Cement and Glass Lecture Notes PDF
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Menoufiya University
2023
Dr. M. Tony
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Summary
Lecture notes on cement and glass materials, covering their manufacturing, types, and history. The notes were likely created in 2023 for a preparatory year course in chemical engineering at Minoufiya University in Egypt.
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12/7/22 Faculty of engineering Minoufiya University...
12/7/22 Faculty of engineering Minoufiya University Egypt Introduc@on to chemical Engineering for Preparatory year 2022-‐2023 By Prof. Dr. Maha A. Tony Professor of Chemical Engineering 1 2 Dr. M. Tony Dr. M. Tony History Egyptians discovered lime & gypsum mortar to build Pyramids they used only stones Greeks mortar out of lime later reinvented cement Romans produced cement from siliceous-‐aluminous material, an ash found in all of the volcanic areas of Italy 4 Dr. M. Tony 3 Dr. M. Tony Dr. M. Tony 1 12/7/22 Raw materials Cement Portland Cement a material with adhesive and cohesive Lime-‐containing materials Clay & clay-‐like materials Other materials Gypsum proper@es that make it capable of limestone source of Iron source added 2-‐3% for clinker bonding minerals It is the calcium oxide alumina & silica slag from blast sand source furnaces, bauxite, iron ore, silica, sand Dr. M. Tony 5 Dr. M. Tony 6 Methods of manufacturing Process description Step 3 Drying, grinding & homogeniza?on Step 1 Quarry Step 2 Crushing to 2 champers raw mills for drying & Mining raw materials limestone is crushed –mixing clays fine grinding, hot gases from a Wet process (limestone &clays) transported& crushed (limestone 70%, clays 30%) to belt conveyor for grinding preheater for drying. (sand & iron) added Grinding & mixing raw Step 4 materials in the existence of Clinker prepara?on Step 5 Grinding preheated then water Clinker & gypsum mill calcined in a rotary To elevator to separate kiln form clinker fine &coarse (C3A, C4AF, C2S, C3S) Coarse re-‐sent to inlet Dry process Grinding & mixing dry cooled with cooling air raw materials final product is stored in concrete storage Step 6 Packing tower Automa@cally in 50 Kg bags Dr. M. Tony 8 Dr. M. Tony 7 Dr. M. Tony 2 12/7/22 Rotary Kiln Rotary Kiln Raw material Calcina?on inlet Sintering zone Pre-‐hea?ng & Cooling zone zone drying zone 1200-‐1400 °C 800-‐1200°C 160-‐200°C 400 °C Dr. M. Tony 9 Dr. M. Tony 10 Clinker Setting & Hardening of cement Raw material (lime, silica, alumina & iron oxide) CaO – C SiO2 – S Al2O3 – A Fe2O3 – F Se`ng is defined as s@ffening of the original plas@c mass due to ini@al gel forma@on. Clinker composi?ons Hardening is development of mechanical strength of cement. Hardening starts a_er se`ng Formula Name Abbreviation The ini@al se`ng @me 45 min, final se`ng 10 h. slow rate of hydra@on & strength at 2CaO.SiO2 Dicalcium silicate C2S first 28 days & increases gradually Gypsum added to clinker to control the se`ng @me of the finished a_er a year cement. rapid rate of hydra@on & strength. 3CaO.SiO2 Tricalcium silicate C3S reaches high strength at one week. react with C3A which retards the hydra@on & give enough @me for C3A to hydrated. For not a very rapid se`ng. sets hardness a_er 1 day with low strength, not increase with @me. 3CaO.Al2O3 Tricalcium aluminate C3A gives very high heat of hydra@on. very rapid rate of hydra@on. sets 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 Tetracalcium aluminoferrite C4AF a_er few minutes, the maximum ! strength a_er one day. 11 Dr. M. Tony 12 Dr. M. Tony Dr. M. Tony 3 12/7/22 Chemical composition of Portland Factors (Modulus) specify Portland cement cement Oxide Common name Content, % Cao Hydraalic Modulus= = 1.8 − 2.2 CaO Lime 60-67 SiO2 + Fe2O3 + Al2O3 SiO2 Silica 17-25 ! Al2O3 Alumina 3-8 SiO2 Fe2O3 Iron-oxide 0.5-6 Sillica Modulus= = 2 − 2.5 Fe2O3 + Al2O3 MgO Magnesia 0.5-4 ! Alkalis (as Na2O, K2O) Soda, potassa 0.3-1.2 Al2O3 SO3 Sulfuric anhydride 2.0-3.5 Alumina Modulus= = 1− 5 Fe2O3 ! ! 14 Dr. M. Tony 13 Dr. M. Tony Types of cement Types of cement 1. Regular Portland cement: 4. Low heat of hydra?on Portland cement: For general construc@on, not in soils or high (C2S & C4AF) low( C3A &C3S) leads to ground water a low rate of hydra@on. However, as a consequence the strength of the concrete develops slowly. 2. Sulfate resistance Portland cement: used for very large concrete structures For construc@on exposed to sulfate (dams, bridges & tunnels) acack (alkali soil & ground water sulfates) react with C3A 5. White Portland cement: clean & bright colors for facing building. 3. Rapid hardening Portland cement: contains no coloring oxides (Fe2O3) The similar to regular cement, but finer absence of iron oxide increases firing where high strength & rapid hardening temperature. is required. Dr. M. Tony 15 Dr. M. Tony 16 Dr. M. Tony 4 12/7/22 Types of cement 6. High alumina cement: chemical resistance to corrosion mixing limestone & bauxite at 1600ºC, protect concrete from seawater & sulphate 7. Oil-‐well cement: oil & gas well at high T & P, high C2S & C3S for low heat of hydra@on & coarser than ordinary cement. 8. Blended cements (a) Slag rich cement: clinker & gypsum with 80% iron slag to resist S-‐-‐& CL (b) Sand or limestone cement: 25% sand with ordinary cement to reduce cost Dr. M. Tony 17 Dr. M. Tony 18 History Glass an amorphous inorganic & homogeneous hard Glass has been produced for thousands of years (7000 BC). transparent material created by the applica@on of heat to sand or quartz can be molded into any shape The earliest makers Egyptians, to be a valuable material, “gemstones” Today the glass industry is efficient & produc@ve Glass & steel construc@on have become the symbol of development Glass is transparent allows visual connec@on with outside world 19 20 Dr. M. Tony Dr. M. Tony Dr. M. Tony 5 12/7/22 Glass Manufacturing Raw materials (1) crushing & mixing raw material (2) mel@ng in a pot furnace at 1500ºC Silica sand (3) forming then cooling for giving a specific shape Limestone (4) finishing Dolomite Soda ash Cobalt and selenium Recycled glass Dr. M. Tony 21 Dr. M. Tony 22 Types of Constructed Glass Types of Constructed Glass Laminated Glass: Common Flat Glass: layers of normal glass. used in windows & doors So, more weight & thickness light it is UV& sound resistant. can keep off rain, wind or sound and keep warm But low used for aquariums & bridges. UV transmicance Toughened Glass: Float glass (soda lime glass): strong glass has low visibility. high intensity, good impact This is made of sodium silicate and calcium silicate resistance &thermal stability. available (2mm to 20mm) thickness ranges. used for fire resistant, doors &mobile screen protectors used as shop front and public places. Glass Blocks: ShaVerproof Glass: manufactured from two different halves & pressed & for windows, skylights and floors. Some type of plas@c annealed in mel@ng process of glass. polyvinyl butyric is added in its making process. So, it Used in walls construc@on, skylights etc. cannot form sharp edged pieces when it breaks. Give acrac@ve appearance when light is passed through it. 24 M. Tony Dr. 23 Dr. M. Tony Dr. M. Tony 6 12/7/22 Types of Constructed Glass Glass Wool: It is made of fibers of glass and acts as good insula@ng filler. It is fire resistant glass. Fiber glass (glass-‐reinforced-‐plas@c) a composite material from glass fibers surrounded with a plas@c resin. lightweight & corrosion resistant, a good insulator, for insulate buildings. Insulated Glazed Units: Insulated glazed glass units contains a glass is separated into two or three layers by air or vacuum. They act as good insulators. 25 Dr. M. Tony Dr. M. Tony 7