Chapter 3: Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands PDF

64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 64 CHAPTER Great Lakes– 3 St. Lawrence Lowlands July 18, 1785 Dear Helen,...

64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 64 CHAPTER Great Lakes– 3 St. Lawrence Lowlands July 18, 1785 Dear Helen, and I e w e le ft A lb any, New York, e years sinc rt, It has been thre ar e. I am so rry we had to pa and your family father is a wonder how you kn ow by now that my nds. Yo u m us t as we were frie d to leave ya l to th e Br it ish king. We ha yalist—lo e United Empire Lo Pr ov in ce of Québec. We wer e to the Brit is h my Albany and com w e le ft , so m e men threatened Granby. Before the United granted land in e he did not support e angr y be ca us father. They wer n. away from Britai itish States breaking ué be c, lif e was hard. The Br rived in Q When we first ar bu ilt ou r home here. Now we re w e to live in befo mfortable. gave us a tent w e ar e much more co our ho m e, an d have completed We may e la nd he re is good for farming. that th d I Father is happy e la nd is cl eared. Mother an cows when m or t get some dairy ni ng Fr en ch ! M ost of our closes ons. I am lear by continue our less t th er e ar e m any who live near so Loyalists, bu writing neighbours are al I m iss ou r old home. I am. Somet im es who speak French write back. u in the ho pe s that you will to yo Mary 64 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 65 Canada: Our Stories Continue The St. Lawrence River affects how many people live in this region. The waterways have always been used by the First ? Critical Inquiry TIP Planning Nations who lived in the area. Later, French and English A good plan includes your explorers would also use the rivers and lakes to travel. The own inquiry questions. French were the first to settle along the St. Lawrence River, Think about what you which was originally called the Fleuve St-Laurent. Loyalist already know about the families, such as Mary’s family, came later. Today, ships Great Lakes–St. Lawrence bring people and goods into the region from around the Lowlands. Then brainstorm world. Communities have developed along the river inquiry questions with a and the lakes. Although this region is one of the partner. smallest regions in Canada, it has a huge population. This painting from the mid 1800s shows a manor next to the St. Lawrence. ? Inquiring Minds Here are some questions to guide your inquiry for this chapter: How does the St. Lawrence River affect ways of life in this region? Why are First Nations and Francophones so important to the identity of this region? 65 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 66 Let’s Explore the Great St. Lawrence Lowlands! 84ºW 80ºW Bonjour! My name is Claire Martineau. I live in Montréal, Québec, on the St. Lawrence River. Montréal is the second- largest city in Canada. It is also the second-largest French-speaking city in the world! Ott awa River Gore Bay Manitoulin Island ONTARIO G e or gi an Ba y Lake Huron Lake Owen Sound Simcoe Collingwood Barrie Peterborough 44ºN Markham Oshawa Toronto Lake Ontario Waterloo The city of Montréal is on an island Kitchener Hamilton in the St. Lawrence River. It is one Brantford of the largest ports in the world. Niagara Falls London Lake N St. Clair Dresden W E Windsor ie Amherstburg e Er Lak S Point Pelee Pelee Island 80ºW 66 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 67 Lakes– 76ºW 72ºW Grosse-île Québec City Agriculture is very important in this region. A large variety r ve of fruits and vegetables are QUÉBEC Trois-Rivières Ri grown here. ce en wr La St. Drummondville Montréal Sherbrooke Longueuil Ottawa Cornwall 0 40 80 Brockville kilometres Kingston UNITED STATES 44ºN Legend Elevation Cities with 1 million people or more 5000 m Cities with 500 000 people or more Ships travel along the 3000 Cities with 100 000 people or more St. Lawrence River to bring 2000 raw materials to this steel mill 1000 Cities with 100 000 people or less in Hamilton, Ontario. Other 500 Trans-Canada Highway ships take the finished 200 products to places around sea level Canada/U.S. border the world. What kinds of National capital products are made from Provincial capital steel? 76ºW 72ºW Skill Smart Make a chart like this one. Use latitude and City Latitude, Distance from Longitude Montréal longitude to describe the location of each place. Québec City Then use scale to measure the distance from Toronto Claire’s city to the other communities. Windsor 67 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 68 The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands The Lowlands are low, flat lands with gently rolling hills in southern Québec and southern Ontario. This region follows the path of the St. Lawrence River, as far as the western end of Lake Erie. Many of the cities, towns, and villages of this region have developed along this river and beside Lake I love going for a picnic with my family at Parc du Ontario, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie. Mont-Royal. We take the Métro—that’s our subway. Roots of the Region First Nations people have always travelled along the river to trade with other groups. Several groups within the words matter! Haudenosaunee [how-den-o-show-nee], or nations within The Iroquois Confederacy the Iroquois Confederacy, live in this region. The is one of the world’s oldest Ouendat [wen-dat], also known as the Huron, live in the democratic societies. Six region as well. First Nations groups make In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the settlement up this alliance. of Québec. As more French settlers, explorers, and fur A Canadien was a traders came, they used the St. Lawrence River to explore Francophone born in New France. further inland. Their Canadien descendants farmed the land along the river. United Empire Loyalists came to the Fertile soil is good for growing crops. The soil is region in the late 1700s. In the mid 1800s, many Scottish rich with nutrients that and Irish people came to live and work in the region. plants need for good growth. Québec City is one of the Why People Live Here Today oldest cities in Canada. How does closeness to a river help First Nations people continue to live in the region, as do the a city grow? descendants of the French settlers and the Loyalists. People have also come from countries around the world to live in this region. They continue to come here today. The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands is fertile. A long growing season provides many people with work in the agricultural industry. Manufacturing is also an important industry here. Tourism and outdoor activities also bring people to this region. 68 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 69 What Affects Quality of Life in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands? Look at these photos and read the point of view each person expresses. Decide how land, water, and climate affect people in the region. In Picton, Ontario, you can This region gets a lot of Hours can be spent in get ice cream that is made snow in the winter, although Montréal’s RÉSO, or the from the milk from a nearby temperatures are usually “Indoor City,” especially in dairy farm. There are over mild. This makes great the winter, when it’s really 9000 dairy farms in Ontario. weather for outdoor cold. People can shop there, activities such as skiing, or see a hockey game. skating, and snowshoeing. Thinking It Through How do natural resources and climate affect quality of life for the people in these pictures? Are there any parks, lakes, or rivers that you go to in your community? If so, which ones? How do you think this affects the quality of life where you live? 69 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 70 Claire’s Inquiry My brother and I visited our cousins’ farm in Trois-Rivières. While we were there, we saw an old stone foundation near the river. My cousin Guy told us that it was from an old flour mill. I asked: Why would the flour mill be here? Who would have used the mill? Why was there only a foundation left? I saw this photo from 1897 of a Québec flour mill. Maybe this is what the building near the farm looked like! Back at my cousins’ house, I noticed they had some old paintings and furniture. There were some bowls and tools, too. I asked my cousin Sophie why her family kept these ? things. She said that having them helps them remember Critical Inquiry TIP their family history. Processing The next day, Guy took my brother and me to the Visiting museums is a great Musée québécois de culture populaire (the Québec Museum way to find information. of Popular Culture) in Trois-Rivières. There, we found out Museums might have tools, that the flour mill would have been very important to the clothes, or other objects habitants in the past. Farmers in the area needed a mill to from the past. There might grind grain into flour. I decided to go to the McCord be old photos, newspapers, record books, or people’s Museum when I got home. It is in Montréal. It is a great diaries. Information at place to find out more information about the past. Maybe museums can give you an I’ll learn more about my family history, too! idea of what life was like in the past. Skill Smart Choose an item in your home that is important to your family. Explain why it is significant. 70 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 71 SKILL POWER Using Historical Resources When Claire wanted to find out more about the mill near her cousins’ farm, she went to the local museum for information. There, she looked at maps, documents, photographs, art, posters, and objects. The museum also had sound and film recordings. All of these resources tell stories and give evidence about the past. By examining them carefully, Claire could start finding the answers she wanted. For example, she found the photograph of a mill from 1897. She also found a letter from a habitant describing the flour mill close to his home. Here are some ways Claire examined the resources at the museum and at her cousins’ farm. Document Object Map Film/Sound Photo/Art Who wrote it? What is it Who made it? Who is on the What does it made of? recording? show? When was it When was it written? What was it made? Why were they Who was the used for? interviewed? artist or What was the Are there photographer? author saying? Who might differences What audience have used it? between this was the film What can I map and a made for? learn from this contemporary photo or one? drawing? Practise the Skill 1. Find a historical resource that tells something about your community’s past. 2. Using the table above as a guide, write a description of the resource. 3. What is the most important thing the resource shows about the history of your community? 71 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 72 How Did the First Nations Live on the Land? More About... Many First Nations have always lived in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands. The landscape and natural resources The Canadian shaped different ways of life. Canoe Museum This museum opened in Peterborough, Ontario, in The Rivers and Lakes 1997. It has a collection of more than 600 canoes Rivers and lakes in the region were very important to the and kayaks taken from First Nations who lived there. For example, being close to a all over Canada. First river or lake gave the Ouendat access to food and water. Nations, Métis, and They could travel long distances along the connected historical experts waterways. The Ouendat and the Haudenosaunee could contributed to the design of the museum. The load their canoes with food and goods to trade with other museum also teaches First Nations. Later, they traded with the French and the visitors in an outdoor British. paddling centre. Why do What can you tell about travelling on rivers by reading you think an entire the poem below? museum could be dedicated to the canoe? Voices of Canada The Song My Paddles Sings Be strong, O paddle! be brave, canoe! The reckless waves you must plunge into. Reel, reel, On your trembling keel, But never a fear my craft will feel. We've raced the rapid, we're far ahead! The river slips through its silent bed. Sway, sway, Long ago, different First Nations As the bubbles spray invented various kinds of canoes. And fall in tinkling tunes away. Some were small, light, and easy Pauline E. Johnson, Six Nations to carry. Others were sturdy and of the Grand River could hold many people. French and British explorers quickly learned that canoeing was the best way to travel along Canada’s waterways. This canoe was made in 1900. 72 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 73 The Forests Much of the Lowlands was once covered with mixed forests. The animals found in these forests included deer, rabbits, moose, bears, and birds. These animals provided food and materials for clothing, shelter, and tools for the Ouendat and Haudenosaunee. The trees of the forests were also useful. For example, birch, cedar, and elm were used to make canoes. Voices of Canada Medicine Plants To the Haudenosaunee, plants were also used for medicine. Medicines not only healed people when they were sick, but kept them healthy at all times. The Haudenosaunee were the first Medicines grow all over. They can be found in the forest. They to collect and use maple syrup. are in the meadows, in water, on the shore. People who work with medicines teach us to walk gently on the earth, and to take only what we need. Learning the right ways of gathering and caring for medicine plants is a lesson in an entire way of living. Suzanne Brant, Mohawk First Nations The white-tailed deer and the black bear were the most important animals to the Haudenosaunee. They provided food and clothing. Why else were they important? Thinking It Through Today, much of the forest in the Lowlands region has been cut down to make room for farms and communities. What do you think would be the most significant changes to their ways of life? 73 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 74 The Farmland The Haudenosaunee and the Ouendat have always farmed in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands. The soil is rich, and the growing season is long because there are many I’ve read that the Ouendat warm days throughout the year. Most of the showed the Europeans how to make popcorn! I Haudenosaunee villages were located south of the St. wonder what else Lawrence River, but their hunting territory stretched north European settlers learned of the river into Ontario and Québec. The Ouendat nations from First Nations about lived along Georgian Bay and Lake Huron. farming in my region. Just as First Nations hunters have great respect for the animals of the forests and lakes, First Nations farmers respect the land. The Haudenosaunee give thanks to the food plants they harvest. Voices of Canada The Three Sisters ? Critical Inquiry TIP In late spring, we plant the corn and beans and squash. They’re not just plants—we call them the three sisters. We plant them Retrieving together, three kinds of seeds in one hole. They want to be It is important to save and together with each other, just as we want to be together with organize the information each other. So long as the three sisters are with us we know we you find. You can write will never starve. The Creator sends them to us each year. We headings in your notebook celebrate them now. We thank Him for the gift He gives us and jot down brief notes today and every day. beneath them as you read this text and do other Chief Louis Farmer, Onondaga First Nation research. This sculpture by Haudenosaunee sculptor Stanley Hill shows the three sisters—corn, beans, and squash. They are also called the “life supporters.” Are there similarly important crops grown in Alberta? Why are they important? 74 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/2/07 1:15 PM Page 75 What Were First Nations More About... Communities Like? The Ouendat and Haudenosaunee formed villages near the Matriarchal Societies fields where their crops grew. The oldest woman of each Longhouses were permanent homes built Haudenosaunee group was called the Clan Mother. This of wood. Each housed was an important position, as she was responsible for the several families within welfare of the entire clan. the same First Nation. The villages were made of groups of longhouses. Every family traced Longhouses were one long house where several related their ancestry through Ouendat or Haudenosaunee families lived. Down the their mothers and grandmothers. The Clan middle of the building was a long row of fires. Along the Mother was in charge of sides were platforms for sleeping and storage. Look at the daily life. Families that picture below. What do the items in this longhouse tell you are identified through about how the Haudenosaunee and the Ouendat lived? their mothers are called The longhouse has always been important to these First matriarchal societies. Nations. It is where families lived, worked, and celebrated together. Today, it is a spiritual symbol for some of the Haudenosaunee, whose name means “people of the Voices longhouse.” of Canada Listen to Us 1 fire in the middle 2 platforms for sleeping and storage What does this quote tell 3 bark and branch construction about the position of 4 bucket with scoop women in Haudenosaunee 5 pottery communities? 6 squash 7 drying fish 9 3 You ought to hear and 8 drying skins listen to what we, 9 snowshoes women, shall speak, as well as the [chiefs], for 8 we are the owners of this land—and it is ours. It is 6 we that plant it for our 7 use. 2 Haudenosaunee women in 1 council with Colonel Proctor, a British soldier, 1791 5 4 What would it be like for many families to live together in a longhouse? If you lived in a longhouse, what rules would you make? 75 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 76 Who Were the First Europeans to Come to the Lowlands? In 1534, the king of France sent Jacques Cartier to find a sea route to China. On his first voyage across the ocean, Cartier reached the Gaspé Peninsula. He found well- developed communities where the Haudenosaunee were I learned that the French living. However, many years would pass before settlers were the first Europeans to would come from France to begin a colony. settle in the Lowlands. The Colony of New France In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the settlement of Québec. French settlers were soon clearing the land and building homes. Champlain also made trade agreements with the First Nations. He sent French explorers to live among the Ouendat and learn their language. Although life was hard for the settlers, the colony gradually began to grow. Champlain was named governor of the colony of New France. One hundred years later, New France included parts of what are now Atlantic Canada, Québec, Ontario, and the United States. New France, About 1712 This modern painting by J.D. Kelley shows what Champlain may have looked like in 1615. Why do you think Champlain is Hudson called the “father of New Bay France”? E C N Québec A R F Trois-Rivières W Ville-Marie ATLANTIC NE (Montréal) OCEAN What parts of modern-day Canada N were covered by New France? Use an atlas and this map to identify E W the areas and to name the main waterways and lakes within New S France. 0 400 800 kilometres 76 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 77 The First Settlers of New France In 1617, Louis Hébert sold his house and garden in Paris, France. He and his wife, Marie Rollet, took their three children on the greatest adventure of their lives. They were moving to New France to farm a piece of land beside the St. Lawrence River, which Champlain had promised them. Louis’ goal was to build a farm that could support the family. In their new country, Louis and Marie cleared land to grow grain and vegetables. They were the first wheat farmers in Canada. They The Louis Hébert Café is a restaurant in also cleared land to raise chickens and pigs. Montréal. There is also a street and an area of Québec City named after the They planted an orchard with apples they had Héberts. How is the past a part of who brought from France. Louis also made and sold Canadians are today? medicine. After a lot of hard work, the Hébert family became successful settlers in New France. This illustration from a book by the Abbé A.C. Hébert shows Louis Hébert sowing seeds on land in New France. Who else might have used this land? What characteristics do you think Marie Rollet and Louis Hébert must have had to be successful settlers? The Trans Canada Trail passes by a natural wonder at Montmorency Falls, near Québec City. Located at the mouth of Rivière Montmorency, the falls were named after Henri II of France by Champlain in 1603. In winter, the icy water of the falls creates a huge cone of ice and snow, where people can ice climb or ski. 77 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 78 words matter! Ways of Life in New France Seigneurs were land owners As more settlers arrived, life was centred on farming and in New France who rented out trade. The land in New France was owned and controlled pieces of land to habitants. by wealthy men called seigneurs [san-YEUR]. Habitants Habitants were French [a-bee-tawn] paid the seigneurs with part of their harvest settlers in New France who in exchange for being allowed to live on and farm the cleared and farmed the land. seigneurs’ land. L‘Ange-Gardien ré a up Be de te Cô r ve Ri Beauport ce en e r err aw Charlesbourg Pi nt-.L i Sa St Les Jésuites Under the seigneurial system, the land was divided into long, narrow strips. Compare the map to the photo. How do these farmlots compare to farms in Alberta? What might have been some advantages to the seigneurial system? Disadvantages? Les Filles du Roi Filles du roi [fee-doo-RWAW] means “daughters of the king.” Thinking This was the name given to hundreds of young women It Through from France. Encouraged by the French king, they sailed to Read the Voices of New France during the mid-1600s to marry male settlers Canada. How might and build families to work on the farms. Many people now the move have living in Québec have ancestors who were filles du roi. affected Marie- Claude’s way of life? Voices of Canada How does it compare to Mary’s A Long Voyage experiences, told This is a diary note by a young fille du roi. in the letter on page 64? I was chosen to join the women heading for New France… I preferred to give up my homeland, make a [long] voyage and arrive in a new world. I remained there in silence, far from my country, without friends, or support of any kind... From the journal of 14-year-old Marie-Claude Chamois, 1670 78 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 79 Missionaries in the Lowlands More About... For many Francophone settlers, practising the Catholic religion was important. Champlain invited priests from Marguerite France. They provided religious services for the settlers and Bourgeoys later ran schools for the children. The priests also wanted to Marguerite Bourgeoys teach the First Nations people about the Catholic faith. came to Ville-Marie from France in 1653. She They travelled throughout New France to achieve this goal. taught young women the Many were Jesuits. The Jesuits often noted their skills they needed to observations in letters and diaries. This vast collection make a life in New became known as The Jesuit Relations. What they thought at France, and helped this time can be learned from their observations. welcome the filles du roi. In 1658, she created the As more priests and nuns came from France, they began Congrégation Notre- to build their own settlements, called missions. Montréal Dame, a religious began as Ville-Marie, a mission that had the first hospital organization of women in New France. It was in these missions that settlers and who worked as teachers. First Nations could seek help in times of need. Food, The Congrégation still clothing, and medical help were provided by the priests and exists today. Its members work around the world as nuns year-round. teachers, missionaries, and social workers. Voices of Canada A Missionary’s Life What point of view does this quote represent? Would everyone on this journey have thought this way? During the day, the sun burns you. During the night, you run the risks of... mosquitoes. You sometimes [go up] five or six rapids in a day; in the evening the only refreshment is a little corn; the only bed is the The reconstructed mission of Ste.-Marie-Among-the-Hurons can be found on the shores of Georgian Bay. How were the missionaries important to the earth... development of New France? The Jesuit Relations 79 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 80 Why Was the Québec Act Passed? For many years, France and Britain fought for control over North America. Both countries had established colonies, I can understand why which were sources of great wealth because of the fur trade French is an official and other resources. In 1759, the British attacked Québec, language of Canada. Why and by the next year the British had taken control of New did English become the France. Later, they renamed the land along the St. Lawrence other official language? River the “Province of Québec.” They also created British laws that took rights away from Canadiens. At this time, there were over 70 000 Canadiens living in the Province of Québec. Many feared the changes brought Voices of Canada by the new British government. Merchants such as François Baby brought petitions to the British in London to protest A Canadien Petition the loss of Canadien rights. At the same time, British settlers …[end] these fears and living in the Thirteen Colonies were preparing to rebel this uneasiness, by against the British. Britain feared that the Canadiens would restoring to us our join in the rebellion. To help guarantee the loyalty of the ancient laws and Canadiens, the Québec Act was passed in 1774. It said that customs. Then our fears the Canadiens would be able to keep their land and the will be removed, and we seigneurial system. They would be able to practise their shall pass our lives in happiness… religion freely, speak their language, and keep their civil laws. From a petition brought to London by merchant François As a result of the Québec Act, the majority of Canadiens Baby, 1770 remained neutral during the American Revolution. The rights in the Act guaranteed that they would be able to Gaining Religious maintain their language and identity. The Québec Act was Rights the first step towards bilingualism in Canada. Religion is perfectly free. I can exercise my ministry without any restriction. Bishop Jean-Olivier Brand, 1775 In 1764, British military commander James Murray became the first British governor of Québec. He was sympathetic to the Canadiens and allowed French civil laws to continue. Many British settlers did not like this policy, but it did help lead to the creation of the Québec Act. 80 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 81 When Did the Loyalists Arrive? After the American Revolution began in 1776, thousands of United Empire Loyalists moved north. Like Mary’s family, Thinking they were loyal to the British king. Many of them spoke It Through English and wanted to live under British rule. Most of the How would the Loyalists went to communities in Nova Scotia and New giving of land grants Brunswick. Others came to the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence to the Loyalists Lowlands. affect the people However, the Loyalists were uncomfortable with the already living on the ways of life that had been guaranteed in the Province of land? Québec by the Québec Act: They didn’t like the seigneurial system. They wanted to own land themselves. They wanted the official language to be English. They wanted to practise their own religion. They wanted to have British laws. The British government wanted to satisfy everyone. In ? Critical Inquiry TIP Planning 1791, it divided the colony into two parts: Upper Canada Ask your teacher to help and Lower Canada. This way, each group could keep its you find information on the language, its religion, and its way of life. Internet. Many Web sites have useful information Upper and Lower Canada, 1791 and images. But remember that not all Web sites are 0 250 500 reliable. Make sure to use a kilometres variety of sources and Hudson compare the information Bay they offer. A D A N CA Gulf of St. Lawrence ER er Riv W The names of Upper and Lower N O ce U Canada were chosen because of en L PP E wr ER the position of the areas next to La CA W the St. Lawrence River, which St. NAD S A flows downstream to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Upper Canada was ATLANTIC upstream, and Lower Canada was OCEAN on the lower end of the river. 81 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 82 Stories of the Loyalists When the Loyalists first came to the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands, they often had difficulty finding good land. The Canadiens were already occupying the best lands I want to look at a historical map that shows in the Province of Québec. Many of the Loyalists settled where the first United farther west, in present-day southern Ontario. How did this Empire Loyalist contribute to the division of Upper and Lower Canada? settlements were in my region. I’ll compare it with a modern map to see if Voices of Canada there are any connections from past to present. The Land Changes I can never forget the impression I felt in contemplating these thousands [of people] in the midst of forests that had never been cleared for shelter until the log hut was fashioned... I am told now you can travel from Montréal to Ontario and Erie, through cultivated farms and good roads and that the wilderness has been converted into a paradise of plenty, and all Voices this within 33 years. of Canada Joseph Hadfield, 1785 Hardships None of us had any shoes or stockings, winter or summer, as those we brought with us were soon worn out. At length my father tanned some leather, and I recollect the first pair of shoes he made which fell to my lot, I greased and putting them too near the fire, on returning to my grief found that my shoes were all shrivelled up, so that I could never wear them. It was twelve months before I obtained another pair. James Dittrick, a United Empire Loyalist child This sketch shows what the inside of a Loyalist farmhouse might have looked like once the Loyalists had built their new homes. How can you find out if this type of scene really happened? 82 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 83 Joseph Brant Not all the Loyalists were British. Many were members of First Nations. Joseph Brant, or Thayendanegea [tai-yen-da- nay-geh], was a Mohawk leader born in Ohio. He was worried that if the Americans won the war in 1776, they would take more Mohawk traditional land in that area. Brant wanted to fight with the British against the Americans, but at first they would not let him. So he sailed to England and told the king: “The Mohawks have on all occasions shown their... loyalty to the Great King.” Brant did fight with the British—in fact, he became an officer in the army. This statue of Joseph Brant can be The American colonists won the war and took the found in the city of Brantford. The city is on the land he negotiated Mohawk land as Brant had feared. Brant was able to with the British and is named convince the British government to set aside land for the after him. What does Brant’s Mohawk along the Grand River in Ontario. He then led leadership show about his commitment to his communitiy? almost 2000 Mohawks there from New York State. For the next 20 years, Brant worked to protect the land for his people. An Interview with Brant’s Descendant David Kanowakeron Hill Morrison UE is a descendant of Joseph Thayendanegea Brant. David is a member of the Six Nations of the Grand River. What makes you most proud of your family’s Loyalist history? I’m proud of [Brant’s] foresight and his courage... leaving a place which has been called home for a hundred years is different than leaving a place called home for thousands of years. Where did your family members arrive in Canada? My ancestors gathered at Fort Niagara and crossed the Niagara David Kanowakeron Hill River on their way to their new homelands along the Grand River. Morrison UE includes They settled in an area where the city of Brantford, Ontario, is today. the letters “UE” in his name. They stand for “Unity of the Empire.” What did your family members do when they arrived in Upper Why might a person Canada? living today identify Most of the Six Nations people became farmers and hunters. The himself with the Loyalists? move to the Grand River area wasn’t that much different from the climate and the environment they had lived in... 83 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 84 What Was the Underground Railroad? In 1830, a man named Josiah Henson landed on a beach in Voices of Canada Fort Erie, Ontario. He had just crossed the Niagara River at night in a boat. Later, Josiah wrote: A Duty to Help When my feet first touched the Canada shore, I threw To me it was a command; myself on the ground, rolled in the sand, seized handfuls and a settled conviction of it and kissed them and danced around... took possession of my mind that it was my duty Josiah Henson and thousands of other slaves escaped to help the oppressed to to freedom using the “Underground Railroad,” which was freedom... not a railway at all. It was the name for the people who Alexander Ross, a Canadian worked secretly to help slaves reach Upper Canada safely. who helped slaves find their way Some people helped the runaways move from one safe to Canada, around 1855 place to another. Others offered their houses to sleep in and hot meals to eat. For some escaped slaves, the journey could take as long as a year. For many, the destination was the words matter! Lowlands. Slaves are people who are owned by another person Black Settlements in Upper Canada, 1835–1870 and made to work for little UPPER Owen Sound CANADA or no money. Parts of the Oro Lake Collingwood Thirteen Colonies, and Huron Kingston later, part of the United Toronto States, forced Black people Lake Ontario to work as slaves for almost Lucan Hamilton St. Catharines 200 years. London Niagara Falls Dresden Fort Erie Port Burwell Windsor Chatham Port Sandwich Stanley Buxton UNITED Amherstburg Erie 0 60 120 e Lak STATES kilometres This map shows the communities where many escaped slaves settled when they reached Upper Canada. Find Owen Sound on the map. How can you find out more about the Black people who settled there? What did they do when they came to the community? This stamp was designed to remember Josiah Henson. He settled in Dresden, Ontario. He helped other escaped slaves learn Thinking It Through how to farm. What are other ways he contributed to his community? Today, many people from around the world seek safety, or asylum, in Canada. Are their reasons for coming the same as in the past or are they different? 84 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:26 AM Page 85 How Did the Great Migration Change the Lowlands? About 8 million immigrants, mostly from Britain, Scotland, and Ireland, came to the British colonies in Canada between 1815 and 1850. This was called the Great Migration. These immigrants faced many hardships My friend Marc says that aboard ship and once they arrived. Thousands of British his ancestors were Irish and Irish people settled in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence people who came to Québec during this time. Lowlands. For many, this was a chance to start a new life. How can I trace my own Read these stories to find out more about why they came ancestry? and about their lives in the new land. Voices of Canada The Irish in Québec Irish newcomers to Québec found themselves in a place where they did not speak the common language, French. However, many remained happy that they had come. Whenever an Irish [person] told me of his hard up-hill fight, he was sure to add: “The laws are good and just, and we enjoy everything we have a right to hope for. We have nothing to complain of here, and we all wish that you were as well off at home.” John Frances Maguire, 1868 Voices of Canada A Canadian Song Susanna Moodie came from Come, launch the light canoe! England. She and her family The breeze is fresh and strong; settled in Upper Canada in 1832. The summer skies are blue, Moodie published many writings about her life as a settler. What And ‘tis a joy to float along. does this poem show about her Away o’er the waters! character and her life? What can The bright-glancing waters, you find out about how her life The many-voiced waters, changed when she came to Upper Canada? As they dance in light and song. Susanna Moodie 85 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:27 AM Page 86 Stopping at Grosse-Île Voices of Canada Many ships with immigrants from Europe were overcrowded, and often there was not enough food and Grosse-Île water. Terrible diseases spread among the passengers, many Catherine Parr Traill of whom died before they arrived in Canada. travelled by ship from To make sure that diseases did not spread throughout England and landed at Lowlands communities, all ships had to stop at Grosse-Île. Grosse-Île. She was Susanna Moodie’s sister. Grosse-Île is an island in the St. Lawrence River, not far This is what she wrote in from Québec City. There, doctors tried to cure as many her journal: people as they could before letting them onto the mainland. August 12, 1832. We Despite their attempts, thousands of people died on reached Grosse-Île Grosse-Île. yesterday evening. There are several vessels lying at anchor close to the More About... shore; one bears the melancholy symbol of Irish in Québec disease, the yellow flag; Many children were left orphans after their parents died on she is a passenger-ship, Grosse-Île. Patrick and Thomas Quinn were adopted by a and has the smallpox Francophone named George Bourke. With him, they learned and measles among her French and adopted a Francophone identity. Today, there are crew. many Francophone families in Québec with Irish last names. Catherine Parr Traill Skill Smart Prepare a tour guide script that explains the importance of the Grosse-Île site. This memorial was built on Grosse-Île in 1909. It is dedicated to the memory of the Irish people who died on the island. Is this memorial still in place today? 86 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:27 AM Page 87 Contributions of the People Did you ever wonder why we celebrate St. Patrick’s Day? St. Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland, not Canada. But ? Critical Inquiry TIP Creating when Irish immigrants came to Canada, they brought their A poster is one way you celebrations, traditions, and ways of life with them. Scottish might present information and English immigrants did the same thing. about different traditions Immigrants from Scotland, Ireland, and England and celebrations in contributed more than just holidays and games to their new Canada. country. They worked as teachers, priests and nuns, politicians, farmers, engineers, explorers, and artists. Their work helped shape our schools, churches, communities, and government. Today, the descendants of these immigrants form a large part of Canada’s population. In 2001, more than 3 million people living in Canada identified themselves as being of Irish ancestry. More than 4 million were Scottish, and over 5 million English. Curling was probably invented in Scotland. The first curling club in Canada began in Montréal on the St. Lawrence River. Egerton Ryerson was the son of British loyalists. He was born in Upper Canada in 1803. Ryerson helped found the Upper Canada Academy. In 1844, he became the Tommy Douglas (1904–1986) Superintendent of Education in was born in Scotland, but grew Upper Canada and would leave up in Winnipeg. A preacher, a lasting mark on the education social activist, and politician, system. He put libraries in all Douglas was premiere of schools, and started a textbook Saskatchewan and the leader of publishing press. A school he the NDP. He led the creation of founded in Toronto would later Medicare, a system which gives become Ryerson University. all Canadians access to free medical care. In 2004, he was voted “The Greatest Canadian”. 87 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:27 AM Page 88 How Has the Region Changed? The Lowlands does not look the same as it did 300 years ago. Over time, more and more people have come to the region. Newcomers often changed the land to fit their needs. Creating the St. Lawrence Seaway Can you imagine trying to paddle through the Lachine Rapids? Today, ships can travel on the St. Lawrence River from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Superior. In the past, people had to portage around rapids, such as the Lachine Rapids near Montréal. The rapids prevented larger ships from travelling on the river. Over the years, people built canals and locks. Canals are long, narrow strips dug out of the land and filled with water. They are used to join two bodies of water. Built into the canals are locks. Locks act like staircases or elevators for ships. Using canals and locks, workers connected the St. Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, and other rivers and lakes. This lock is near Montréal. This system is called the St. Lawrence Seaway. The St. Lawrence Seaway 0 175 350 kilometres QUÉBEC Thunder Bay ONTARIO Québec City Lake Superi or Sault Ste. Marie Montréal N W E Lake igan Huron S Toronto ATLANTIC Lake Mich tario Welland Lake On OCEAN Canal Legend UNITED Windsor rie STATES Locks eE Lak Canada/U.S. border 88 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:27 AM Page 89 Effects of the Seaway Voices of Canada In order to build the St. Lawrence Seaway, more than 6500 people had to move to new towns. Ten villages Prosperity were flooded. They became known as the “Lost Villages.” The mayor of Cornwall How might you feel if you were forced to move or your thought that the new community was destroyed? How do these two people feel? Seaway would bring prosperity to his city. Voices of Canada We in Cornwall are very happy [about] the St. Leaving Home Lawrence development. It will bring industry to Three years before the flooding, this farmer spoke of how he felt about Cornwall. Cornwall will moving away from his farm. be a prosperous little city It’s a really hard thing to do after 23 years because I’m very for the next few years. much attached to [my farm]. It’s hard leaving orchards... you And I daresay it will be can’t take them with you. one of the largest cities in eastern Ontario. W.J. Kirkwood, Aultsville, Ontario Mayor Horowitz, 1954 Making a Difference After the Seaway was built, shipping activity the condition of the river and campaign to on the St. Lawrence River increased. Factories reduce pollution. were built close to the river and the Great An important result of the campaign to Lakes, because the Seaway allowed for easier help the beluga was the creation of the shipping of materials and products. These Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park. factories cause pollution. What effect does Managed by Parks Canada and Parcs Québec, that have on local wildlife? the park protects a section of the St. Beluga whales live in parts of the St. Lawrence. The park helps to protect the Lawrence. Pollution in the river has made ecosystem where the whales live, and also them sick and unable to reproduce. Today, educates the public about the importance of environmental groups in the area monitor protecting the fragile marine environment. 89 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:27 AM Page 90 Viewpoints Should We Control How Big Our Cities Get? When cities spread quickly, more land is used than people need. This is called urban sprawl. Cities often grow so big that they join up with other cities. Farmland in between the cities is used to build new homes, schools, libraries, and stores. Toronto: A Century of Changes More than 1000 years ago, people began settling in the area known today as Toronto. The area was a meeting place between lakes Ontario and Huron. Today, people from many countries still come to make their home in Toronto. The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is the City of Toronto plus the surrounding areas. The GTA has more than 4.5 million people. The picture on the left shows Yonge Street in Toronto in 1907. Today, Toronto is one of the most culturally diverse cities in the world. 90 64-93_Ch03_F3 2/1/07 11:27 AM Page 91 Read the following views to learn more about what different people think about urban sprawl. There is so much building going on that I have my choice of jobs. It’s great for my family. We can live near my work, and I’m making good money. Green areas need to be preserved in our city. Parks keep Wildlife used to live in the I love my new cities healthy. forests and along the house! We live near rivers in my area. But as a park where I can the city grew, the animals play with my and birds lost their friends. My parents homes. We have all lost drive to work on the something very valuable nearby highway. now. Over to You 1. Discuss each point of view. How many different points of view are presented? 2. Do the points of view represent an individual or a group? What to they have in common? 3. Do you live in or near a l