter in synapse Action potential = all-or-none effect, if threshold is met Equal in size no “small” or “large” action potentials Brain Basics: Brain Parts Forebrain The largest and most complex brain structure 4 Lobes of Brain; 2 Hemispheres Subcortical features: Thalamus- relays sensory information Limbic System Hippocampus – learning, memory, spatial coding Amygdala –emotional processing Brain Structures and Function The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Brain Structures and Function Lobe functions are highly integrated But, each lobe is closely associated with certain functions The brain is plastic 16  Brain Structures and Function The Hemispheres Lateralization – each hemisphere is associated with specific function Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere Language Spatial Reasoning Verbal memory Nonverbal memory Logic/ rationalizing (Visual) Math Face recognition 17 Development of the Brain Receptor Site Changes Long-term potentiation (LTP) - a lasting increase in the responsiveness of neurons Long-term depression (LTD) - a lasting decline in the responsiveness of relevant neurons  Environment can change the Brain Enriched environments (both mental and physical opportunities) Lead to more synapses between brain cells Stimulate neuron growth and survival Link between cognitive stimulation and positive outcomes higher IQ or better school achievement Development of the Brain Differentiation – Neuron specialization (becoming specialized) Myelination – Process of coating axon with myelin  Development of the Brain Expectant v. Dependent Plasticity Experience-Expectant – Any normal experience works to create necessary changes, e.g. exposed to visual stimuli and language Everyone learns a (first/primary) language, formal training not required! Experience-Dependent – Formal training required; not a skill that is a cross-cultural normal experience You, in this class, right now!!! Reading, writing, arithmetic, tying shoes, etc. * Do I need to provide extra specialized instruction to my child before 2? Neurological Basis of Learning Neurogenesis – Growth of new neurons Consolidation Synaptic consolidation – synapses strengthened; this occurs quickly This is LTP Systems consolidation – networks of neurons organize and become stable ; this takes a long time Hippocampus works to organize memory components in various locations (lobes), as memory is distributed across the cortex.  Brain’s role in learning: Overview The brain is plastic Synaptic genesis and pruning Brain has areas of specialization (lobes/hemispheres), but works as a system Experiences matter Expectant, Dependent Healthy, safe, nurturing, nutritious All information in LTM is organized Semantic Network Learning builds on learning Learning is active 24