Hormone Classifications - Slides PDF

Hormones Types  Types of Hormones 2 Categories: Steroid-derived hormones Formed from cholesterol Bind to intracellular receptors Typically require transport proteins Polypeptide hormones Amino acid chains Bind to extracellular...

Hormones Types  Types of Hormones 2 Categories: Steroid-derived hormones Formed from cholesterol Bind to intracellular receptors Typically require transport proteins Polypeptide hormones Amino acid chains Bind to extracellular receptors Require second-messengers Amine hormones Amino acid derivatives ◦Thyroid hormones (T3, T4) ◦Adrenal medulla hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine) Growth Hormone Fig. 3.5. Baechle et al. 2009. Essentials of Strength… Human Kinetics Biosynthesis of Steroid Hormones from Cholesterol 3 aromatase *You do NOT need to know these details!  Steroid Hormones 4 Steroid Hormone Interactions A steroid hormone passively diffuses across the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber to form an H-RC with its receptor  H-RC arrives at the genetic material in the cell’s nucleus and “opens” it in order to expose transcriptional units that code for the synthesis of specific proteins.  https://players.brightcove.net/901973548001/HJxSIz9bLl_default/index.html?videoId=5985 644610001 Androgen receptor on the DNA element of the nucleus Fig. 4.2. Kenney et al. 2019. Physiology of Sport & Exercise. Hum.Kin. Fig. 3.6. Baechle et al. 2009. Essentials of Strength… Human Kinetics  Steroid Hormones 5 Central Dogma of Genetics  RNA polymerase II binds to the promoter region of the DNA specific for the HRC  RNA polymerase II transcribes the gene by coding for the protein dictated by the steroid hormone.  Messenger RNA (mRNA) is processed and moves into the sarcoplasm of the cell, where it is translated into protein by the ribosome. (You only need to know the sequence of events involved in translation and transcription)  mRNA Codons for Amino Acids 6 Start Just for illustration, do NOT memorize!  Polypeptide Hormones 8 Polypeptide Hormone Interactions  Polypeptide hormones bind to receptors on the outside of the cell and then initiate a signaling cascade (“2nd messenger”) inside the cell This cascade typically involves numerous transfers of phosphate molecules (kinase reactions). Example pathways: ◦cAMP signaling pathway ◦Insulin (PI3Kinase/Akt) signaling pathway ◦mTOR signaling pathway ◦Cytokine-activated JAK/STAT signaling pathway (see figure) JAK/STAT Pathway Fig. 3.7. Baechle et al. 2009. Essentials of Strength… Human Kinetics Cyclic AMP example 9 Fig. 4.3. Kenney et al. 2019. Physiology of http://bcove.me/zm8a01b9 Sport & Exercise. Hum.Kin. Insulin-Signaling Cascade 10 Domino Effect: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDy2xWpZ WVc *You do NOT need to know this! Endocrine Glands: Anterior Pituitary 11 Peptide 11 Endocrine Glands: Posterior Pituitary, Thyroid & Pancreas 12 Peptide Amine Peptide Endocrine Glands: Adrenal Glands 13 Amine Steroid Endocrine Glands: Kidney, Testes, Ovaries 14 Peptide Steroid Steroid  Figure & Notes References 15 Kenney, Wilmore, Costill. Physiology of Sport and Exercise (7th ed). Human Kinetics, 2018. McCardle, Katch, Katch. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance, 8th Edition. Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014. Baechle & Earle. Essentials of Strength & Conditioning, 4th Edition. Human Kinetics, 2016. 15