Cement and Glass Lecture Notes PDF

Summary

Lecture notes on cement and glass materials, covering their manufacturing, types, and history. The notes were likely created in 2023 for a preparatory year course in chemical engineering at Minoufiya University in Egypt.

Full Transcript

12/7/22   Faculty  of  engineering   Minoufiya    University...

12/7/22   Faculty  of  engineering   Minoufiya    University  Egypt   Introduc@on  to  chemical  Engineering for  Preparatory  year 2022-­‐2023     By Prof. Dr. Maha A. Tony Professor of Chemical Engineering 1   2   Dr.  M.  Tony   Dr.  M.  Tony   History Egyptians  discovered  lime  &   gypsum  mortar  to  build  Pyramids  they   used  only  stones         Greeks    mortar  out  of  lime   later  reinvented  cement     Romans  produced  cement  from   siliceous-­‐aluminous  material,  an  ash   found  in  all  of  the  volcanic  areas  of   Italy     4   Dr.  M.  Tony   3   Dr.  M.  Tony   Dr.  M.  Tony   1   12/7/22   Raw materials Cement       Portland  Cement   a  material  with  adhesive  and  cohesive   Lime-­‐containing   materials   Clay  &  clay-­‐like   materials   Other  materials     Gypsum   proper@es  that  make  it  capable  of   limestone   source  of   Iron  source   added  2-­‐3%     for  clinker   bonding  minerals    It  is  the   calcium  oxide   alumina  &  silica    slag  from  blast   sand   source   furnaces,    bauxite,    iron  ore,    silica,     sand   Dr.  M.  Tony   5   Dr.  M.  Tony   6   Methods of manufacturing Process description   Step  3    Drying,  grinding  &  homogeniza?on   Step  1  Quarry   Step  2  Crushing   to  2  champers  raw  mills  for  drying  &   Mining  raw  materials   limestone  is  crushed  –mixing  clays     fine  grinding,  hot  gases  from  a   Wet  process   (limestone  &clays)   transported&  crushed   (limestone  70%,  clays  30%)     to  belt  conveyor  for  grinding   preheater  for  drying.     (sand  &  iron)  added    Grinding  &  mixing  raw   Step  4   materials  in  the  existence  of    Clinker  prepara?on     Step  5  Grinding   preheated  then   water   Clinker  &  gypsum  mill     calcined  in  a  rotary   To  elevator  to  separate   kiln  form  clinker     fine  &coarse   (C3A,  C4AF,  C2S,  C3S)   Coarse  re-­‐sent  to  inlet   Dry  process      Grinding  &  mixing  dry   cooled  with  cooling  air   raw  materials   final  product  is  stored   in  concrete  storage   Step  6  Packing   tower   Automa@cally  in  50  Kg  bags   Dr.  M.  Tony   8   Dr.  M.  Tony   7   Dr.  M.  Tony   2   12/7/22   Rotary Kiln Rotary Kiln   Raw  material   Calcina?on     inlet   Sintering   zone   Pre-­‐hea?ng  &   Cooling  zone   zone   drying  zone   1200-­‐1400  °C   800-­‐1200°C   160-­‐200°C   400  °C   Dr.  M.  Tony   9   Dr.  M.  Tony   10   Clinker Setting & Hardening of cement Raw  material    (lime,              silica,                    alumina  &                  iron  oxide)                                                    CaO  –  C        SiO2  –  S              Al2O3  –  A                    Fe2O3  –  F   Se`ng  is  defined  as  s@ffening  of  the  original  plas@c  mass  due  to  ini@al     gel  forma@on.   Clinker  composi?ons      Hardening  is  development  of  mechanical  strength  of  cement.     Hardening  starts  a_er  se`ng   Formula Name Abbreviation The  ini@al  se`ng  @me  45  min,    final  se`ng    10  h.   slow  rate  of  hydra@on  &  strength  at       2CaO.SiO2 Dicalcium silicate C2S first  28  days  &  increases  gradually   Gypsum    added  to  clinker  to  control  the  se`ng  @me  of  the  finished   a_er  a  year     cement.     rapid  rate  of  hydra@on  &  strength.   3CaO.SiO2 Tricalcium silicate C3S reaches  high  strength  at  one  week.   react  with  C3A  which  retards  the  hydra@on  &    give  enough  @me  for   C3A  to  hydrated.  For  not    a  very  rapid  se`ng.   sets  hardness  a_er  1  day  with  low   strength,  not  increase  with  @me.     3CaO.Al2O3 Tricalcium aluminate C3A gives  very  high  heat  of  hydra@on.   very    rapid  rate  of  hydra@on.  sets   4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 Tetracalcium aluminoferrite C4AF a_er  few  minutes,  the  maximum   ! strength  a_er  one  day.       11   Dr.  M.  Tony   12   Dr.  M.  Tony   Dr.  M.  Tony   3   12/7/22   Chemical composition of Portland Factors (Modulus) specify Portland cement cement Oxide Common name Content, % Cao Hydraalic Modulus= = 1.8 − 2.2 CaO Lime 60-67 SiO2 + Fe2O3 + Al2O3 SiO2 Silica 17-25 ! Al2O3 Alumina 3-8 SiO2 Fe2O3 Iron-oxide 0.5-6 Sillica Modulus= = 2 − 2.5 Fe2O3 + Al2O3 MgO Magnesia 0.5-4 ! Alkalis (as Na2O, K2O) Soda, potassa 0.3-1.2 Al2O3 SO3 Sulfuric anhydride 2.0-3.5 Alumina Modulus= = 1− 5 Fe2O3 ! ! 14   Dr.  M.  Tony   13   Dr.  M.  Tony   Types of cement Types of cement 1. Regular  Portland  cement:   4.  Low  heat  of  hydra?on  Portland  cement:   For  general  construc@on,  not  in  soils  or   high  (C2S  &  C4AF)    low(  C3A  &C3S)  leads  to   ground  water   a  low  rate  of  hydra@on.  However,  as  a   consequence  the  strength  of  the  concrete       develops  slowly.     2.  Sulfate  resistance  Portland  cement:   used  for  very  large  concrete  structures   For  construc@on  exposed  to  sulfate   (dams,  bridges  &  tunnels)     acack  (alkali  soil  &  ground  water   sulfates)  react  with  C3A      5.  White  Portland  cement:       clean  &  bright  colors  for  facing  building.   3.  Rapid  hardening  Portland  cement:   contains  no  coloring  oxides  (Fe2O3)  The   similar  to  regular  cement,  but  finer   absence  of  iron  oxide  increases  firing   where  high  strength  &  rapid  hardening   temperature.     is  required.             Dr.  M.  Tony   15   Dr.  M.  Tony   16               Dr.  M.  Tony   4   12/7/22   Types of cement 6.  High  alumina  cement:   chemical  resistance  to  corrosion       mixing  limestone  &  bauxite  at  1600ºC,     protect  concrete  from  seawater  &  sulphate   7.  Oil-­‐well  cement:   oil  &  gas  well  at  high  T  &  P,  high  C2S  &  C3S  for   low  heat  of  hydra@on  &  coarser  than  ordinary   cement.    8.  Blended  cements    (a)  Slag  rich  cement:     clinker  &  gypsum  with  80%  iron  slag  to  resist   S-­‐-­‐&  CL    (b)  Sand  or  limestone  cement:   25%   sand  with  ordinary  cement  to  reduce  cost       Dr.  M.  Tony   17   Dr.  M.  Tony   18             History Glass an  amorphous  inorganic  &  homogeneous  hard   Glass  has  been  produced  for  thousands   of  years  (7000  BC).     transparent  material  created  by  the  applica@on  of   heat  to  sand  or  quartz  can  be  molded  into  any  shape   The  earliest  makers  Egyptians,  to  be     a  valuable  material,  “gemstones”     Today  the  glass  industry  is  efficient  &   produc@ve   Glass  &  steel  construc@on  have   become  the  symbol  of  development      Glass  is  transparent  allows  visual   connec@on  with  outside  world   19   20   Dr.  M.  Tony   Dr.  M.  Tony   Dr.  M.  Tony   5   12/7/22   Glass Manufacturing Raw materials (1)  crushing  &  mixing  raw  material     (2)  mel@ng  in  a  pot  furnace  at  1500ºC     Silica  sand     (3)  forming  then  cooling    for  giving  a  specific  shape      Limestone     (4)  finishing      Dolomite       Soda  ash       Cobalt  and  selenium   Recycled  glass   Dr.  M.  Tony   21   Dr.  M.  Tony   22   Types of Constructed Glass Types of Constructed Glass Laminated  Glass:   Common  Flat  Glass:   layers  of  normal  glass. used  in  windows  &  doors    So,  more  weight  &  thickness     light     it  is  UV&  sound  resistant.     can  keep  off  rain,  wind  or  sound  and  keep  warm  But  low   used  for  aquariums  &  bridges.   UV  transmicance             Toughened  Glass:   Float  glass  (soda  lime  glass):   strong  glass  has  low  visibility.  high  intensity,  good  impact   This  is  made  of  sodium  silicate  and  calcium  silicate     resistance  &thermal  stability.     available  (2mm  to  20mm)  thickness  ranges.     used  for  fire  resistant,  doors  &mobile  screen  protectors   used  as  shop  front  and  public  places.         Glass  Blocks:   ShaVerproof  Glass:   manufactured  from  two  different  halves  &  pressed  &   for  windows,  skylights  and  floors.  Some  type  of  plas@c   annealed  in  mel@ng  process  of  glass.     polyvinyl  butyric  is  added  in  its  making  process.  So,  it   Used  in  walls  construc@on,  skylights  etc.     cannot  form  sharp  edged  pieces  when  it  breaks.   Give  acrac@ve  appearance  when  light  is  passed  through  it.   24       M.  Tony   Dr.   23   Dr.  M.  Tony                                           Dr.  M.  Tony   6   12/7/22   Types of Constructed Glass     Glass  Wool:   It  is  made  of  fibers  of  glass  and  acts  as  good   insula@ng  filler.  It  is  fire  resistant  glass.       Fiber  glass  (glass-­‐reinforced-­‐plas@c)   a  composite  material  from  glass  fibers  surrounded   with  a  plas@c  resin.     lightweight  &  corrosion  resistant,     a  good  insulator,  for  insulate  buildings.         Insulated  Glazed  Units:    Insulated  glazed  glass  units  contains  a  glass  is   separated  into  two  or  three  layers  by  air  or  vacuum.   They  act  as  good  insulators.         25   Dr.  M.  Tony                         Dr.  M.  Tony   7  

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