Introduction to Psychology PDF

General Psychology - Ch. 01: Introduction to Psychology Outline What is Psychology o Social Psychology Psychology is… o Health Psychology o Scientific...

General Psychology - Ch. 01: Introduction to Psychology Outline What is Psychology o Social Psychology Psychology is… o Health Psychology o Scientific o Clinical & Counseling o Empirical Method Psychology Psychology is not… o Forensic Psychology o “Pop-psych” o Industrial-Organizational o Pseudoscience Psychology o Common Sense Types of Psychologists o School Psychologist Critical Thinking o Counseling Psychologist What Is Critical Thinking? o Clinical Psychologist (PhD or Guidelines for Critical Thinking PsyD) 1. Ask questions o Psychotherapist 2. Define terms clearly o Psychoanalyst 3. Analyze assumptions and o Psychiatrist (MD) biases 4. Make Observations/Examine Evidence 5. Remain Skeptical History of Psychology Greek Philosophy, Medicine & Physiology Early Paradigms in Psychology o Paradigm o Wilhelm Wundt o Structuralism (Titchener) o Functionalism (William James) o Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud) o Gestalt Psychology o Behaviorism (Pavlov, Watson & Skinner) o Humanism (Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers) Contemporary Psychology Modern Subdivisions in Psychology o Basic vs. Applied Psychology o Biopsychology & Evolutionary Psychology o Sensation & Perception o Cognitive Psychology o Developmental Psychology o Personality Psychology General Psychology Introduction to Psychology  What Is Psychology? Psychology The scientific study of the [brain], mind and behavior based Scientific Method I everything that scientist use is methods using slientifyl on Based on research Empirical Evidence observation, experimentation & measurement.  Psychology, Pseudoscience, & Popular Opinion Psychology is NOT: What is psychology not Psychology is not Just CommonSense “Pop-psych” pop psych pseudoSlience Popular ideas in the media, education, and the law. is not based on Pseudoscience any scientific beidence or method Ex “Scientific” claims NOT based on Scientific Astrology Method taro Guds Scientology “Just” Common Sense Psychological findings can: validate common beliefs, explain or extend them, or contradict them  What Is Critical Thinking? Critical Thinking Systematic evaluation of the reliability and usefulness of information (as opposed to relying on anecdotes or emotional reactions). Critical component of the Science Method emotion and think Critical thinking is a to manage your way rather logically  What Is Critical Thinking? ask questions Critical Thinking Guidelines assume but measure not to gas try 1. Ask Questions 81 the Impact 2. Define Terms Clearly (Operational Definitions) 3. Analyze Assumptions and Biases evidence collect the and Emotional Reasoning examine entente 4. Make Observations/Examine Evidence 5. Remain Skeptical Consider Alternative Interpretations histftfffn she Don’t Oversimplify & Tolerate Uncertainty is that  okay History of Psychology “Psychology has a long past but a short history.” Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1908  History of Psychology Greek Philosophy (Around 400 BC) Psychology is Sources of knowledge/What's real? the emergence Can we trust our senses? of the Philosophy Rational Thinking & Problem Solving this Slientine method Emotions Understanding of human behavior Missing the scientific method  History of Psychology Greek Medicine & Physiology (Around 400 BC) Hippocrates Hippocrateswas the founder of “founder of modern medicine” modern medicine Observed head injuries and he discovered that the brain is Brain is source of: the Source of Pleasure & Pain Pain pleasure 8 emotions Emotions around 400 Be Disorders & diseases have natural causes  History of Psychology Paradigm a way of looking a problem Shared view point; common set of assumptions/beliefs “World View”, “Lens” or “Perspective” “The entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on shared by the members of a given scientific community” (Kuhn, 1996, p. 175). Guides Focus and Topics studied Research Questions Appropriate Methodologies  Early Paradigms in Psychology butshe Wilhelm Wundt the founder of psychology the first Established 1st Psychological Laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. Scientific Method to study Psychological Issues he was also known to Used trained introspection mental break analyze block into experiences a mini building Observe, analyze and describe sensations, mental images, and emotions. Deconstruct mental experiences into most basic elements. But he was creditated belase he was the first person to establish a research in a university  Early Paradigms in Psychology (Late 1800’s) Structuralism (Edward Titchener) the belt same Doing thing as Klundt but he did it in america Basic elements of sensations, images and feelings duringthe late 1800s Functionalism (William James) his question was Function or Purpose of Behavior…how & w; what are emotions for Influenced by Evolutionary Theory have why do we and whatdowe Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud) do with it Focus on unconscious motives and conflicts, early childhood experiences, sexual & aggressive urges Still a major perspective today; see APA.org: https://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/psychoanalytic, https://www.apa.org/about/division/div39  Additional Early Paradigms in Psychology how Gestalt Psychology his point goal is to figure Impetup different part of human Sensory all Focus work on how parts of sensory experience relate to each other as a whole; and on human individual as a whole rather than sum of individually measured parts. How does Behaviorism (Pavlov, Watson & Skinner) In experiences Behavior Focus on observing and controlling behavior; how past experiences of reward & punishment affect behavior. Humanism (Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers) Focus on positive aspects of human nature Focus on human growth and potential.  Modern Subdivisions in Psychology Basic vs. Applied Psychology Basic Psychology Applied Psychology A.K.A Theoretical/Academic psychology Application of the theories, principles, and Scientific study of psychological techniques of psychology to practical phenomena; goal is acquisition of concerns & problems. knowledge Many Topics/Sub-Divisions including: Many Topics/Sub-Divisions including: Behavioral Neuroscience Clinical/Counseling Sensation & Perception School Psychology Cognitive Psychology Industrial/Organizational Personality & Social Psychology Consumer Psychology & Advertising Developmental Psychology Human Factors and many more... and many more… See: https://dictionary.apa.org/applied-psychology  Modern Subdivisions in Psychology Biopsychology & Evolutionary Psychology Effect of biological processes on thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Evolution & Genetics Sensation & Perception How sensory information is processed and organized Cognitive Psychology Mental processes/“Thoughts” Memory, Judgment & decision making, problem solving, language, etc.  Modern Subdivisions in Psychology Developmental Psychology Study of development across a lifespan. Includes physical maturation, cognitive & moral development, social behavior, etc… Personality Psychology Patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique Social Psychology Effect of social and cultural environment on thoughts and behavior  Modern Subdivisions in Psychology Health Psychology How health is affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Clinical Psychology Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other behavioral issues Counseling Psychology: focus on emotional, social, vocational, and health- related issues in psychologically “healthy” individuals  Modern Subdivisions in Psychology Forensic Psychology Application of psychological principles in the justice system (e.g. competency to stand trial, sentencing & treatment recommendations, eyewitness testimony) Sport & Exercise Psychology Psychological aspects of performance (e.g. motivation, anxiety, etc. wellbeing Industrial-Organizational Psychology Application of psychological theories, principles, and research in industrial and organizational settings.  Careers in Psychology Reproduced from Wade & Tavris (2017) Academic/Research Psychologists in Industry, Law, or Clinical Psychologists Psychologists Other Settings Specialize in areas of pure or Do psychotherapy and Do research or serve as applied research, such as: sometimes research; consultants to institutions on Human development may work in any of such issues as: Psychometrics (testing) these settings: Sports Health Private practice Consumer issues Education Mental health clinics Advertising Industrial/organizational General hospitals Organizational problems psychology Mental hospitals Environmental issues Physiological psychology Research laboratories Public policy Sensation and perception Colleges and Opinion polls Design and use of universities Military training technology Animal behavior Legal issues  Types of Psychologists Summary from https://dictionary.apa.org/ Type Description School Psychologist Curriculum planning, individual curriculum assessment and planning, psychoeducational testing, behavior problems, and educational research (See APA Dictionary). Counseling Psychologist Focus on “emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns” (e.g. well-being, distress and maladjustment, and resolving crises (See APA Dictionary) Clinical Psychologist Has a PhD or PsyD. Research, assessment, diagnosis and treatment of emotional, behavioral, or psychological (See APA Dictionary) Psychotherapist “individual who has been professionally trained and licensed (in the United States by a state board) to treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders by psychological means. He or she may be a clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, counselor, social worker, or psychiatric nurse.” (APA Dictionary). Psychoanalyst Training in psychoanalytic theory and practice; application of psychoanalytic techniques to treatment of mental disorders …”usually trained first as psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, or other mental health professionals”. (See APA Dictionary) Psychiatrist “Physician (MD) who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and study of mental, behavioral, and personality disorders.” (APA Dictionary)  More Info on Psychology APA Dictionary of Psychology “More than 25,000 authoritative entries across 90 subfields of psychology.” https://dictionary.apa.org/ ONET Online career descriptions and job analysis resources https://www.onetonline.org/ Occupational Outlook Handbook Job info from US Bureau of Labor Statistics, including career descriptions, working conditions, required training/education, earnings/ job outlook. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/