Module 1: Defining Civil Engineering PDF

MODULE 1 Thomas Tredgold -- drafted the Royal Charter of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1828\ **\ DEFINING THE PURPOSE OF THE INSTITUTION:** **Civil Engineering:** - **Advancement of Mechanical Science: **Promotes the acquisition of knowledge in civil engineering. - **Power Utiliz...

MODULE 1 Thomas Tredgold -- drafted the Royal Charter of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1828\ **\ DEFINING THE PURPOSE OF THE INSTITUTION:** **Civil Engineering:** - **Advancement of Mechanical Science: **Promotes the acquisition of knowledge in civil engineering. - **Power Utilization: **Directs natural power sources for human use and convenience. - **Production & Traffic: **Facilitates production and trade (both internal and external). - **Construction Projects:** - Internal Intercourse & Exchange: Roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river navigation, docks. - Ports & Harbors: Ports, harbors, moles, breakwaters, lighthouses. - **Navigation: **Uses artificial power for commercial navigation. - **Machinery & Drainage: **Constructs and adapts machinery; manages drainage of cities and towns. **THE EMERGENCE OF ENGINEERING -** The term civil engineering has been used, and its meaning has evolved for rather more than 200 years.\ Chambers Dictionary --\ **Engineer:** - Designs, makes, or uses engines/machinery (including electrical). - Constructs public works (roads, railways, sewers, bridges, harbors, canals). - Manages military fortifications or engines. **Civil Engineer:** - Plans and builds railways, docks, etc. - Different from: - **Military Engineer:** Constructs/manages military fortifications. - **Mechanical Engineer:** Makes machines. **Origins of the Term 'Engineer':** - The word "engineer" is derived from the Latin word *ingenium*, which means skill or cleverness. - Historically, engineers were associated with the design and construction of devices (engines) for military purposes, such as catapults. **Civil Engineering:** - The term "civil engineering" was introduced to differentiate engineers working on non-military projects. - Despite its seemingly contradictory nature, civil engineering now refers to the branch of engineering focused on creating society's infrastructure. - The term "civil" highlights the connection to citizens and civilization. **Scope and Application:** - Civil engineering encompasses the development of infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges, and airfields. - Techniques used in civil engineering have broad applications and can also be employed in military contexts, thus blurring the lines between civil and military engineering. **SHORT HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING** **4000 BC - 2000 BC** - **Shift from Nomadic Life to Permanent Settlements**: Human societies, such as those in Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley Civilizations, began building long-lasting shelters as they transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle. - **Invention of the Wheel and Sailing**: These innovations in transportation allowed for easier movement of goods and people, shaping early engineering. **2700 BC - 2500 BC** - **Pyramids of Giza, Egypt (\~2600 BC)**: The first large-scale structures ever built by humans. The Great Pyramid of Giza, constructed for Pharaoh Khufu, remains one of the most impressive feats of ancient engineering. **447 BC - 438 BC** - **The Parthenon, Ancient Greece**: Built by architect Iktinos and overseen by sculptor Phidias, this iconic temple dedicated to Athena was constructed on the Acropolis in Athens. It exemplifies classical Greek architecture and engineering. **Qanat Water Management System (Over 3000 years old)** - **Persian Qanat System**: Developed in the early 1st millennium BC, qanats are underground tunnels designed to extract groundwater in arid regions, particularly in Persia (modern-day Iran). Some qanats extend over 71 km in length and are still in use today. **312 BC** - **Appian Way, Roman Republic**: Initiated by Roman censor Appius Claudius Caecus, this road became one of the most strategic trade and military routes, connecting Rome to Brindisi and facilitating commerce with Greece and the East. **312 BC - 226 AD** - **Roman Aqueducts**: These aqueducts transported fresh water from distant sources to major cities in the Roman Empire. They were a marvel of civil engineering, relying on gravity to maintain a steady flow of water across long distances. **220 BC** - **Great Wall of China**: Built under the reign of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China, to protect against invasions from northern tribes. Sections of the wall built during this period remain today. - **Roman Civil Engineering**: The Roman Empire expanded its infrastructure by constructing aqueducts, harbors, bridges, dams, and extensive road networks throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. **3rd Century BC** - **Archimedes\' Contributions to Engineering**: Greek mathematician and physicist Archimedes of Syracuse formulated the Archimedes Principle of buoyancy and invented the Archimedes screw, a device for raising water, laying the foundation for modern hydraulic engineering. **20 BC** - **Roman Highway System**: The Romans built a vast network of highways throughout their empire to facilitate trade and quickly move their military legions. Many of these roads, built with advanced techniques, remain visible today. **600 AD** - **Hohokam Irrigation Systems**: Native Americans of the Hohokam civilization constructed sophisticated canal systems along the Salt River in present-day Arizona, covering hundreds of miles, to irrigate their agricultural lands in the desert. **1000 AD** - **Friesland Dykes, The Netherlands**: Early examples of flood control, these dykes were constructed to defend against rising waters from the sea and rivers, representing early engineering in water management. **1450 AD** - **Machu Picchu, Peru**: Built at the height of the Inca Empire in the Andes Mountains, Machu Picchu\'s construction involved advanced engineering techniques, such as terraced agriculture, running water, and drainage systems that prevented erosion in the mountain environment. **1931-1936** - **Hoover Dam, USA**: This massive concrete arch-gravity dam was constructed in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River during the Great Depression. It was completed in 1936 and dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935. Hoover Dam remains a major hydroelectric power source and water management system for the southwestern United States. **EDUCATION AND INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING** **1747** - **First Engineering School**: The National School of Bridges and Highways (École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées) was established in France. It was the first formal institution dedicated to teaching civil engineering. - **John Smeaton (1724-1792)**: Known as the \"Father of Civil Engineering,\" Smeaton was the first person to call himself a civil engineer. He is best known for designing the Eddystone Lighthouse, an engineering marvel at the time. **1771** - **Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers**: John Smeaton and his colleagues founded this society, which became one of the earliest organizations for professional engineers. It was an informal group of leading engineers who would meet to discuss their work and developments in the field. **1819** - **Norwich University, USA**: Founded by Captain Alden Partridge, Norwich University became the first private institution in the United States to offer formal education in civil engineering. It played a key role in spreading engineering education in America. **1820** - **Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)**: Established in London, ICE was the first professional engineering institution. Eminent Scottish engineer **Thomas Telford** (1757-1834), known for his bridge and road projects, became its first president. In 1828, ICE received a Royal Charter, officially recognizing civil engineering as a profession in the UK. **1835** - **First Civil Engineering Degree in the USA**: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, awarded the first civil engineering degree in the United States. The institute remains a prominent leader in engineering education today. **FAMOUS CIVIL ENGINEERS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS** **John Smeaton (1724-1792)** - **\"Father of Civil Engineering\"**: John Smeaton is widely regarded as the first civil engineer. He pioneered civil engineering during the Industrial Revolution, notably in designing windmills and waterwheels. - **Scientific Contributions**: He published research on the relationship between pressure and velocity of objects moving through air, which laid the groundwork for advancements in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics. **Squire Whipple (1804-1888)** - **Innovative Engineer**: Known for designing a 300-ton capacity weight lock scale, which revolutionized bridge construction by improving their load-bearing capacity. - **Contributions to the Erie Canal**: Whipple built several short-span iron bridges for the New York and Erie Railroad and gained international recognition, especially for his contributions to the Erie Canal infrastructure. **Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859)** - **Versatile Civil Engineer**: Brunel is celebrated for his work on tunnels, bridges, railroads, and ships. - **Great Western Railway**: His most famous achievement was the design of the Great Western Railway, which connected London to Bristol, featuring a network of tunnels, viaducts, and bridges. **Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923)** - **Builder of the Eiffel Tower**: Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, a French civil engineer and architect, is best known for constructing the Eiffel Tower in Paris. - **Pioneering Aerodynamics**: The construction of the tower sparked Eiffel's interest in aerodynamics. In 1905, he built an aerodynamic laboratory at the base of the tower, and in 1909, he constructed his first wind tunnel, advancing the study of aerodynamics. **Arthur Casagrande (1902-1981)** - **Harvard Professor and Dam Specialist**: Casagrande developed design principles used in constructing earth and rock-fill dams worldwide. - **Soil Mechanics Pioneer**: While consulting for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, he contributed significantly to the theoretical understanding of soil behavior, particularly in dam construction. **Thomas Telford (1757-1834)** - **\"Colossus of Roads\"**: A Scottish civil engineer and architect, Telford was instrumental in developing the civil infrastructure of Britain, especially in the construction of roads and canals. - **Ellesmere Canal**: One of his most notable achievements was the construction of the Ellesmere Canal, started in 1793, which was a major engineering marvel of the time. - **Infrastructure Development**: His prolific work helped lay the foundation for the Industrial Revolution, and he served as Surveyor of Public Works in Shropshire after working in Edinburgh and London as a stonemason. **CIVIL ENGINEERING AS A PROFESSION** **Civil Engineering vs. Architecture** - Historically, there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and terms like \"engineer\" and \"architect\" referred to the same person. - The distinction emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the Industrial Revolution, when civil engineers began working on non-military (civil) projects, leading to the formal adoption of the term \"civil engineer.\" **Influence of the Industrial Revolution and Age of Enlightenment** - The Industrial Revolution and the scientific discoveries of the Age of Enlightenment created an ideal environment for innovation in civil engineering, pushing military engineers to work on civil projects, such as bridges, roads, and water supply systems. **Formation of Professional Organizations** - British Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE): Chartered in 1818, ICE became one of the first organizations to formalize civil engineering as a distinct profession. - American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE): Founded in 1852, ASCE further cemented civil engineering as a professional discipline in the United States. - **Other notable organizations:** - **Institution of Civil Engineers India (ICEI), 1860** - **Spanish Asociación de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales, y Puertos (AICCP), 1903** - **South African Institution of Civil Engineers (SAICE), 1903** - **Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), 1914** - **Chinese Institute of Civil Engineering (CICE), 1936** **CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSION (AS PER JOHN PHILIP BACHNER)** 1. **Systematic Body of Theory:** - Civil engineering skills stem from a consistent, rational system of knowledge. - There is continuous expansion and refinement of theory within the discipline. 2. **Authority:** - Extensive education in civil engineering highlights the public's relative lack of expertise in the field, giving engineers specialized authority. - This authority is functionally specific, tied to a civil engineer's technical training. 3. **Community Sanction:** - Government boards oversee the profession and grant licenses or registrations to engineers, formalizing their roles in society. 4. **Ethical Codes:** - Ethical guidelines govern behavior in professional-client relationships and among colleagues. - Civil engineers are motivated by an ethical impulse to perform at their best for the benefit of the community and profession. 5. **A Culture of Service:** - Civil engineering contributes valuable services to society and is guided by social values. - The profession has developed symbols, traditions, and appropriate behavioral modes over time. **MODULE 2** **HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES** **Maestro de Obras (Master Builders)** - During Spanish colonial rule (over 350 years), Filipinos were not officially recognized as civil engineers, but they were referred to as Maestro de Obras (Master Builders), equivalent to modern-day construction foremen. - Despite their ability to design and build various structures, social prejudice prevented them from holding formal engineering titles. **Lack of Formal Civil Engineering Education** - Civil engineering during the Spanish period was not an academic profession for Filipinos. - Only Spanish engineers and architects had formal education, while Filipino builders primarily worked on projects like churches, convents, and government buildings. **Intramuros as a Model Community (1571)** - The Spaniards established the walled city of Intramuros as a model European-style community. - Spanish friar-architects/engineers were responsible for constructing government buildings, bridges, and other public structures. **Important Structures and Dates:** - **Fort Santiago (1571): Built shortly after Miguel Lopez de Legazpi founded Manila on June 24, 1571. This fort was vital for defense and later became an infamous prison, notably holding national hero José Rizal before his execution.** - **Fort San Antonio Abad (1584): A strategic fort that was captured by the British in 1762, rebuilt in the 19th century, and used as a powder magazine.** - **St. Augustine Church (1599-1607): The oldest stone church in the Philippines. Despite numerous earthquakes, it remains standing to this day.** - **San Sebastian Church (1888): The first and only all-steel church in Asia, designed by Gustave Eiffel (of Eiffel Tower fame). The steel parts were manufactured in Brussels, Belgium.** - **Puente Grande (1632): The first bridge across the Pasig River, later renamed Puente de España after several reconstructions. It was eventually replaced by the neoclassical Jones Bridge in the 1930s.** - **Betis Artesian Wells (1686): The first wells built in Betis, Pampanga by Fr. Manuel Camanes. Fr. Juan Peguero constructed the first water system in Manila in the same year.** - **Pasig River Lighthouse (1846): The first masonry-built lighthouse in the Philippines, marking the entrance to Manila's ports. It was replaced in 1992, and the area is now called Parola.** **Puente Colgante (1852):** - **The first suspension bridge in Southeast Asia, connecting Quiapo to Intramuros. Designed by Basque engineer Matias Menchacatorre, it allowed pedestrians and vehicles to cross the Pasig River.** - **The bridge was a precursor to modern toll bridges.** **Carriedo Waterworks (1878-1918):** - Manila received its first running water system, funded by the legacy of Don Francisco Carriedo y Peredo, a Basque philanthropist. The water system was established during the term of Governor Domingo Moriones. - Manila did not have running water until 1878, when **Governor Domingo Moriones** established the municipal waterworks. - The project was funded by the **Carriedo Legacy**, left by **Don Francisco Carriedo y Peredo**, a Basque philanthropist who had migrated to the Philippines in the early 18th century. - Carriedo died in 1743, but his legacy was finally realized over a century later, providing clean water to Manila. **Bureau of Public Works and Highways (1868)** - The Bureau of Public Works and Highways and Bureau of Communications and Transportation were formally organized under a civil engineer known as the Director General. This helped regulate infrastructure projects across the Philippines. **Royal Decree on Railroads (1875)** - On June 25, 1875, **King Alfonso XII of Spain** issued a Royal Decree ordering the Office of the Inspector of Public Works to submit a general plan for a railroad system in Luzon. - The General Plan was drawn up in 1876, envisioning a network of **1,730 kilometers**. **Manila-Dagupan Railway (1876--1892)** - Construction of the **Manila-Dagupan Railway** began in 1887, with a total track length of **195.4 kilometers**. - The railway was completed on November 24, 1892, improving transportation between Manila and Dagupan. - Notable engineering feats included the **bridge over Pampanga River** and **Tutuban Station** in Tondo, Manila. **Manila Tramways (1878)** - In 1878, a concession for building five tramways in **Manila** and its suburbs was approved. - The tramways network was designed to ease transportation across the city, with a main station at **San Gabriel**. **Escuela Práctica y Artes Oficios de Manila (1880)** - Founded in 1880, the school trained Filipino **Maestros de Obras** (Master Builders). Notable graduates included: - **Julio Hernandez** (1891) - **Isidro Medina** (1894) - **Arcadio Arellano** (1894) - **Juan Carreon** (1896) **Ayala Bridge (1880)** - The **Puente de Convalecencia**, better known as **Ayala Bridge**, was completed in 1880. - Originally made of wooden arched trusses, it connected the Isla de Convalecencia (home to **Hospicio de San Jose**, an orphanage) to other parts of the city. **Spanish Colonial Roadworks (18th-19th Centuries)** - Two primary types of road construction: - **Adobe stone pavement**: Smooth and visually appealing but wore down quickly under heavy traffic. - **Rubble-stone pavement (cobblestones)**: Made of durable boulders, ideal for low-traffic areas. - These road systems laid the groundwork for modern infrastructure. **Department of War and Public Works (1898)** - Created under the **Philippine Revolutionary Government** led by **General Emilio Aguinaldo**. - The department managed the construction of fortifications, trenches, roads, and bridges essential to the revolution against Spanish rule. **Malolos Constitution (1899)** - **Maximo Paterno** was appointed Secretary of Public Works under the **Philippine Revolutionary Government**. - The **Communicaciones y Obras Públicas** (Communications and Public Works Department) was created to handle public infrastructure. **American Colonial Period (Early 1900s)** - Under American rule, road and transportation development advanced significantly. - The **Macadam Road type** was introduced, gaining popularity due to the availability of stones and gravel. - **US military engineers**, **Thomasite teachers**, and other professionals helped modernize the country's infrastructure, including highways, schools, and hospitals. **Act No. 83 (1901)** - Passed by the **Philippine Commission** on February 6, 1901, placing public works under \"Provincial Supervisions.\" - The **1901 Municipal Code** allowed elected municipal board members to manage local taxes, municipal properties, and construction projects. **Academia de Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas (AAAF) (1902)** - The first professional association for architects and surveyors, established on September 14, 1902. - **Philippine Bill of 1902** (July 1, 1902) authorized improvements in commerce, including harbors, warehouses, and lighthouses. - The **Manila Railroad Company (MRRCo)** was granted the right to construct branch lines by **Philippine Commission Act No. 554** on December 8, 1902. **Academia Expansion (1903)** - The AAAF expanded its scope to include civil engineers and surveyors, renaming itself **Academia de Arquitectura, Ingeniera y Agrimensura de Filipinas (AIAAF)**. **Establishment of Escuela de Ingeniera y Arquitectura (1904)** - Formed through the merger of the AIAAF and **Liceo**, offering a five-year course in architecture and civil engineering. - The **Escuela** ceased operations after one year but reopened in 1908 with a three-year course in architecture, civil engineering, and electrical engineering. **Bureau of Public Works Creation (1905)** - Established under the **Department of Commerce and Police** on October 26, 1905. - **Act No. 1401** of the Philippine Commission (October 4, 1905) abolished engineering districts and district engineers. **Provincial Road Development (1907)** - Provincial boards were created with the authority to collect double cedula taxes for road and bridge construction. - The national government allocated **P1,700,000** for this purpose. **University of Santo Tomas College of Engineering (UST-COE) (1907)** - The oldest engineering school in the Philippines, established on May 18, 1907. - Headed by **Don Ramon Irureta-Goyena**, patterned after the **University of Havana** in Cuba. - The first graduates received their degrees in 1912. **Wawa Dam (Montalban Dam) Construction (1909)** - Built over the **Marikina River** in Rizal Province during the American colonial era to supply water to Manila. - Wawa Dam served Manila\'s water needs until the construction of **Angat Dam**. **University of the Philippines College of Engineering (1910)** - Created by a resolution on June 3, 1910, with **W.J. Colbert** appointed as its first Dean. - Offered a four-year Bachelor of Science program with an additional year for a Civil Engineering degree. **Dissolution of AIAAF (1911)** - Civil engineers withdrew to form the **Philippine Society of Engineers** after advocating for an Engineers and Architects Law. **Irrigation Act (1912)** - Established the **Irrigation Division** under the Bureau of Public Works. - Regulated water rights, the construction of irrigation systems, and secured payments for irrigation services. **Communal Irrigation Systems (1914)** - Early communal systems, known as **zanjera**, were constructed in **Ilocos**, utilizing bamboo and rock diversion structures known as \"brush dams.\" **Secretary Dionisio Jakosalem (1917--1922)** - Appointed Secretary of Commerce and Communication by **Gov. Gen. Francis B. Harrison**. - Credited for building roads linking northern and southern Cebu. **Metropolitan Water District Formation (1919--1954)** - Established to manage Metro Manila's water supply. **Engineers and Architects Law (Act No. 2985) (1921)** - Passed on February 23, 1921, creating separate boards for architecture and civil engineering. - Empowered Filipinos, previously trained as **Maestro de Obras**, to practice as licensed architects and engineers. **Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) Formation (1928)** - Founded by government engineers, led by **Engr. Marcial Kasilag**, who received PRC Registration No. 1 for civil engineers. **Puente Colgante Bridge**: - Replaced by a modern steel arch bridge in the early 1930s. - Renamed **Quezon Bridge** after **Manuel L. Quezon**, the president of the Philippines at that time. **1931**: - The **Department of Commerce and Communications** was renamed as the **Department of Public Works and Communications (DPWC)**. **1935**: - **Act No. 4211** passed on August 2, allowing under-aged individuals to take board exams with the condition they can only practice once they reach 21. - During the inauguration of the Commonwealth Government on November 15, DPWC was reorganized to include several bureaus such as the **Bureau of Public Works**, **Ports**, and **Aeronautics**, among others. **1937**: - Formation of the **Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE)**. - **Engr. Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes** became its first president. - PACE\'s objectives included elevating the standards of the profession, encouraging research, and fostering fellowship among engineers. **1938**: - The **National Assembly Bill No. 1850** was passed, legally separating the practice of architecture from engineering. - On May 8, the unified **railroad system** from **San Fernando, La Union** in the north to **Legazpi** in the south was inaugurated. **1940**: - **Highway 54**, now known as **Epifanio delos Santos Avenue (EDSA)**, was constructed by engineers **Florencio Moreno** and **Osmundo Monsod**. It was originally named the **North and South Circumferential Road** and later renamed to **Highway 54** during the American occupation. **1941**: - Outbreak of **World War II** interrupted government operations, and the **Department of Public Works and Communications** was effectively abolished due to the war. - During the Japanese occupation, the **Department of Public Works and Communication** was reorganized into the **Department of National Defense, Public Works, Communications, and Labor** under **Basilio Valdes**. **1942**: - Construction of **Caliraya Dam** in **Lumban, Laguna** began in 1939 and became operational in 1942. Initially built for hydroelectric power, it later became a recreational site. - **Quintin Paredes** served as Minister of Public Works and Communications under **President Jose P. Laurel** during the Japanese occupation. **1945**: - After WWII, the Philippine government was reorganized, and the **Department of Public Works and Communications** was reestablished by **Executive Order No. 27** on February 27. **1946**: - **DPWC** resumed its operations post-war with limited resources and began the rehabilitation of infrastructure, with funding from Japanese war reparations and U.S. financial aid. **1947**: - The **Motor Vehicles Office** was placed under the direct supervision of the DPWC, expanding its authority. **1948**: - **Manila International Airport** was turned over to the Philippine government and managed by the **National Airport Corporation**. It started with minimal infrastructure, including only a small terminal building. **1950**: - **RA 544** and **RA 545** were passed, establishing laws for civil engineering and architecture, respectively. - **Engr. Alberto Guevarra**, President of PACE, played a key role in passing RA 544, the Civil Engineering Law. **1951**: - President **Elpidio Quirino** issued **Executive Order No. 392**, reorganizing the DPWC to include the **Bureau of Public Works**, **Motor Vehicles Office**, and the **Flood Control Commission**, among others. **1953**: - The **Philippine Highway Act (RA 917)** provided effective highway administration, giving aid to provinces and cities for improving roads and bridges. **1954**: - The **Bureau of Public Highways** was created under **Republic Act No. 1192**, providing effective management of the Philippine highways. **1956**: - The **Civil Engineering Law (RA 1582)** and the **Architecture Law (RA 1581)** were further amended. **1960s - Migration of Filipino Architects and Engineers** - Filipino architects and engineers began migrating to the U.S. and Europe due to a shortage of local projects. - Skilled in English, these professionals were in demand for their ability to communicate and their affordable labor costs. **North Luzon Expressway (NLEX)** - Formerly known as the North Diversion Road and Manila North Expressway. - Built in the 1960s, connecting Metro Manila to Central Luzon. - Total length: 84 km, managed by Tollways Management Corporation. **1960 - Adoption of SI Units** - The International Bureau of Weights and Measures introduced the \"Systeme Internationale d\' Unites\" (SI). - The Philippines adopted this system, along with most of the world except the U.S., Liberia, and Brunei. **1961 - Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP)** - Founded on September 30, 1961, marking a significant development in the professional organization of structural engineers in the country. **1961-1967 - Angat Dam** - Construction began in November 1961 and was completed on October 16, 1967. - Located in Norzagaray, Bulacan, the dam stands 131 meters high with a capacity of 850 million cubic meters. **1963 - Creation of National Irrigation Administration (NIA)** - Established under Republic Act No. 3601, signed on June 22, 1963 by President Diosdado Macapagal. **1970s - Martial Law and Construction Industry** - Martial Law (declared in 1972) saw growth in the Middle East construction industry, leading to high demand for Filipino civil engineers and architects. **1971 - Establishment of Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS)** - Republic Act 6234 created the MWSS, replacing NAWASA, with the mandate to provide adequate water and sewerage systems. **1973 - Creation of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)** - PRC was established under Presidential Decree 223 to regulate all professions, accrediting one organization per profession. - Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) was formed by merging the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) and the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE). **1975 - First PICE International Convention** - Held in the Philippines from May 20 to 24, with the theme \"Civil Engineering in Disaster Prevention and Control.\" **1977 - National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP)** - Presidential Decree No. 1096 was signed into law on February 19, 1977, laying down standards for the construction industry. **1981 - Merger of Ministries** - The Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) was formed by merging the Ministry of Public Works and Ministry of Highways. **1982 - Completion of Magat Dam** - Located on the Magat River, it is one of the largest dams in the Philippines, providing irrigation and hydroelectric power. **1991 - Civil Engineering Week** - Proclamation No. 799 declared November 3-9, 1991 as Civil Engineering Week by President Corazon C. Aquino. **1993 - First Computerized Board Examinations** - The Board of Civil Engineering at PRC held fully computerized exams for the first time on May 29, 1993. **1995 - Syllabi for Civil Engineering Board Exams** - On February 28, 1995, the syllabi for licensure examination subjects were formalized. **2005 - Petition for Declaratory Relief (PICE vs. Revised IRR of National Building Code)** - The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) and Engr. Leo Cleto Gamolo filed a petition on May 3, 2005. - Petition aimed to declare null and void Sections 302.3 and 302.4 of the Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of **Presidential Decree No. 1096**, the **National Building Code of the Philippines**. - These sections required that architectural documents for building permits be prepared, signed, and sealed only by architects. - PICE argued that this was contrary to the **Civil Engineering Law (Republic Act No. 544)**, which they claimed allowed civil engineers to prepare and sign architectural documents. **2006 - Changes in CE Board Exam Results and Regulation of Review Centers** - Starting in **November 2006**, the **Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)** only released the Top 10 performers in the Civil Engineering Board Exam, discontinuing the rankings from 11th to 20th place. - **Executive Order No. 566**, issued by **President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo** on **September 8, 2006**, tasked the **Commission on Higher Education (CHED)** with regulating the establishment and operation of review centers. **2012 - Increased CE Board Exam Questions** - In **March 2012**, the **Board of Civil Engineering** informed the **Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)** that the number of questions per subject in the Civil Engineering Board Exam would increase from 30-35 to 100. - This change was effective starting the **May 2012 CE Board Exam**, resulting in a total of 300 questions. **2013 - Republic Act No. 10609 (Protection of Students\' Right to Enroll in Review Centers Act of 2013)** - **Republic Act No. 10609**, also known as the **Protection of Students\' Right to Enroll in Review Centers Act of 2013**, was signed into law on **August 23, 2013**. - This law protected students from being forced to enroll in specific review centers by educational institutions or individuals. MODULE 3 **CIVIL ENGINEERING AS A PROFESSION** **DEFINITION: CIVIL ENGINEER** - A **licensed professional** trained by law to design and supervise the civil aspects of buildings, specifically **architectural** and **structural** elements. - Responsible for ensuring the construction or installation of civil components aligns with the design. **CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE (AS DEFINED BY THE PRC)** **Services Offered by Civil Engineers:** - **Design, Consultation, and Advice**: Civil engineers provide expert guidance on the design of infrastructure. - **Feasibility Studies**: Assessing whether a project is viable. - **Field Investigations and Data Collection**: Gathering essential information for project planning. - **Environmental Assessments/Impact Statements**: Evaluating the environmental consequences of proposed projects. - **Engineering Reports**: Detailed documentation of findings and recommendations. - **Estimation of Construction Costs**: Providing probable cost evaluations for projects. - **Preliminary and Final Designs**: Creating detailed design plans, specifications, and bid documents. - **Assistance with Bidding and Contracts**: Supporting the bidding process and contract awards. - **Construction Administration and Observation**: Overseeing construction to ensure adherence to designs. - **Testing of Materials and Equipment**: Ensuring construction materials and equipment meet standards. - **Operational Assistance**: Helping with the startup, capacity evaluation, and operation of facilities. - **Preparation of Manuals**: Creating operation and maintenance guidelines. - **Appraisal and Rate Studies**: Valuing assets and analyzing rate structures. - **Value Engineering**: Optimizing design for cost-effectiveness and functionality. - **Expert Testimony**: Providing expert witness services in legal cases. - **Risk Assessment**: Identifying and evaluating project risks. - **Structural Rehabilitation**: Remediation or rehabilitation of existing structures. - **Project Management**: Managing and controlling project timelines and costs. - **Temporary Staffing**: Providing supplemental staff for projects. - **Teaching**: Educating and training future engineers. **ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CIVIL ENGINEER (EXPANDED)** **1. Technical Skills:** - A solid foundation in **Mathematics** and **Physics** is essential to identify, understand, and solve complex engineering problems. - Expertise in creating **preliminary and final designs**, technical drawings, and preparing detailed specifications for construction projects. **2. Project Management:** - Ability to manage all phases of construction, from **design** to **bidding**, **contract awards**, and **construction administration**. - Ensures that resources are efficiently allocated and timelines are met, while balancing project budgets and costs. **3. Communication Skills:** - Clear and concise communication is critical in delivering instructions, **construction documents**, and recommendations. - Engineers must also actively listen to other team members and stakeholders, benefiting from diverse perspectives to make informed decisions. **4. Creativity:** - Civil engineers must demonstrate creativity in **solving design challenges** and **improving existing solutions**, particularly when faced with environmental constraints or budget limitations. - Innovation plays a key role in ensuring that designs are both functional and sustainable. **5. Critical Thinking:** - Civil engineers are often required to **analyze complex data**, make decisions under pressure, and propose solutions that address not only technical issues but also regulatory, environmental, and societal impacts. - Critical thinking is applied in risk assessments, value engineering, and problem-solving during construction. **6. Organizational Skills:** - Working on multiple projects simultaneously requires a high level of organization, particularly when managing **field investigations**, project documentation, and coordination among various teams. - Engineers must maintain detailed records for the **preparation of operation and maintenance manuals** and manage both physical and digital documentation effectively. **7. Attention to Detail:** - Attention to detail ensures that designs meet all **safety standards**, regulations, and building codes, preventing future issues. - Civil engineers must closely inspect materials, structural integrity, and **testing results** to avoid oversights that could lead to costly errors or safety risks. **8. Thinking Ahead:** - Proactive in foreseeing potential problems during the **design** and **construction phases**, which helps to mitigate risks and delays. - Engineers must be able to **anticipate environmental impacts** and adapt their designs to ensure longevity and functionality of the infrastructure. **SCHEDULE OF MINIMUM BASIC FEE: CIVIL ENGINEERS IN THE PH** **Part A -- Group 1: Minimum Compensation for CE as Prime Professional** - **6%** of project cost for **₱10M or less**. - **₱600K + 5.5%** of excess for projects **over ₱10M to ₱20M**. - **₱1.15M + 4.5%** of excess for projects **over ₱20M to ₱30M**. - **₱1.6M + 3.5%** of excess for projects **over ₱30M**. **Part A -- Group 2: Minimum Compensation for CE as Prime Professional** - **7%** of project cost for **₱10M or less**. - **₱200K + 6.5%** of excess for projects **over ₱10M to ₱20M**. - **₱1.35M + 5.5%** of excess for projects **over ₱20M to ₱30M**. - **₱1.9M + 4.5%** of excess for projects **over ₱30M**. **Part A -- Group 3: Minimum Compensation for CE as Prime Professional** - **8%** of project cost for **₱10M or less**. - **₱800K + 7.5%** of excess for projects **over ₱10M to ₱20M**. - **₱1.55M + 6.5%** of excess for projects **over ₱20M to ₱30M**. - **₱2.2M + 5.5%** of excess for projects **over ₱30M**. **Part B -- Group 4: Minimum Compensation for CE as Professional (Not Prime)** - **1.05%** of project cost for **₱10M or less**. - **₱105K + 0.975%** of excess for projects **over ₱10M to ₱20M**. - **₱202.5K + 0.825%** of excess for projects **over ₱20M to ₱30M**. - **₱285K + 0.675%** of excess for projects **over ₱30M**. **Part B -- Group 5: Minimum Compensation for CE as Professional (Not Prime)** - **25% Professional Fee + 25%** of savings from **value engineering**. - **₱2000 per appearance** as an **Expert Witness**. **Types of Projects Based on Group Classification** - **Group I**: Simple structures (e.g., lofts, warehouses, garages, sheds, market buildings). - **Group II**: Medium-sized structures (e.g., buildings with 3 to 14 stories, towers, tanks, piers). - **Group III**: Large, complex structures (e.g., 15+ story buildings, long-span bridges, power plants, hospitals). **Minimum Compensation for CE Rendering Academic Services** 1. **BS Degree Holder**: ₱75/hr -- ₱150/hr 2. **Master\'s Degree Holder**: ₱150/hr -- ₱250/hr 3. **Doctorate Degree Holder**: ₱250/hr -- ₱400/hr 4. **Lecturer (PICE -- CPD)**: ₱500/hr 5. **Conducting Tutorial/Refresher Course**: ₱500/hr 6. **Resource Speaker**: ₱500/hr 7. **Writer/Author**: ₱3000 per article **FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CIVIL ENGINEER** - **Enhancement of Human Welfare**: Civil engineers use their knowledge and skills to promote the well-being of people and protect the environment. - **Honesty and Impartiality**: Civil engineers maintain integrity by serving the public, employers, employees, and clients with loyalty and fairness. - **Professional Competence**: Strive to increase the expertise and reputation of the civil engineering profession. - **Support for Societies**: Actively support professional and technical societies relevant to their field. **FUNDAMENTAL CANONS: ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS** 1. **Public Safety and Sustainability**: Civil engineers prioritize public safety, health, and welfare, striving to adhere to sustainable development principles. 2. **Competence**: Perform services only in areas where they are qualified. 3. **Objectivity and Truthfulness**: Issue public statements that are honest, objective, and accurate. 4. **Fiduciary Duty**: Act as faithful agents for clients or employers, avoiding conflicts of interest. 5. **Fair Competition**: Build a professional reputation based on the quality of services and avoid unfair competition. 6. **Professional Integrity**: Act in ways that uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the civil engineering profession. 7. **Lifelong Development**: Commit to ongoing professional development and foster opportunities for growth for engineers under their supervision. **STATISTICS ON CIVIL ENGINEERS IN THE PHILIPPINES** - **180,000+ Civil Engineers**: Currently registered and practicing in the Philippines. **INTERNATIONAL CIVIL ENGINEERING ASSOCIATIONS** - **American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)** - **American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)** - **American Concrete Institute (ACI)** - **American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)** - **American Welding Society (AWS)** - **Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)** - **Institution of Engineers (India) \[IEI\]** - **International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)** - **Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors (ICES)** **LOCAL CIVIL ENGINEERING ASSOCIATIONS** - **Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)** - **Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP)** - **Philippine Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (PSSMGE)** **PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC. (PICE)** - **Established**: December 11, 1973 - **SEC Registration No. 53896**: Represents the merging of two groups---**Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE)** and **Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE)**. - **Mission**: To advance the welfare of civil engineers, develop the profession, and contribute to nation-building. - **Vision**: To be a global leader in professionalism, integrity, excellence, and social responsibility. - **Chapters**: - **105 Local Chapters** - **13 International Chapters** - **Members**: - **9,480 Life Members** - **91,368 Regular Members** - **21,177 Student Members** - **178,681+ Civil Engineers Registered** **CIVIL ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY** - **Civil Engineers\' Role**: Play a crucial part in maintaining societal safety through infrastructure such as highways, buildings, bridges, and tunnels. - **Historical Significance**: Civil engineering dates back to the establishment of permanent settlements, shaping the environment to meet human needs and improve the quality of life. **CONTRIBUTIONS OF CIVIL ENGINEERS:** 1. **Water Systems**: Develop better water supplies, municipal sewer systems, and wastewater treatment plants. 2. **Building Design**: Design buildings to protect people from natural hazards and provide essential services like healthcare. 3. **Agriculture**: Improve agriculture through water resource management and development. 4. **Transportation**: Dramatic improvements in transportation systems. **COMMUNITY ISSUES ADDRESSED BY CIVIL ENGINEERS:** - Employment - Traffic Management - Infrastructure Repairs - Environmental Impact - Social Responsibility - Engagement with NGOs and Public Groups **HOW CIVIL ENGINEERS HELP SOCIETY:** - **Lowering Construction Costs**: By finding efficient ways to minimize expenses. - **Safety**: Ensuring worker safety at construction sites. - **Faster Project Completion**: Accelerating project timelines. - **Productivity**: Boosting construction productivity. - **Quality Control**: Maintaining high construction standards. **KEY RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CIVIL ENGINEER:** 1. **Site Analysis**: Investigating the site and its surroundings for construction feasibility. 2. **Identifying Variables**: Outlining key changes needed before construction begins. 3. **Design and Planning**: Developing detailed design layouts that meet client requirements, while identifying risks and challenges. **PROS AND CONS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING:** **Pros**: 1. **Safety and Development**: Contributes to the safety and advancement of society. 2. **Infrastructure**: Builds long-lasting structures like schools, malls, bridges. 3. **Transportation Systems**: Provides essential transportation infrastructure. **Cons**: 1. **Resource Depletion**: May lead to scarcity of resources. 2. **Environmental Impact**: Can cause harm to the environment. **CIVIL ENGINEERING AS A MULTIDISCIPLINARY PROFESSION:** - **Multidisciplinary Teams**: Involve professionals from various fields like construction, maintenance, operations, and management working collaboratively, especially in transportation engineering. **CIVIL ENGINEERING AND OTHER PROFESSIONS:** - **Architects**: Design houses, factories, office buildings, and other structures. - **Construction Managers**: Supervise and manage contractors and laborers at construction sites. - **Civil Engineering Technicians**: Assist civil engineers in planning, designing, and constructing infrastructure. - **Environmental Engineers**: Solve environmental problems related to recycling, waste disposal, public health, and pollution control. - **Landscape Architects**: Design parks, gardens, and public spaces. - **Electrical Engineers**: Design and develop electrical systems. - **Mechanical Engineers**: Design power-producing and power-using machines like generators and air-conditioning systems. - **Surveyors**: Update boundary lines and prepare construction sites to prevent legal disputes.