Chapter 3 The Islamic World PDF

CHAPTER 3 The Islamic World 600 – 1858 © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 1 Lesson 1 © 2025 Cengage Learn...

CHAPTER 3 The Islamic World 600 – 1858 © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 1 Lesson 1 © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 2  Chapter 3: 1.1 Trading Crossroads 1 of 2 Desert Life Trade in Southwest Asia, c. 570 − The Arabian Peninsula, known as Arabia, is one of the hottest and driest places on Earth. − Many of Arabia’s early inhabitants made their living as nomadic herders called Bedouin, meaning “desert dweller.” − In the 600s, the Bedouin formed tribes based on clans, or groups of related families who believed they shared a common ancestor. − Tribes often fought to maintain areas of the desert, so tribesmen became strong skilled warriors. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 3  Chapter 3: 1.1 Trading Crossroads 2 of 2 Growth of Cities − An oasis is the only place life could survive. An oasis is an isolated, reliable source of water in a desert where plants can grow. − Oases became useful places to trade as people built permanent settlements near them. Many oases grew into large towns and then cities. − Arabia became a crossroads for connecting Asia, Africa, and Europe. − Arabia’s most important city, Mecca, became a center for both trade and religion. − People from all over the peninsula made a pilgrimage, or journey, to worship at Mecca. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 4  Chapter 3: 1.2 The Prophet of Islam 1 of 2 The Life of Muhammad − Today, the religion of Islam has about 1.5 billion followers, which was started by the prophet, or teacher inspired by God, known as Muhammad. − Muhammad was born into a family of Mecca’s ruling tribe about 570. − Muhammad gained a reputation for intelligence, honesty, and kindness. − Muhammad had a deep interest in religion; when he was about 40 years old, he had the first of many religious experiences. − In 613, Muhammad began to preach that only the God of Abraham should be worshipped. − Muslim is the name for a follower of Islam. Muslim means “one who has submitted to God.” © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 5  Chapter 3: 1.2 The Prophet of Islam 2 of 2 The Leadership of Muhammad − Muhammad’s teaching of one true God threatened Mecca’s leaders. − Muhammad and his followers fled to Yathrib, an event known as the Hijrah that marked the beginning of the Muslim calendar. − Muhammad soon united many of Arabia’s quarrelling tribes under Islam. − Ruling Mecca tribes tried to crush Muhammad, but he and his people conquered Mecca in 630. − Muhammad proved himself a great religious, political, and military leader” © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 6  Chapter 3: 1.3 Beliefs and Laws 1 and 2 The Qur’an and the Sunna − The holy book of Islam is called the Qur’an. − The Qur’an teaches that there is only one God, whom all Muslims should worship, and states how all Muslims should behave. − Muslims believe that Muhammad perfectly applied the Qur’an in daily life. These words and actions were written down and called the Sunna. − The Qur’an and Sunna form the basis of Islamic law called shari’a. − The shari’a covers all aspects of human behavior, including family and community live, moral conduct, worship, and business. − Muslims believed the Qur’an was the final book of revelations from the same God that Jews and Christians worshipped. They regarded Muhammad as the final prophet of God. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 7  Chapter 3: 1.3 Beliefs and Laws 2 and 2 Everyday Practices − Muslims apply their religious beliefs to their daily lives. They follow the Five Pillars of Islam. − Muslims avoid certain meats and only eat meat from animals that are killed a certain way. − Islamic communities center on the mosque, a Muslim place of worship. − Worshippers wash before entering a mosque and kneel on prayer mats facing Mecca. − The religious leader called an imam leads the weekly service. − Mosques also serve as centers of education and social work. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 8  Chapter 3: 1.4 Document-Based Question: The Qur’an and Hadith Document-Based Question − The Qur’an, Islam’s holy book, provides religious guidance to Muslims on all aspects of life. The accounts of what Muhammad said, did, or approved were recorded after his death and called hadith. ▪ Document One Primary Source: Sacred Text from the Qur’an ▪ Document Two Primary Source: Sacred Text from the Qur’an ▪ Document Three Primary Source: Sacred Text Hadith © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 9  Chapter 3: 1.5 After Muhammad 1 of 2 New Leaders − After Muhammad died, Arabia almost collapsed because no successor was immediately named. − Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law, was named caliph, or successor. He agreed to follow Muhammad’s example. ▪ Abu Bakr ruled for two years and crushed rebellions that could have destroyed Arabia. ▪ He kept all of Arabia united under Islam. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 10  Chapter 3: 1.5 After Muhammad 2 of 2 Islam Spreads − The early caliphs were able to establish a large Muslim empire that stretched for thousands of miles. − The Muslims faced conflict from two superpowers, the Byzantine and Persian empires. − The Muslim empire thrived due to the exhaustion of the rival empires from long wars. − The Muslims conquered Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, and parts of North Africa. − The Qur’an did not allow caliphs to force conquered subjects to convert to Islam. They were able to follow their own beliefs with a few restrictions. − Many people converted to Islam by choice, either because the religion interested them or for social, political, and economic gain. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 11 Lesson 2 © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 12 Chapter 13: 2.1 The Umayyads and the Abbasids 1 of 2 Umayyad Expansion − The Umayyads gained power after three of the last four caliphs were assassinated. − The Umayyads established a hereditary system of succession. − The Umayyads moved the capital of the Muslim empire to Damascus. − The move split Islam into two branches: the Sunni and the Shi’ite. − The Umayyads set up a bureaucracy, or system of government with specialized departments. − The Umayyads divided the empire into provinces, had a postal service, and had a strong army. − Muslims believed the Umayyads put too much emphasis on gaining wealth and power. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 13 Chapter 13: 2.1 The Umayyads and the Abbasids 1 of 2 Abbasid Rule − In 750, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads. − The capital was moved to Baghdad. − The Abbasids ruled during a golden age in Muslim history. − Government was left to trusted advisers who held the empire together with mercenaries, or hired soldiers. − A group called the Seljuk Turks converted to Islam and gained control of the Muslim empire. − In 1258, the Mongols stormed Baghdad and killed the last Abbasid caliph. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 14  Chapter 13: 2.2 Muslim Spain 1 of 2 The Umayyads Return − The last Umayyad prince founded the Umayyad dynasty in 756. − He established a powerful independent state called al-Andalus. − Al-Andalus flourished under the Umayyad dynasty, developing a thriving economy. − The state reached its peak under the leadership of Abd al-Rahmann III. − His strong leadership preserved Umayyad power, and all of Muslim Spain was united under his rule by 933. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 15  Chapter 13: 2.2 Muslim Spain 2 of 2 A Great Capital − Abd al-Rahman III transformed the city of Córdoba into one of the largest and greatest cities in the world. ▪ He built many lavish palaces and extended the Great Mosque. ▪ The prayer hall could hold over 50,000 worshippers. − Córdoba became a celebrated center of learning. − Christians, Jews, and Muslims lived together and practiced religious tolerance, or sympathy for the beliefs and practices of others. − There were many advances in science, philosophy, medicine, and the arts. − Civil war led to the division of al-Andalus into many small Muslim kingdoms and takeover by powerful Christian kings. − In 1492, the Christians captured Granada, Spain’s last Muslim city, ending almost 800 years of Muslim rule in western Europe. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 16  Chapter 13: 2.3 Moments in History: The Alhambra The Umayyads Return − The Alhambra is considered one of the greatest surviving examples of Islamic architecture. It was built to represent Paradise on Earth. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 17  Chapter 13: 2.4 The Ottoman Empire 1 of 2 A Vast Empire − While al-Andalus was in decline, the Ottomans, a dynasty of Turkish Muslims, emerged. − The warriors and their leader captured many Byzantine cities, leading to the Ottomans’ expansion into southeastern Europe. − Istanbul, formerly Constantinople, became the Ottomans’ capital and the center of government. − Ottoman rulers were known as sultans. − The greatest ruler was Suleyman I. His powerful military conquered large portions of northern Africa and eastern Europe. − Suleyman built magnificent mosques and palaces, transforming Istanbul’s skyline with many buildings still seen today. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 18 Chapter 13: 2.4 The Ottoman Empire 2 of 2 Daily Life − The Ottoman Empire lasted until the early 1900s mainly due to its religious tolerance. − Jews and Christians enjoyed religious and cultural freedom in return for paying a tax and being loyal to the state. − The Ottomans relied on special slaves to staff the government and armies. − Many government officials and janissaries, or a group of highly trained soldiers, were slaves. − The janissaries were formed with young boys from non-Muslim villages. − Women led more restricted lives than men. − Upper-class women used their wealth to promote the arts, architecture, and charity. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 19 Chapter 13: 2.5 The Safavid and Mughal Empires 1 of 2 The Safavid Empire − The Safavids became rivals of the Sunni Ottomans. − Ismail took the Persian title for king, shah, and rapidly expanded Persia’s borders. − The Safavids and Ottomans had a 100-year war, during which they battled over the fertile plains of Mesopotamia. − The Safavids developed a strong economy. They built palaces, mosques, schools, hospitals, roads, and bridges. − They made Esfahan their new capital. − Safavids made Persia into a cultural center, attracting scholars, craftspeople, artists, and traders of many different nationalities. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 20 Chapter 13: 2.5 The Safavid and Mughal Empires 2 of 2 The Mughal Empire − Mughals were nomads who invaded India. − Akbar the Great led Muslim India to a brilliant golden age, doubling conquests and establishing a loyal governing class and a modern government. − Under Shah Jahan, Abkar’s grandson, the empire became famous for its splendor and wealth. − Shah Jahan commissioned India’s most famous building, the Taj Mahal. − The Mughal power began to decline as rebel Hindus and European countries sought control of India. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 21 Lesson 3 © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 22 Chapter 13: 3.2 Science and Philosophy 1 of 2 Mathematics and Astronomy − The time span from the 500s to 1500s is known as medieval. − Many Muslim empires rose and fell during this time. − Muslim scholars gained interest in the works of Euclid and Archimedes and further algebra. − The scholars adopted developed their ideas in geometry, trigonometry, and the decimal number system. − They built observatories to plot the movement of the stars, which helped advances in navigation. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 23 Chapter 13: 3.2 Science and Philosophy 2 of 2 Medicine and Ideas − Muslims built hospitals and cared for the sick. − Muslim, Jewish, and Christian doctors collected the best medical knowledge and organized it into reference books. − A 30-volume medical encyclopedia recommended many treatments for different illnesses and described surgeries. − Al-Zahrawi pioneered surgical procedures and invented instruments, some of which are still used. − Ibn Rushd wrote influential books on medicine and philosophy. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 24  Chapter 13: 3.2 National Geographic Explorer Hayat Sindi: Aiding People Through Science 1 of 2 Meeting Challenges − A fundamental belief of Islam is that the healthy should care for the sick. − National Geographic Explorer Hayat Sindi, a practicing Muslim from Mecca, supports this tradition. − Sindi is using science “to bring easy, affordable health diagnoses to the world’s poorest people.” − Sindi left Saudi Arabia, where she was not allowed to drive or vote. − She traveled to England, taught herself English, and studied at King’s College in London. − She went on to continue her education at four prestigious universities. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 25  Chapter 13: 3.2 National Geographic Explorer Hayat Sindi: Aiding People Through Science 1 of 2 A Mission To Save Lives − Sindi co-invented a medical invention that helps millions of people. − The device is the size of postage stamp. − It can help provide information on medical conditions and requires no medical training to interpret the results. − It allows the poorest people to get the tests they need. − Sindi believes in bringing the science to everyone so that more people receive better care. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 26  Chapter 13: 3.3 Architecture, the Arts, and Literature 1 of 2 Building and Design − Mosques were topped by a large dome and one or more minarets, which are tall, slender towers. They were designed to call attention to the importance of the mosque. − The inside of a mosque contained a prayer hall with an ornate doorway indicating the direction of Mecca. − Mosques carried many local influences, so each one varied in design. − Mosques featured elegant writing called calligraphy and abstract design known as arabesque. ▪ Arabesque are patterns that contain flowers, leaves, vines, and geometric shapes that repeat endlessly. − Muslim artists did not portray human figures or animals. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow @ Cengage Learning, Inc.Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas Border 27 Chapter 13: 3.3 Architecture, the Arts, and Literature 2 of 2 Literature − The Qur’an is the greatest literary work in the Arabic language. − The best-known book of literature is The Thousand and One Nights, which contains well-known characters such as Aladdin and Sinbad the Sailor. − The most admired form of literature is poetry. − A four-line rhyming poem known as a quatrain was made popular by Omar Khayyam. − The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám is considered a masterpiece of world literature. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 28  Chapter 13: 3.4 History Through Objects: Islamic Art This page of calligraphy Islamic Art comes from the Qur’an − Mosques Islamic produced in Cairo, Egypt, around 1310. art reflects the values and teachings of Islam. − Calligraphy and floral and geometric Mihrab patterns of This archway features a arabesque mosaic of colorful tiles and emerged to This stained glass window can be found in a mosque appears in the Blue enhance the in Iran built in the 1300s. Mosque, built in the 1600s Qur’an. in Istanbul, Turkey. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 29  Chapter 13: Key Vocabulary arabesque bureaucracy caliph calligraphy clan imam janissary medieval mercenary © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas 30