Building Materials Quiz PDF

**1.Which of the aggregate checks are true?** Heavy aggregates to those whose density is not less than 3000 kg/m3 Aggregate (coarse and medium) constitutes approx. 40% of the composition Natural aggregate, the source of which is the fragmentation of rocks by the action of water and wind Orga...

**1.Which of the aggregate checks are true?** Heavy aggregates to those whose density is not less than 3000 kg/m3 Aggregate (coarse and medium) constitutes approx. 40% of the composition Natural aggregate, the source of which is the fragmentation of rocks by the action of water and wind Organic chips (e.g. wood or grass) must not be used as aggregate for impact **2.Which of the rock groups indicated below contains only sedimentary rocks of organic origin, formed from the accumulation of animal and plant remains?** Coal, dolomite, alabaster, gypsum Gypsum, conglomerate, coal, travertine Melaphyre, shale, marble, anhydrite Peat, diatomaceous earth, dolomite, chalk **3. In the case of laminated glass, the statement is true:** This manufacturing method allows for obtaining safety glass This is a type of decorative glass This is a type of ornamental glass If broken, such glass breaks into many small pieces that do not have sharp edges 4**. Which of the following statements about cement are true?** It is a hydraulic binder Epoxy and polyurethane resins are used for its production There are different classes of cement strength It is made from mineral raw materials such as marl, limestone and sand **5. Which of the following rocks are characterized by the highest water absorption?** Metamorphic rocks Deep-sea igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Extrusive igneous rocks **6.Which of the following is safety glass?** Curved glass Tempered glass Reinforced glass Laminated glass **7.In the case of thermal insulation, the following statement is true:** ** Most of such** insulations also provide protection against fire Such insulations are attached to the wall, among others, by gluing or doweling As a rule, in double-layer walls, it should be installed from the outside of the building The greater the thickness of the insulating material, the higher the thermal conductivity coefficient **8.Heat transfer coefficient** Characterizes a specific building partition The architect designing the building has no influence on its value Its value is constant, regardless of the thickness of the element It is a feature of the material indicating whether the building material is a good or bad thermal insulator **9.When choosing the right aggregate mix for concrete** It should strive to ensure that all grain fractions are present in the entire aggregate mix in the right proportions In the case of a BWW aggregate mix, they should contain more aggregates the smallest fraction - active silica dust It is necessary to ensure that the aggregates do not have harmful admixtures such as peat leaves, dust admixtures It is necessary to strive to ensure that, if possible, the grains are the same size and shape which will ensure the appropriate structure and uniformity of the designed concrete **10.In the case of expansion joints in facades, the following statement is true:** to make an expansion joint, a diamond wall is most often cut it is necessary to remember to always fill them with flexible sealing material the distances between expansion joints depend, among other things, on the side of the world from which the wall is located the smallest distances between expansion joints are made on the side of the building from which the strongest winds blow **11.In the case of metal pipes, the following statement is true:** seamless pipes are used to transport agents with high darkening the possibilities of producing seamless pipes are limited, they can be produced up to a diameter of 51 cm seamless pipes can be obtained in welding or fusion welding in the production process of \"black\" pipes, high requirements are not placed on the quality of the surface **12.Which of the following statements are true?** there are materials whose specific gravity and bulk density are the same porous materials are not suitable for use as thermal insulation the specific gravity of a porous material is greater than its bulk density the chemical agent that increases porosity in the production process of aerated concrete is aluminum powder **13.In the case of waterproofing insulation, the statement is true:** such insulation is always laid on the outside of building partitions this insulation is made in different ways depending on the groundwater level such insulation is always laid on the outside of building partitions this insulation is divided into two types: moisture-proof and vapor-proof **14.In the case of dense-ribbed ceilings, the statement is true:** the differences between the types of dense-ribbed ceilings may concern both the spacing of beams and the thickness of the ceiling the maximum axial spacing of beams cannot exceed 50 cm they are these are ceilings in which the load-bearing elements are beams between the beams, hollow blocks are placed, which can only be made of cement (concrete) or ceramic **15. In the case of paints, the following statement is true:** too much filler content will make it more rigid and susceptible to peeling there are water-soluble and solvent-based paints fillers allow for improving the utility properties of painting materials the more filler in the paint, the better its covering properties **16. In the case of particleboards, the following statement is true:** perforated particleboards with improved acoustic properties are available on the market OSB are particleboards with a directional fiber arrangement the fibers of adjacent layers are arranged at 90 degrees to each other particleboards are characterized by high resistance to water **17. In the case of injection, the following statement is true:** this is a method used to create insulation in an existing building in this method, the waterproofing material is e.g. corrugated sheets in this method, longitudinal cuts are used, into which sheets of metal are inserted two injection methods are distinguished: undercutting and driving in **18. Which of the following statements regarding stone materials are false?** burnt limestone from which lime is made, often used as a component of mortars is a dangerous corrosive substance markings on bags of cement type 32.5 or 52.5 indicate how many cubic meters of mortar we can obtain from it milk of lime is used to whitewash walls, especially in the past in rural and farm buildings because it has disinfecting properties cement clinker is made by burning a mixture of clay, marl and limestone at a temperature of 145 degrees Celsius **19. In the case of prestressed concrete, the statement is true** there are 3 types of prestressing of concrete structures: prestressed concrete, cable concrete, tension concrete all methods of prestressing concrete structures consist in introducing stresses into the element that are opposite to those caused by external relief this is an old method of strengthening structural elements, rarely used today high-strength steel is used to perform prestressing **20. In the case of external walls, the statement is true statement** it is necessary to make lintels above the openings in the base area, a facing material with increased mechanical resistance should be used external window sills at windows can only be made of stainless steel at a distance of at least 1 m from the wall of the building, a concrete apron with a slope of 2% from the building should be made in order to ensure proper drainage of rainwater **21.In the case of fibreboards, the statement is true** they are used for the production of glued wood they are used in the furniture industry they are used in construction as a material for thermal and acoustic insulation of walls, floors, roofs they are produced from specially selected wood fibres obtained by grinding **22.In the case of metal ropes, the statement is true** the ropes may have a casing they may have plastic cores these are elements that can transfer the main tensile and compressive forces the cores in steel ropes are made of strands **23.In the case of paints limestone, the statement is true:** they are characterized by low resistance to biological degradation (moulds and fungi) due to their properties, they are very well suited for renovating historic buildings due to their high water absorption, they can quickly become dirty they are characterized by low vapour permeability **24. In the case of asbestos-cement products, the statement is true:** they are a material that is gaining increasing popularity they are products resistant to sewage they are a relatively light material and at the same time maintain high strength even with small wall thickness they are products resistant to atmospheric factors **25. In the case of waterproofing, the statement is true:** the emulsion can be used as a primer for other insulating materials waterproofing can only be used in newly constructed buildings after application, the roofing felt is a uniform layer without technological joints before applying the waterproofing mass, it is recommended that the surface of the partition be primed **26. Indicate which of the following statements regarding rocks are true** the structure of rocks is determined by the degree of their crystallinity, the size and shape of crystals and the mutual relations between them impact resistance is most often given to stones by appropriate finishing of their usable surface most rocks are not soaked, with the exception of soft and porous rocks such as porphyry or melaphyre all rocks are fireproof, i.e. they withstand high temperatures **27.cement is used, among others, for** making ceramic roof tiles producing concrete making cement blocks making cement-lime mortar **28.In the case of metal products, the statement is true** one of the types of such products are cold-bent sections one of the types of such products are hot-rolled sections all sections take their names from the names of letters hot-rolled sections can obtain a permitted shape in the production process **29. In the case of intumescent paints, the following statement is true:** the coating of such paint consists of 3 layers: primer, base and external their use allows to maintain high aesthetic values ​​of building elements while providing effective fire protection they are used to protect wooden elements against fire they can only be used indoors **30. In the case of glass, the following statement is true:** glass fibres are used to produce less popular glass roof tiles porphyry glass is used primarily for roof coverings unlike glass blocks, glass blocks are one element embossed on two sides glass can be used to produce ceiling beams **31. Which of the following rocks is most suitable for use in the base layer of a building** limestone dolomite sandstone granite **32. In the case of enamelled glass, the following statement is true:** the enamel layer is placed between two panes of glass this is a type of glass laminated it is glass with a ceramic coating applied it is tempered glass **33.One of the very important features of building materials is the ability to conduct heat through this material. Which of the following statements regarding this feature are true?** the heat conduction through the material is greater the more pores there are in the material structure the value of the heat conduction coefficient depends on the moisture content of the material the heat conduction coefficient for metal is much greater than the heat conduction coefficient for wood the heat conduction coefficient is marked with the symbol U **34. In the case of metal ropes, the statement is true:** these are elements that can mainly transfer tensile and compressive forces they may have plastic cores ropes may have a covering cores in steel ropes are made of strands **35. In the case of sandwich panels with a top stone layer, the statement is true:** the stone layer is supported by a load-bearing layer, e.g. made of corrugated sheet metal aggregates colored using epoxy and polyurethane resins are used for their production they are used to reduce weight, which allows the use of stone cladding in places where the use of cladding is not recommended of significant weight consist of an even number of stone layers arranged alternately at an angle of 90 degrees to the adjacent layers **36.In the case of wooden elements, the following statement is true:** before being built into the building, these elements must be impregnated or dried these elements are divided into assortments that depend on the length of the element joints of wooden elements can be divided into carpentry and engineering joining wooden elements is possible using spiked plates **37.In the case of gypsum fiber boards, the following statement is true:** these are boards made of gypsum cement and cellulose fibers obtained in the recycling process the material is bonded under high pressure these are boards with fire-fighting properties due to the high cellulose content, they are flammable **38.In the case of foam glass, the following statement is true:** it can be used in the form of crushed stone or boards it is a material that cannot be attached to walls it has greater strength mechanical than extruded polystyrene it is a material that is not very resistant to fire **39.In the case of alkyd paints, the statement is true:** they dry oxidatively after some time, coatings made of this paint lose their shine they dry under the influence of oxygen from the air they are characterized by low flexibility of the finished coating **40. A building material can react to fire in different ways, which of the following statements is true?** one of the non-flammable materials is mineral wool even some non-flammable materials (steel) are protected against fire, e.g. by applying a paint coating that swells as a result of fire among flammable materials, we can distinguish, among others, materials that are difficult to ignite and easily ignite all materials used in construction are flammable **41. In the case of external walls, the following statement is true:** the use of heat-insulating mortars allows bricklaying at temperatures below 0 in order to ensure optimal performance of the facade wall, so-called expansion joints should be used the best conditions for bricklaying are when the sun shines brightly, thanks to which the mortar quickly sets when using traditional insulation materials such as mineral wool or polystyrene, this layer should be located on the outside of the wall (the external load-bearing layer) **42. In the case of the Ackerman ceiling, the following statement is true:** due to the use of prefabricated truss beams, it is not necessary to use supports (stamps) for the duration of construction work during construction, this ceiling requires dense formwork at the point of contact between the blocks this is a ceiling in which prefabricated truss beams are used, on which the blocks are supported after laying the blocks, the so-called concrete overlay is poured onto them **43. In the case of binders, the following statement is true: statement** mineral binders are used for the production of adhesive paints cement can be the paint binder binders of animal and plant origin can be distinguished divided into mineral and organic binders **44.In the case of external walls, the statement is true** three-layer walls must have a ventilation gap single-layer walls are walls that have only 1 layer of plaster (usually from the outside of the building two-layer walls are walls that consist of a supporting layer and plaster on both sides of the block three-layer walls are walls that have a supporting layer of insulation and a protective layer **45.In the case of mineral wool** it is a material with a low thermal conductivity coefficient it is a material resistant to biological corrosion it is an easily flammable but extinguishable material it is a material used for acoustic insulation **46.In the case of extruded polystyrene, the statement is true** it is a material used for insulation of foundation walls it is a material resistant to water and fire is white in color has greater mechanical strength than expanded polystyrene **47.In the case of floorboards, the following statement is true:** sometimes gaps (anti-pressure grooves) are made on the underside of the floorboards the method of joining the boards depends on the beam spacing floorboards should be laid on wooden ceiling beams using felt pads one of the methods of joining the boards is a tongue-and-groove connection that fits into the recess of the anti-pressure groove **48.In the case of a band around the building, the following statement is true:** an expansion gap should be made at the junction of the wall and the band in the case of wide eaves, there is no need to make such a band the best solution for such a band is to make a concrete screed with a 2% slope from the building its execution protects against (limits) water seepage into the ground right next to the building **49.In the case of glass, the following statement is true:** the most commonly used glass today is float glass ornamental glass is a type of rolled glass tempered glass is a type of reinforced glass float glass is light enough to float on water **50. In the case of plywood, the statement is true** there are 2 types of plywood: coniferous (pine) and deciduous (alder, birch, beech) the fibers of adjacent layers are set at a 90 degree angle to each other it is made of veneers plywood is characterized by anisotropy **51. Mark the statements that are false** silicate blocks are characterized by good acoustic insulation, which is why they are often used as walls separating apartments from staircases aerated concrete, although it is a porous and soaked material, has different density depending on the type therefore it can be used on walls for various purposes, including structural walls and in multi-storey buildings we perform ageing tests of building materials in particular for masonry materials that are exposed to moisture and earth pressure for a long time material laboratories are stationary units that deal exclusively with research the problem of building materials provided to them by construction managers, while other research units focused on infrastructure structures deal with field tests and diagnostics **52. Lightweight aggregates used in construction include, among others,** granulated slag, brick pumice, carbonate porite sand-mix, water glass expanded clay, perlite **53. In the case of thermal insulation materials, the following statement is true:** these are materials with high bulk density even basic types have relatively high mechanical strength their thermal conductivity coefficient is low they affect the reduction of the heat transfer coefficient of the building partition **54. Capillary water absorption** is a very desirable phenomenon in construction is associated with the structure of the material and will occur in compact materials without pores and channels this is a phenomenon resulting from permeability may cause dampness in building walls that are not properly protected against this phenomenon **55. Which of the following statements regarding aggregates are true?** aggregates constitute 90% of the concrete composition in total lightweight aggregates are those with a bulk density below 1800 brick and concrete rubble from demolitions are not suitable as aggregate for construction purposes lightweight aggregates of natural origin include, among others: pumice volcanic tuff and light limestones (carbonate porite) **56. In the case of fibre-cement boards, the following statement is true:** they are susceptible to water, which is why they quickly undergo biological corrosion they are non-flammable they are highly saturated, which is why their resistance to frost is low they are not suitable as a facade material because they are too porous **57. Which of the following statements is true:** There are special ventilation roof tiles that support ventilation of the sloping roof layer Roof tiles are impermeable and completely tight, which is why they can be laid on almost flat roofs Roof tiles have special noses on the bottom or holes for nails, most of them also have locks to ensure tightness of the roofing Ceramic lintels are made entirely of exceptionally durable ceramics with the addition of silica, which is why they do not require reinforcement **58. Which of the following strengths determines the suitability of concrete as a building material** tensile strength compressive strength bending strength none of the other answers are correct Concrete is useful in construction because it is very resistant to abrasion **59. Which of the following statements about ceramics is true** refractory products are fireclay bricks and silica and thermalite shapes engobe is the same as glaze, both are applied to the surface of ceramic tiles and roof tiles majolica is a type of fine ceramic porous ceramic products are ceramics that have micropores created by wood chips added to the ceramic mass, which increase the insulating power of the material **60. Mark which of the following ceilings are coupled ceilings** DTW ceiling TT ceiling channel slab spiroll ceiling slab **61. Which of the following statements is true** A concrete pump is used to pump out the concrete mixture when getting into an unwanted place care of concrete consists in its proper use so as to maintain its aesthetic properties for as long as possible compaction of concrete can be done manually using steel rods and is then called stacking designing a concrete mix consists in determining the composition and proportions of the components **62. From the sentences describing Shingles is true** in addition to shingles and battens, we can also put wood chips on roofs, which we lay in five to 10 layers using the \"braid\" method Battens are a wooden covering similar to shingles, but individual batten elements are shorter than Shingles Cut wooden shingles are better than planed shingles we can only cover sloping surfaces with wooden shingles, otherwise this covering does not maintain the desired tightness **63. Which of the following statements regarding porosity are true** it is a feature that increases the susceptibility of a material to water absorption it is a feature that increases the value of the thermal conductivity coefficient for a material the greater the porosity of the rock, the greater its compressive strength materials with high porosity occur in nature but can also be obtained during the production of building materials 64\. Which of the following concretes are special concretes Self-cleaning concrete Polymer concrete Reactive concrete Self-compacting concrete Abrasion-resistant concrete Bridge concrete Waterproof concrete Heavy concrete **65. The compressive strength of concrete is tested on samples** a cubic 15 cm high and longitudinal beams 10 cm high Cylindrical 30 cm high and a cubic 15 cm high **66. In the case of prefabricated reinforced concrete channel slabs, the statement is true** the slabs must be arranged so that the channel runs in the direction consistent with the building axis In places where the partition wall is planned to be installed, these slabs must have an additional channel made that will reduce the mass of the slab in this place by using channels, the slab\'s own mass is reduced these are floor slabs **67. Which sentence is false** a D Z ceiling is a densely ribbed ceiling in which a reinforced concrete beam is used instead of lattice beams the symbol next to the name of the block, e.g. porotherm P + W 11.5 means that it is mounted without mortar vertically and the wall made of it will be a partition wall polished blocks connected with foam is a Marketing Novelty, this technology is useful in bricklaying but does not bring too many energy benefits concrete overlay is a leveling layer Concrete usually a few centimeters high poured on blocks, however, when they are laid evenly, it can be omitted **68. Indicate which sentences regarding Aggregates are true** expanded perlite and glass foam is Aggregate of mineral origin obtained as a result of an industrial process involving thermal processing Expanded clay is a lightweight artificial aggregate Blast furnace slag or fly ash are aggregates emitting toxic substances, therefore they should not be used in construction Granite crushed stone or dolomite grit are natural crushed and granulated aggregate **69. Specify which of the sentences is true** Concrete care consists, among other things, in protecting it from overheating or freezing according to this, special tents are built for this purpose or insulating mats or polystyrene boards are used Ordinary cement concrete reaches 100% of its target compressive strength after 21 days Too much rain in the initial phase of concrete setting can lead to washing out of the cement aggregate and its crumbling Mixing water must meet special hygiene conditions, it cannot be water from a lake, river or directly from the water supply **70. Which sentence is true** fireclay products are used as a lining, e.g. in tiled or storage stoves because they retain heat for a long time fireproof products include, among others, magnesite and silica products fireclay products, due to their high resistance to aggressive factors, are used among others as sewage pipes silica products include terracotta Cotto clinker and red stoneware, which are used for floors with increased resistance to aggressive factors or abrasion **71. The correct basic proportions of ordinary concrete are as follows** 4% water 20% cement 46% sand 30% Aggregate 10% water 14% cement 26% sand 50% aggregate 8% water 16% prices 26% sand 50% aggregate 4% water 8% cement 26% sand 62% Aggregate **72. Which of the following thermal conductivity coefficient values ​​are values** **indicating good thermal insulation properties of Building Materials** 1.4 W/mK 0.031 W/mK 0.040 W/mK 0.95 W/mK **73. In the case of gypsum plasterboards, the following statement is true:** the boards may differ in the colour of the seal - it differentiates resistance to fire the boards may differ in the colour of the seal - it differentiates resistance to water the boards may be used to build partition walls the boards may be perforated - they are used to facilitate ventilation of rooms **74. Products with a baked top include:** finely porous glazed products products such as stoneware, terracotta sewage products, acid-resistant products drainage pipes, smoke blocks **75. Dry installation of stone facade panels is** Installation using metal frame assembly using anchors fixed in the load-bearing wall assembly using dry mortar assembly of rock slabs characterized by low water absorption **76. Cement is used, among others, for:** making cement blocks making ceramic roof tiles production of concrete making cement-lime mortar **77. In the case of external walls, the following statement is true:** one of the requirements for walls is not to exceed the permissible parameter of the thermal conductivity coefficient when attaching insulation in a two-layer wall, remember to attach a baseboard, which provides additional support for the insulation and protection against rodents when designing them, attention should be paid to the correct solutions for critical points where so-called thermal bridges may occur it is not recommended to use hollow blocks with holes (slotted blocks) because it makes the bricklaying process more difficult (mortar falls into the holes, which increases the consumption of masonry mortar) **78. Formwork blocks** is a type of hollow block that is filled with concrete after the wall has been completed a wall built from such blocks is often additionally reinforced with steel bars due to the large holes running through the entire height of the block, they cannot be used for basement walls Such blocks require the use of mortar thermal insulation **79. Methods for determining the physical and mechanical properties of building materials are:** Brinell method for determining the hardness Rockwell method for determining the hardness of a material method using a pictograph to determine the specific and bulk density method using Boehme discs to enhance the abrasion resistance of materials **80. It is estimated that among all the rocks found in the earth\'s crust,** 55% are igneous rocks, 35% are sedimentary rocks, 15% are metamorphic rocks 95% are igneous rocks, 4% are sedimentary rocks, 1% are metamorphic rocks 80% are igneous rocks, 15% are sedimentary rocks, 5% are metamorphic rocks 45% are igneous rocks, 35% are sedimentary rocks, 20% + metamorphic rocks **81. Which of the following concretes is not Special concrete?** Resin concrete Concrete resistant to increased temperature Hydrotechnical concrete High-strength concrete **82. In the case of roof trusses, the statement is true:** The distances between supports (distances between walls) affect the method of solving (shape) the roof truss One of the types of mansard roof trusses is the Polish type The truss elements can be connected using so-called engineering joints The truss elements can be connected using so-called carpentry joints 83\. In the case of ceramic roof tiles, the statement is true: Examples of roof tile types include S-tiles, beaver tiles, and Marseille tiles One of the types of roof tiles that have recently gained popularity are Elastolith roof tiles Sand is often added to the ceramic mass before firing as a slimming material They can be made in two ways, the so-called by the drawn or pressed method **84. Which sentence is true** Engobe is a colored clay that refines the surface of ceramic products, leaving it matt the thinnest partition walls made of ceramic blocks can be 6.5 or 8 cm wide wall bonds are methods of connecting two walls together or types of connections between a wall and a ceiling The tape used under the ridge cap serves to tightly close the joint of the slope and protect against moisture penetration 85\. Which of the sentences regarding ceramic ceilings is true The Fert ceiling is designed for an axial span of load-bearing walls up to 12 m The Ackerman ceiling is a dense ribbed ceiling whose ribs are solid ceramic lattice beams In order to place a wall on a dense ribbed ceiling, it must be reinforced under this wall with a double beam or a beam The height of dense ribbed ceilings varies on average between 18 and 27 86.In the case of ceramic roof tiles, the following statement is true: Their use requires the use of a so-called \"monk\" at the connection of roof surfaces (in the ridge) they are mounted to wooden battens their size affects the spacing of counter-battens the most commonly used today are the so-called lap roof tiles (with lock) 87\. Hardness: The hardness scale can be determined using the five-point Mohs scale it is also called abrasion resistance it is a physical feature of the material it is a mechanical feature of the material 88\. Prefabricated reinforced concrete floors are: Filigran floor Leier floor Monolithic poured floor DZ floor Teriva floor Fert floor, Hurdis floor 89.Which of the following concretes are not special concrete: Resin concrete Concrete resistant to elevated temperatures Hydrotechnical concrete High-strength concrete 90.In the case of wood, the following statement is true: To slow down the drying process, wood can be dried in chamber dryers It must be stored in airy and, if possible, sunny places It is characterized by high durability in an aggressive environment Humidity construction (structural) timber should not exceed 22% 91\. Which of the following statements regarding stone materials are true Sand as a filler improves the workability of the mortar and allows to minimize its time during the mortar setting process something there creates a healthy microclimate in the interior, calcium silicates - substances that deteriorate the properties of the created something there created as a result of quicklime slagging are stored on the construction site to have it ready when needed something there as a filler improves the workability of the mortar and allows to minimize its time of the mortar setting process lime and gypsum used as plasters are vapor permeable and create a healthy microclimate in the interior lime dough as a semi-finished product created as a result of quicklime slagging are stored on the construction site in special pits covered with sand to have it ready when needed IT IS UNKNOWN WHICH BAD 92\. Which of the listed mechanical features is of greatest importance in design decisions for architects? Bending strength Tensile strength Compressive strength Abrasion resistance 1\. What feature determines the suitability of concrete in construction? Compressive strength 2\. Physical and mechanical properties Physical properties of materials: Specific density Tightness Moisture Permeability Thermal conductivity Fire resistance and flammability Frost resistance Apparent (bulk) density Porosity Absorbability Capillary water absorption Freezing resistance Shrinkage Mechanical properties of building materials: Compressive strength Bending strength Abrasion (resistance to abrasion) 3\. Shrinkage in concrete - how to prevent it? Tensile strength Hardness (resistance to indentation) Brittleness Expansion joints - WE DO NOT USE HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE. 4\. Thermal conductivity coefficient U - what is it? (for external and internal walls) The thermal conductivity coefficient U determines the ability of heat to penetrate building partitions, such as walls and roofs. It determines how much energy (expressed in watts) penetrates 1 square meter of the partition (walls, roofs, windows, doors, etc.) when the temperature difference on both sides is 1 K (Kelvin) 5\. Thermal conductivity (what does it depend on) The value of the λ coefficient depends to the greatest extent on the pore content and moisture content of the material 6\. What is capillarity? The ability to pull water upwards through the capillary channels of the material (capillaries) formed upon contact with water. It depends on the number of pores in the material and their diameters. Prevention: \- horizontal layers of damp-proofing \- injection - injected construction chemicals that close the pores 7\. Definition of flammability (and division into categories) Ability of a material to support fire According to the fire classification, the following groups of materials are distinguished: ©​ ​Non-flammable ©​ ​Flammable ·​ ​Difficult to ignite materials ·​ ​Easily ignitable materials ·​ ​Non-flammable ©​ ​Non-drip ©​ ​Self-extinguishing ©​ ​Intensely smoking 8\. Hardness (what feature is it and how do we assess it, e.g. Mohs scale) Mechanical feature. The resistance of a given material to pressing another body of greater hardness into it. The Mohs scale organizes these hardness patterns, from 1 (very soft, talc) to 10 (the hardest, diamond) 9\. ​​Porosity Percentage value of free spaces in the material. 10\. \"There are materials whose density is the same\" P or F FALSE 11\. \"Are porous materials suitable for thermal insulation?\" Yes. The porosity of thermal insulation materials reaches 90% and more. Higher porosity allows for higher thermal insulation. ​EXAMPLE MATERIALS: polystyrene, foam glass 12\. Heat transfer coefficient - what affects it? Thickness? Does the architect have an influence on it? (yes) What characterizes such a coefficient? U - heat transfer coefficient, characterizes the thermal insulation of the building partition. It depends on: material, thickness, type of building partition 12a. What is the U value for walls? From 2021, the U coefficient cannot exceed: 2 - for external walls: 0.2 W/(mK) 2 - for internal walls: 1 W/(mK) 13\. Physical properties of building materials. Question 2 - repeated 14\. Specific density of concrete Density - 2.8 \[g/cm3\] Bulk density - 2.0 - 2.2 \[g/cm3\] 1800-2600 kg/m3 ← this is the apparent density 15\. How do we protect steel structures against fire? We use intumescent paints and coatings: anti-corrosion primer → intumescent layer → topcoat 16\. Lambda - what is it? (​λ) Thermal conductivity coefficient For polystyrene, mineral wool it is 0.031-0.045 W/mK 17\. How do we test the compressive strength of concrete? On what samples and how? Two methods: 1\. Strength press - destructive method. Press crushing of a sample from the goaf. After 28 days, knowing the value of the force destroying the concrete and the imprint, the compressive strength is determined. 2\. Schmidt hammer - non-invasive method. Measurement based on the analysis of the change in the energy of the spring hammer after bouncing off the concrete. 18\. How do we determine the physical and mechanical properties of materials? (Hardness - Brinel, Rockwell method. Pictometer - specific density. Bemego shield - abrasion\...) Density and volume - pycnometer (measurement of powdered material) Thermal conductivity - the amount of heat passing through the surface of 1 m2 of material 1 m thick in 1 hour, at a temperature difference of 1 K, is designated as λ \[lambda\] Frost resistance - multiple freezing and thawing of the material (from 20 to 50 tests, depending on the material) Permeability - checking the penetration of water from the external to the internal surface (after 20 hours on the underside of the roof tile there may be no drops of water, at most damp spots) Compressive strength - testing the compressive strength of materials involves applying a force, the consequence of which is that the particles are brought closer together. Tensile strength - testing the tensile strength of materials involves applying a force that causes body particles to move away from each other. Hardness - Brinel, Rockwell, Mohs methods Abrasion - Bemego Shield 19\. \"The permeability of the material is particularly important for the material from which we build walls\" FALSE 20\. \"Air-entraining admixtures increase the frost resistance of concrete\" TRUE 21\. \"Construction steel has a compressive strength similar to the tensile strength\" P or F TRUE 21A. \"Brittle materials include cast iron, glass, ceramics\" TRUE 21B. \"Styrofoam is considered a flammable material, which is why it cannot be used with wood\" FALSE (we do not use it with wood, but because it is SELF-EXTINGUISHING) STONES 21C. Division of rocks according to their origin a\) Sedimentary Carbonate Sulphate Siliceous, clayey b\) Igneous Deep-sea Eruptive c\) Metamorphic (metamorphosed) 21D. Igneous/sedimentary rocks (examples) igneous: granite, basalt, pumice sedimentary: sandstone, limestone, gypsum 21E.Metamorphic/deep magmatic/extrusive/sedimentary rocks of mechanical origin\...(examples) deep magmatic: granite, syenite, gabbro extrusive magmatic: basalt, diabase, porphyry sedimentary: sandstone, conglomerate, gravel metamorphic: gneiss, crystalline limestone (true marble), quartzite 21F.Stone slabs are used for thermal insulation. FALSE 21G. Dry installation of stone on a facade Installation of facade slabs, e.g. granite, sandstone, on anchors or on a grid (a slab installed in this way works, in the sense of building mechanics) 21H. What is conglomerate? A product containing approximately 95% of natural stone and 5% of polyester resin as a binder. Marble and quartz-granite conglomerates are produced. 21I. What are sandwich panels? \- A protective material used for wall and roof cladding \- They reduce the weight of stone cladding elements, which significantly expands the possibility of their use in places where the use of heavy cladding is not recommended 21J. Which rocks are the most absorbent? sedimentary (sandstone, limestone) 21K. Which rocks are good for building plinths? syenite, andesite, compact limestone 21L. Which stones cannot be polished? sedimentary (sandstone, dolomite, limestone), andesite 21M. Which stones are porous? \- sandstone - limestone \- shale \- perlite \- pumice 21N. Which of the following methods makes the surfaces of stones rough? sandblasted, flamed 21O. How are sedimentary rocks formed? (3 types) as a result of sedimentation of crumb, organic and chemical material, mainly in an aquatic environment 21P. \"Basalt is a difficult material to process, which we use for MMA mixtures\" TRUE 21Q. What % of rocks do we have in the entire group of rocks on Earth? (metamorphic how many, sedimentary how many\...) Igneous - 95% Sedimentary - 1% Metamorphic - 4% 21R. \"Quartzite is a very hard rock, used for roads for the production of refractory and acid-resistant products?\" P or F TRUE 21S.\"Gypsum and anhydrite, like dolomite and limestone, are light-colored rocks suitable for facades\" FALSE (gypsum and anhydrite are not recommended for facades, they are not external facade materials) 21T.\"What is the texture and structure of a rock?\" (definitions) The texture of a rock is the spatial arrangement of rock-forming components and the degree to which they fill the space in the rock mass. The structure of a rock is a set of features that determine the way in which rock-forming minerals are shaped, their size and form, and the mutual relationship between them. 22.Quartzite is a very hard rock used as a road material. TRUE 23\. Absorbent and non-absorbent rocks, soft and porous, warm and cold. absorbent:​ limestone, serpentinites, porphyry non-absorbent:​ granite, slate, sandstone soft:​ talc, gypsum, rock salt, calcite, fluorite hard:​ diamond, topaz, corundum, quartz, feldspar porous:​ sandstone, travertine, volcanic tuff warm:​ limestone -- lambda less than or equal to 0.76 cold:​ granite, sandstone -- lambda greater than 0.76 24\. Can we give stones impact resistance, through what types of finishing and what does it give? Flaming, grinding, polishing, semi-polishing, Its use allows to restore the original appearance of the floor, while increasing its resistance to abrasion and mechanical damage. 25\. What rocks for roofing? Slate 26\. What rocks are fireproof? Shale, all igneous 27\. \"Texture is a set of features that determine the way rock-forming minerals are shaped, formed and related to each other\" P or F? false 28\. Rock surfaces (polishing, grinding, flaming, brushing - what makes them rough and good for outdoor use?) Flaming 29\. What are gabions? Stones in a metal, rectangular grid that reinforce a slope, earth embankment or river bank. 30\. Gabions are an example of a stone wall where the stones are joined with mortar so that it is not visible, thanks to which they have a natural appearance. FALSE (gabions = stones in a \"cage\") 31\. The dry method of attaching stone to a facade involves attaching them to a wooden grid without using mortar. FALSE (not on a wooden framework, the stone is fixed using stainless steel anchors or on a steel framework) 32\. What are the stone treatments? (impact, abrasive, thermal) -method: impact (impacts of tools), abrasive (dividing the slab on graters or saws, smoothing the surface), thermal (burning with a torch) -processing accuracy: rough, semi-clean, clean 33\. Can treatments be combined? TRUE 34\. What types of construction aggregate do we have? mineral and organic 35\. What fraction does sand have? from 0 to 2 mm 36\. Division of binders and division of mortars according to the binder used \- cement - gypsum - cement-gypsum - lime \- hydrated lime 37\. What mortars are used for building foundation walls? cement and cement-lime 38\. What are the features of lime mortar? -hardens slowly -bactericidal and disinfecting properties - high degree of fragmentation -ability to self-heal microcracks 39\. What are the features of cement-lime mortar? The greatest flexibility in terms of the ability to independently shape parameters Better workability than cement mortars Greater strength and hardens faster than lime mortar It also hardens with limited air access 40\. What is cement used for? (TRICKY!) For preparing cement, cement-lime mortars and concrete. Combines most building materials. 41\. Heat-insulating mortars (what do we add to them to make them like that?) Perlite / Expanded clay / Styrofoam granules. 42\. Gypsum mortars (features) Plaster mortar for walls and ceilings. Not suitable for masonry mortar No aggregates are used Suitable for plastering walls and ceilings in rooms with normal air humidity, as well as external walls in places protected from moisture Increases the fire resistance of structures 43\. Lightweight aggregates, which ones? Lightweight aggregates can be of natural origin, e.g. pumice, volcanic tuff, light limestones: carbonateporite. 44\. Perlite/foam glass - how are they made? Perlite - comes from weathered volcanic lava, it is roasted in furnaces, form: granulate. Foam glass - is made by foaming glass with coal. 45\. What should you pay attention to when selecting aggregates for concrete? \- grain composition \- grain shape and roughness \- water absorption, abrasion and frost resistance \- where the concrete will be used (environmental factors) 46\. \"Heavy aggregates are those with a density of approx. 3000 kg/m3\" TRUE 47\. \"Natural aggregates are created as a result of the action of water and wind, THEY ARE CRUSHED AND SMALL\" FALSE 48\. \"Brick and concrete rubble is not suitable for building\" FALSE (it is produced on construction sites using a crusher) 49\. \"Very coarse aggregates are from 63 to 250 mm\" P OR F TRUE 50\. \"Furnace slag and ashes are toxic aggregates, which is why we do not use them\" FALSE 51\. What is sieve analysis? Sieve analysis - a research method consisting in separating material into fractions containing grains of different sizes, by sifting them through a set of sieves with meshes from approx. 0.05 mm to 80 mm; after weighing the individual grain classes, it is determined what percentage of the material remained on each sieve in relation to the whole 52\. What are aggregate fractions? Aggregate fraction -- a set of grains with dimensions limited by two successive sieves with a specific square mesh size, e.g. fraction 4-8 means grains that pass through a sieve with a mesh size of 8 mm and are retained on a sieve with a mesh size of 4 mm 53\. \"Does a large amount of sand mean that we have to add more cement and thus the concrete is stronger\" FALSE (specific proportions are important) 54\. What is gravel and what fraction of it do we use for drainage? Gravel - natural, mineral, uncrushed aggregate, 2-63mm GRAVEL (16-32mm) - road aggregates used as drainage gravel 55\. What are special hardening aggregates? HARDENING AGGREGATES - mixtures of crumbs of very hard stones such as quartzite and flint or artificial ones, e.g. fire-resistant mineral alloys, porcelain, carborundum. 56. What are the shapes of aggregates (for concrete)? Spheres and ellipsoids, cuboids and cubes, with sharp edges and flat surfaces (these are avoided) Aggregates with sharp edges and flat surfaces are avoided for concrete (The surface should be rough to ensure adhesion of the cement mortar) 57\. What is a grain size curve? Grain size curve - based on the previously performed sieve analysis, its results are plotted on a special semi-logarithmic grid. As a result, we obtain a continuous grain size curve for a given aggregate or mineral mixture - IN OTHER PUTTING: a graphical representation of grain size. 58\. Markings on cement bags \- CEM I - pure Portland (high heat of hydration) \- CEM II - Portland with additives (for masonry and plaster mortars) \- CEM III - metallurgical (grinding of Portland clinker and granulated slag with the addition of calcium sulfate, high resistance to sulfate corrosion) \- CEM IV - pozzolanic (high resistance to the undesirable effects of aggressive environments, for mortars and plasters of the lower parts) \- CEM V - multi-component (low heat of hydration, good dynamics, stable increase in strength) 59\. What is cement clinker? It is produced by burning a mixture of marls (limestones) and aluminosilicates at a temperature of approx. 1450°C, then grinding, in the form of lumps. Used for cement production. 60\. What is lime milk and dough? lime milk - an aqueous suspension of crushed calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2, obtained by slaking lime. Used for whitening, as a plasticizing agent for cement mortars, it can also neutralize acids and disinfect lime dough - obtained by slaking quicklime with a large amount of water, it becomes a plastic mass and has a white color, sand is used to protect it. If the mass becomes too brown, it means that too little water was used, the solution was burned. 61\. What is quicklime? Calcium oxide, obtained by burning limestone at 900-1300°C in a lime kiln, then takes the form of a block. It has hygroscopic properties, reacts easily with water and CO2, the more admixtures, the whiter it becomes. 62\. How does lime react with water? It reacts easily with water, creating slaked lime (so-called lime slaking). An exothermic reaction occurs - a significant amount of heat is released. Quicklime + a large amount of water = lime dough Slaking (slaking) of quicklime 63\. Lime and gypsum, what are their properties and what climate do they create inside? Good or bad? Lime -​white -very finely divided -high alkalinity -bactericidal properties, prevents mold and fungi -ability to absorb large amounts of water (40-50%) -scratch resistance -low strength -Influence on the creation of a healthy microclimate in buildings: natural, vapor-permeable, fine-pored channels - -water drainage in the wall, favorable thermal and acoustic properties - GOOD CLIMATE IN THE INTERIOR Gypsum -short setting time -fireproof properties -quite high compressive and bending strength -corrosive effect on metals -low resistance to moisture -absorbs excess moisture and releases it when the room is too dry - GOOD CLIMATE IN THE INTERIOR 64\. Why is sand added to mortar? It is a filler 65\. What are silicates? What are their properties and what are they used for? -they are lime-sand products, made exclusively from natural raw materials. -They do not contain harmful or toxic compounds. \- for the construction of external load-bearing, layered walls, as facing layers of walls, openwork walls, fences, small architectural objects and for the construction of partition walls 66\. \"Silicates are suitable for the construction of partition walls\" TRUE 67\. \"Silicates have low resistance to compression\" FALSE 68\. \"Silicates cannot be used for three-layer walls\" FALSE 69\. \"Gypsum boards are boards with cardboard on the outside and gypsum on the inside\" TRUE 70\. \"Gypsum-fibre boards have fibres in the gypsum\" TRUE 71\. \"Gypsum boards can be perforated for the purpose of ventilation of rooms\" FALSE 72\. \"Concrete blocks have a high thermal conductivity coefficient\" TRUE 73\. \"Concrete blocks are used for basements and foundations\" TRUE 74\. Formwork blocks and their features compressive strength, as well as lateral pressure high frost resistance 75\. Expanded clay concrete blocks (what are their features?) are characterized by such good durability and thermal and acoustic insulation that they can be used to make all types of walls, including single-layer ones 76\. Cement roof tiles (features and method of installation) -cheaper than ceramic ones, -high frost resistance and low water absorption, -lighter and larger than ceramic ones, so they are faster to install, -they muffle sounds coming from outside very well, -porous The roof covering is laid in horizontal rows, starting from the eaves. Cement roof tiles are held on the roof under their own weight, so they basically do not require any fastening. Only the edge roof tiles should be nailed, which will protect them from being blown away by the wind. 77\. Are asbestos-cement products gaining popularity? FALSE 78\. Are asbestos-cement products resistant to the atmosphere? TRUE 79\. Are asbestos-cement products lightweight? TRUE 80\. Are asbestos-cement products resistant to sewage? TRUE 81\. Are asbestos-cement products durable? TRUE 82\. Fibre-cement boards They are made of cement, minerals, cellulose fibres and fillers. Application: facade cladding, balcony railing fillings, plinth and chimney cladding Advantages:Ecological.Resistant to temperature fluctuations.Non-flammable.Does not corrode.Lightweight construction.High resistance to UV rays, colours do not change over time 83\. Channel slabs Produced from gravel concrete and lightweight concrete, reinforced with welded steel mesh.The channel floor is constructed from prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs with minimised dead weight by using holes in them in the longitudinal direction. 84\. Prestressed concrete - what are its features? the reinforcement is made of high tensile steel. Initial compressive stresses are introduced into the concrete element by stretching the reinforcement before concreting. The introduced stresses are opposite to the stresses arising from service stresses. 85\. Ribbed ceilings - their load-bearing elements are beams? TRUE 87\. The spacing between beams can be a maximum of 50 cm? FALSE 88\. There are only ceramic blocks between beams? FALSE 89\. Is it true that a ceiling can only be up to 30 cm high? FALSE (ribbed ceilings are quite high, even up to 40 cm) 90\. The differences between the types of ribbed ceilings can concern both the spacing of beams and the thickness of the ceiling TRUE (40,45,60, 62.5 density) 91\. Filigree ceiling A simpler version of a traditional reinforced concrete ceiling. It consists of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs (5-7 cm thick) and a layer of concrete (concrete topping). It is reinforced with steel trusses and rods. 92\. What can we make a floor from inside a building? (Dry screed TRUE, cement screed TRUE, EXTRACTIVE CLAY - FALSE, HARD MINERAL WOOL BOARD - FALSE) 93\. What is a floating floor? A floating floor is a floor that does not have a permanent attachment to the substrate and walls - the panels form one plane, loosely arranged. The floor is not even rigidly attached to the substrate, it is expanded all around 94\. \"The holes in the blocks are designed differently to distinguish the company that produces them\" FALSE 95\. Names of prestressed floors Mushroom floor Beam floor Slab-ribbed floor Strip floor Coffered floor 96\. Names of prefabricated reinforced concrete floors AND DO NOT CONFUSE THEM WITH CERAMIC ONE Filigran (it is a prefabricated element) Fert, Ackerman, Porotherm, Ceram floors ARE NOT !! - They are ceramic 97\. Architectural concrete Architectural concrete - a type of concrete, which means concrete surfaces with defined requirements in terms of appearance. Architectural concrete guarantees the achievement of the same parameters in terms of strength and durability 98\. Special concretes (which ones?) TRICKY (NOT INTERESTING) Special concretes - concrete with strictly defined properties. The name of special concrete determines its purpose or main property Heavy Waterproof Abrasion-resistant From recycling waste Resistant to elevated temperatures 99\. Concrete classes for screeds C16/20 High-quality Hydrotechnical Bridge For rigid surfaces Expansive 100\. What concrete is lean? Base and leveling concrete 101\. What concrete is high-quality? ABOVE C55 102\. What is self-compacting concrete? a concrete mixture capable of tightly filling the formwork, enveloping the reinforcement and compacting under its own weight. 103\. What is fiber concrete? concrete that contains steel, glass or synthetic fibers. It is a material with dispersed reinforcement, because the fibers placed in it constitute an element of reinforcement. 104\. A concrete mixture is coarse aggregate in unhardened form encased and bonded with cement mortar TRUE 105\. How do we determine the class of concrete for compression? 106\. Only sand with various fractions without impurities is used as aggregate in the best quality concrete: Sand is not used as the best aggregate and not as the only one; it is important that there is aggregate with coarse fractions and dust) 107\. What is concrete on reactive cans? is one of the most advanced types of cementitious materials classified as composites with a cement matrix with ultra-high strength properties 108\. What is high-strength concrete? concrete with a compressive strength above 60 MPa 109\. What are the proportions of ordinary concrete? 25 kg of cement + 10 l of water + 40 l of sand + 80 l of gravel + plasticizing admixture 110\. \"Admixtures for concrete improve many of its properties and can be as much as a dozen or so% of its content\" FALSE 111\. \"Binders in concrete can be asphalt or resin instead of cement, which completely replace cement\" TRUE 112\. Maintenance of concrete mix systematic pouring of water on it, Protection: covering the concrete surface with a chemical agent that prevents water evaporation or covering the concrete with foil. Washing out the cement paste from the top layer of concrete exposes the aggregate, which, when less bonded, crumbles easily. The concrete surface becomes rough, which further deteriorates its aesthetics. 113\. What is a concrete pump used for? It is used to pump and feed the concrete mixture in vertical and horizontal directions. The mixture can then be used to implement specific construction projects 114\. The amount of mortar must be greater the finer the aggregate in the concrete, because the mortar must coat more grains TRUE 115\. How do we compact concrete - manually or mechanically? - manually and mechanically 116\. After how many days does the concrete reach its target compressive strength (7, 21 or 28 days) 28 days 117\. What must the mixing water be like and what is it? This is water used to make concrete and mortar, the basic ingredient that enables binding and hardening. It should not have a yellowish color and a putrid smell, and it should not contain detergents or various types of suspensions 118\. How and can concrete setting be accelerated? It can be done using admixtures that regulate the conditions of binding and hardening (they contain calcium, sodium and potassium chlorides) 119\. What do we do to reduce the water absorption of concrete? (Clay) We add bentonite clay to concrete, which increases in volume when saturated with water 120\. Why and how do we aerate concrete? We aerate concrete by using an aerating admixture as a component of concrete in order to improve frost resistance and improve the workability of the concrete mix 121\. Is there such a thing as stabilizing additives and why? Yes, they are. Stabilizing admixtures prevent segregation of components (especially for self-compacting concretes) 121\. Is there such a thing as stabilizing additives and why? Yes, there are. Stabilizing admixtures prevent segregation of ingredients (especially for self-compacting concretes) 122\. Lightweight concrete Concrete with an apparent density of less than 1800 kg/m3 Advantages: relief of the structure​-- lighter than classic concrete acoustic insulation thermal insulation properties​-- low thermal conductivity, protects well against heat loss 123\. Cellular concrete foam-aerated concrete, lightweight, which have a cavernous structure, apparent density of lightweight concretes. Foam concrete​-- porosity obtained by introducing foamed foaming emulsion into the cement paste/cement mortar. It is a thermal insulation material Application: Insulation of flat roofs, roofs, diaphragm walls. Aerated concrete - ACC - is created by chemical reaction - aluminum powder introduced into cement. Aerated concrete shows high thermal and moisture deformability and high shrinkage (volume change) e.g. Siporex and Ytong 124\. Slag/ rubble concrete These are lightweight concretes. They owe their porosity to the lightness and porosity of the material used as aggregate, or both factors at the same time Slag concrete - is made by replacing crushed stone with slag. Slag concrete on blast furnace granulated aggregate is used to make walls of low-rise, single-storey buildings or as a layer insulating ceilings or flat roofs. 125\. What is sawdust concrete? Properties? Brittle? on Sawdust concrete (also known as sawdust concrete) - concrete containing softwood sawdust as aggregate. It is used in the form of floor tiles for reinforced concrete ceilings and for thermal insulation. Its disadvantage is brittleness and lack of flexibility. 126\. Styrobreton, bernitobeton - what is it? styrobreton - a material that, thanks to its composition, has very good properties and parameters (composition: water, cement and polystyrene granulate) 127\. Polymer concrete - ​It serves as an insulating or insulating-construction element. properties: thermal insulation - more effective than concrete screeds. durability - exceeds polystyrene by 30 times, sound-absorbing - does not cause membrane effects. ideally suited for insulating uneven ceilings and surfaces (e.g. beams, columns) 128\. Hydrotechnical concrete This is a group of concretes that combines the features of waterproof and abrasion-resistant concretes. Advantages: ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ​waterproof, ​frost resistance, ​Abrasion resistance, ​Low hydration heat ​Minimal shrinkage. Application: Water construction, Construction particularly exposed to water in any form (water, ice, fog), Water structures 129\. Ecological concrete - what is it? concrete that does not emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere but absorbs it, instead of limestone, magnesium silicate is used as a production base, because it does not contain carbon other solutions for the production of ecological concrete: adding slag (a by-product of smelting metal ores) or ash (waste from coal-fired power plants) - it reacts with cement -\> concrete is stronger 130\. Ceramics - 1/2/3 layer walls - what external walls can be made of ceramics? https://domzcegly.pl/baza-wiedzy/sciany-z-ceramicznych-elementow-murowych 131\. Does a 2-layer wall consist of a load-bearing layer and plaster on both sides of the block? NO (a 2-layer wall, in addition to the load-bearing layer, has a layer of insulation on the outside: polystyrene or wool) 132\. Principles of bricklaying Bricklaying should be carried out at a temperature of 5-25°C, on dry days, avoiding strong sunlight. During breaks in bricklaying and for 7-14 days after completion, the walls should be covered with foil in such a way that the air under it can flow freely. 133\. Principles of expansion joints in facades The distances between expansion joints depend on the sunlight of the facade, the facade material and the degree and method of reinforcement. Recommended division for ceramic facades 9-12cm thick: -12-14m for the north facade -8-9m for the south facade -10-12m for the east facade -7-8m for the west facade -up to 12m with full support of the facade -6-8m with incomplete support of the facade 134\. How do we produce ceramic products? They are made by shaping pieces of clay, which are then hardened by firing. 135\. Are ceramic products made from clay mixed with cement? \- FALSE, no cement 135a. Ceramic products must be dried before being put into the kiln- ​TRUE 135b. Do we distinguish between ceramic products with a porous structure and a sintered body? ​-TRUE, porous up to 22%, sintered body (clinker products) 6%-12% 136\. Three-layer ceramic walls - is an air gap used, are they more labor-intensive, is the protective wall anchored in the load-bearing wall? -​TRUE SENTENCES 137\. Expansion joints on the wall, external. How are they made? When? What do they depend on? Expansion joints of brick walls are made by leaving an empty joint and masking it with expansion tape in the color of the mortar. Expansion joints depend on sunlight 138\. Principles of bricklaying when using heat-insulating mortars. Bricklaying should be carried out at a temperature of 5-25 degrees C, strong sunlight and rain should be avoided, and foil should be used during breaks, but to allow for unobstructed air flow. ​Heat-insulating mortar​used for bricklaying single-layer walls to reduce heat transfer and for bricklaying walls made of aerated concrete, porous ceramics and expanded clay concrete. 139\. What types of lintels do we have? Ceramic and others. What is a lintel, what are they made of? Lintel - A horizontal, flat or vaulted structural element in the form of a beam placed above openings in the wall. Lintels are made of beams: reinforced concrete, ceramic-reinforced concrete, reinforced aerated concrete, steel, reinforced brick with steel rods 140\. Band around the building, principle of construction Its width is usually assumed in the range of 40 - 60 cm, but if it is also to play the role of a hardened passage, then it should be suitably wider. In order to enable quick water runoff, it must be shaped in such a way that at least a 2% slope of the surface towards the surrounding terrain is obtained. 141\. Ceramic ceilings types of ceramic ceilings: FERT - ceramic-reinforced concrete ceiling, concreted on site. These ceilings are used in single-family, multi-family and public utility buildings. The Fert ceiling consists of: prefabricated steel-ceramic beam - lattice, ceramic block, monolithic concrete POROTHERM CEILING - Porotherm dense-ribbed ceilings are available in three typical ceiling heights (19, 23 and 27 cm with a 4 cm thick concrete overlay) and in two ceiling beam spacings (62.5 and 50 cm) CERAM CEILING - The total structural height of the CERAM ceiling is 23 cm (ceramic block height 20 cm + B-15 concrete layer approx. 3 cm thick). The structural rib of the ceiling is made of prefabricated beams. The floor beams have different lengths from 2.37 to 5.97 m with a step of 0.3 m and are laid at a spacing of 45 cm. 142\. Ackerman floor (what does it look like, arrangement) The Ackerman floor is the most commonly used monolithic floor in Polish construction with a durable and rigid filling. Ceramic blocks 18 or 20 cm high are used to fill the floors, depending on the desired strength of the floor. The axial spacing of the ribs in the Ackerman floor is 31 cm. The calculated width of the rib is 7 cm, the thickness of the upper concrete slab is 3 or 4 cm, depending on the value and type of variable load 143\. Dense-ribbed floors - what is it? Is it necessary to make a concrete cushion? YES. Ribbed floors are those in which the load-bearing (load-bearing) elements are beams (called ribs) with an axial spacing not exceeding 90 cm (hence the name of these floors - ribbed floors); usually the spacing is from 40 to 60 cm. The ribs are arranged in the direction of the smaller span between the supports, resting them on the walls of the building and the binders. A concrete overlay is a layer of concrete laid on ceiling blocks. In order to provide the ceiling with the required load-bearing capacity and stiffness, the concrete overlay must have the thickness specified in the design, uniform over the entire surface. 144\. Ceramic roof tiles - they provide better acoustic conditions in the house, true or not? TRUE!!! They create a snow barrier - true or not? FALSE They are used for wooden battens- ​TRUE 145\. Names of roof tiles -Plain tiles -Marseille tiles -S-tile tiles -Monk and nun tiles -Overlapping tiles -Rhenish tiles -Gasior tiles -Corner tiles 146\. Ceramic roof tiles are highly absorbent, which is why their resistance to frost is low. FALSE roof tiles cannot be highly absorbent, because they protect the roof from atmospheric factors 147\. What are lintels, where are they made, what are their types? an element above a window, door or other opening, e.g. a garage door. Its task is to transfer the weight to the adjacent walls. types: solbet, porotherm 148\. What is majolica? ceramics covered with an opaque lead-tin glaze with rich colors 149\. Elastolite tiles, what are they? mineral clinker tiles 150\. Ceramic ceilings, what are their names -Ackerman ceiling -Fert -Porotherm -Hurdis -Ceram 151\. Refractory products, what are they? -products with ordinary fire resistance not lower than 1500 °C -ceramic refractory products are made of natural mineral raw materials containing chemical compounds with a high melting point e.g. fireclay, silica, termalite, magnesite. 152\. What is engobe? Engobe, glaze, engobe, engobe - a delicate coating of white or colored clay applied to the product before firing to obtain a matte or shiny surface. Refined, liquid clay, which is used to cover the ceramic surface in a thin layer. ENGOBAGING - METHOD OF DYEING ROOF TILES ENGOBA = liquid clay mass with an admixture of appropriate minerals or metal oxides 153\. What are products with a porous and sintered body? With a porous body (water absorption by weight ranges from 6% to 22%) -- this group includes: brick products, i.e. bricks, wall and ceiling blocks, roof tiles, drainage filters, etc.; glazed products refractory products -- e.g. fireclay, silica, thermalite products. Products with a compact body (with water absorption by weight up to 6%) -- clinker bricks and shapes, terracotta, floor tiles, stoneware products. Semi-precious ceramics -- faience, porcelain, stoneware and majolica products. 154\. What are fireclay products? Fireclay -- a ceramic material obtained by burning clay or shale and grinding the resulting product. The production process involves forming, drying and firing. Fireclay products are highly resistant to rapid temperature changes. e.g. fireclay brick, fireclay plate, ceramic blocks, 155\. Porous ceramics Porous ceramics -for the construction of building partitions, characterized by very good thermal parameters while maintaining high strength. -As a result of the porous process - the use of a special hollowing system - such products can be used to build walls. Porous ceramics are made of clay with the addition of wood flour or sawdust. During the firing of ceramics at a temperature of 800°C, the wood additives are burned out, creating a network of micropores that increase the thermal properties of the material. Porous ceramics are a non-flammable material. 156\. What are the different types of stoneware products - stoneware, terracotta, clinker, stoneware. 156. Floors - ferd floor - are not designed for 12 m, only up to 14. 157\. Each of the blocks of a densely ribbed floor should be smeared with mortar to connect it with the next FALSE (we close the external blocks with mortar, not every block needs to be connected with mortar)​ 158\. The height of densely ribbed floors, how high is it? up to 45 cm 159\. ferd floor 40, 45, 60 - the interaxial span of the beam is this 160\. What kind of beam does a D-Z floor have: reinforced concrete beam, not lattice 161\. Porotherm p+w wall block - what does it mean? This is a ceramic block for masonry with a \"tongue and groove\" (interlocking grooves between the blocks) 162\. What are polished blocks connected with foam, properties these are blocks (ceramic blocks with holes that improve thermal insulation properties) laid evenly on top of each other (therefore polished - to maintain a smooth surface) using polyurethane-based foam, without water content, which accelerates the construction process (after 48 hours the mortar reaches its maximum strength) blocks at the same level are connected by setting them evenly to special indentations and for this purpose it is not necessary to use foam 163\. To build a wall on a dense-ribbed ceiling, it must be reinforced with a beam. TRUE 164\. Does the concrete topping even out the screed layer? What is concrete topping No. Concrete topping is a layer of concrete poured onto the ceiling blocks in order to level and stiffen the ceiling. 165. Types of bricks - nomenclature (hollow..) brick dimensions. \[L\] face, \[Z\] ordinary, \[M\] frost-resistant, \[N\] not frost-resistant Types: S - Slotted, D - Hollow, P - Solid, B - Without holes Typical brick dimensions are 6.5 x 12.0 x 25.0 cm Sievement brick - ordinary dimensions, many small, square holes (due to this it has good insulating properties) Perforated brick - brick with longitudinal or transverse holes (mainly for partition and filling walls, ceilings and walls of low buildings) Chest brick - blocks with a large number of small diamond-shaped holes. -three types are distinguished by dimensions - K1, K2, K3 -the dimensions of these bricks are selected so that it is possible to build an external wall 30 cm thick, well insulating heat, and walls between apartments. They are used to build external and internal walls of buildings. 166\. What are hand-formed bricks? colloquially called finger-shaped bricks - historical bricks from the 17th century with dimensions of 28-29×13.5×7.5 cm. With hand-formed grooves, which were to facilitate the drainage of water from the surface of the brick. Used for walls or floors. 167.Slotted blocks are not the materials from which we build multi-storey buildings or multi-storey load-bearing walls; when it comes to load-bearing capacity of hollow bricks in single-family buildings, as external load-bearing walls, and generally it is a filling material and not a load-bearing P or F False 168.What is wall bonding? A method of laying bricks, we distinguish: header, stretcher 169.What are the layers of a pitched roof covered with ceramic roof tiles? thermal insulation (min. wool), roof membrane for the truss, battens and counterbattens, roof covering 170.Can clinker bricks have a different color than red? Yes 171.What is the purpose of a ridge tape? sealing and ventilation of places located under ridges or ridge caps WOOD 172\. Wood is an anisotropic material - what does that mean? characteristics i.e. depending on its arrangement, its physical and moss properties change. (e.g. it transfers force more easily and is more resistant to compression along the grain 173\. Wood is edged and unedged - what does it mean? (sawn timber - boards, logs, strips, etc.) Edged - have four machined surfaces and edges of the front. Unedged - has two machined parallel surfaces, and the side edges remain untreated. 174\. What properties does moss have in wood depending on the fibers? It transfers force more easily, conducts moisture, stretches and compresses along the grain, but swelling is much greater in the tangential direction (\"across\") 175\. Is wood used as an insulating material? Wood itself is NOT, wood wool is; wood is a construction material for building walls 176\. Floorboards - should be laid on wooden ceiling beams, using a felt underlay. TRUE (joists) 177\. Laid boards on joists a type of traditional wooden floor. Joists are wooden battens with a cross-section of at least 50x50 mm. Mineral wool (acoustic/thermal insulation) is placed between the joists, which is on a vapor barrier film. joists lie on roofing felt strips (thanks to this, it does not absorb moisture from the concrete. There is a gap between the boards and the wall (allows shrinkage, change of shape), which is covered with a strip 178\. Properties of wood, depending on the direction of the fiber arrangement (perpendicular/parallel) The compressive strength of wood along the fibers (the force acts parallel to the fibers) is much higher than its compressive strength across the fibers (the force acts perpendicular to the fibers - tangential and radial direction) The tensile strength of wood along the fibers is higher than the compressive strength Thermal conductivity depends on the fiber direction 179.The method of laying floorboards - what does it depend on? DOES NOT depend on the spacing of the beams, 180\. On the underside of floorboards, not laid on joists, but directly on the screed and, for example, the subfloor, there are gaps, i.e. anti-pressure grooves. TRUE 181.One of the methods of joining boards is the tongue-and-groove joint, which enters the recess of the counter-tension groove (grooves from the bottom, tongue-and-groove from the side) FALSE 182.Wood - spike plates, carpentry and engineering joints Carpentry joints - a method of connecting elements that cooperate with each other in wooden structures. The components of wooden structures are connected to each other in an appropriate manner using joints, which are divided into carpentry joints and engineering joints Carpentry joints - roof truss connections, which are divided into longitudinal horizontal, longitudinal vertical, transverse at a right angle, corner, notch at an angle Spike plates - connectors used in wooden structures to connect several wooden elements of the same thickness and in one plane. Rounded, evenly distributed spikes are embossed in the connectors, thanks to which they are adapted to carry heavy loads. Application in the construction of roof trusses, canopies, for covering existing flat roofs, for stiffening the corners of frame walls 183.In the case of wooden elements, the statement that connecting wooden elements is possible with the help of nail plates is true TRUE 184.Joints of wooden elements can be divided into carpentry, engineering TRUE 185.General statements regarding wooden elements, their drying, impregnation. 186.Wooden elements must be impregnated/dried before being built into a building FALSE (they do not always have to be, e.g. boards or wainscoting) 187.Elements are divided into assortments depending on the length of the element FALSE (we divide not only by length, but also by cross-sections - the cross-section is mainly dominant) 188.What is veneer, what is plywood? veneer is a veneer, a thin sheet of wood, 0.5-1.0 mm thick PLYWOOD is a board glued together from an odd number of veneers. 189\. Roof truss A truss consists of wooden elements to carry the load of the roof covering, snow and wind. The type of truss is determined by its span (RAFTER TRUSS does not exceed 7.0 m, COLLAR TRUSS is greater than 7.0 m,) 190\. Blockboard and its strength \- low susceptibility to deformation \- does not easily succumb to humidity \- high mechanical strength \- elastic, flexible 200\. Blockboard - veneers are used for its production TRUE (because there are some strips) 201\. The strength of the blockboard depends on the size of the chips FALSE (blockboard does not consist of chips) 202\. Chipboard Wood chips pressed with the addition of resins using pressure and high temperature. They are single or multi-layered (laminate), with increased water, fungi and fire resistance and porous or smooth surfaces, thickened with wood dust. There are different varieties; MDF and HDF MFP chipboards, cement chipboards, 203\. Fiberboard - features There are the following types: porous (not pressed), hard (pressed) and very hard boards (pressed and impregnated).​high mechanical strength.material homogeneity.bendability.obtaining large board formats.thermal and acoustic insulation.low price. 204.Fiberboards are used in furniture making TRUE 205.Fiberboards are used to produce glued wood FALSE 206.Wood glued along the grain - not fiberboards -colloquially glued wood, created by gluing together several layers of wood parallel to the grain. It is used to build structures, used in window and door joinery. 207.Wood storage methods -fresh and dry wood must be in the sunniest place, which will cause water evaporation in a closed room it will rot after some time 208.What should be the moisture content of structural wood and what value should it not exceed? -should not exceed 15% 209.How do we increase wood\'s resistance to fire -by using agents that delay the ignition of wood, reduce the rate of fire spread and the intensity of combustion 210.Types of wooden wall structures, shingles Edge beam - foundations, caps, wall plates, purlins, columns - wooden beam placed on the wall of a building. Transfers loads from the roof to the walls, cross-section from 100/100 to 180/180mm Logs 10-25 cm wide and 5-10 cm thick. They are used as columns, foundations, caps, transoms, braces Beams - width 20-25 cm and thickness 25-27.5 cm, the largest building material for walls Shingle - wooden material used for roofing 80-100 mm wide, 600-700 mm long and approx. 15 mm thick. Tongue and groove 211\. Wood on the facade - how to protect general prevention performing impregnation with fungicidal and mildewcidal preparations performing fire protection protection against moisture 212\. Birch/alder - for the production of veneers TRUE 213\. Beech, the most popular for the production of stairs - TRUE 214\. Birch, alder - soft, easy to process TRUE 215\. Wooden construction is characterized by the possibility of easy and quick assembly, also in winter TRUE 216\. Wood has low resistance to fire TRUE 217\. Wood with a large number of knots may have lower compressive and tensile strength, even up to 85% TRUE (table from the lecture) 218\. Wood with a scattered arrangement of fibers better transfers moss loads. FALSE 219.Glued wood and micro-jointed structural wood - best when using hardwood FALSE (softwood) 220.Larch wood is invaluable in construction, very durable, resistant to something, does not crack, terrace boards and shingles TRUE (lecture) 221.Rot, what is thermowood Rot, or the so-called rot. It is a disease caused by fungi that cause the wood to completely decompose. Such places must be cut out and burned Thermowood - thermally modified wood. 222. Tensile strength of wood in megapascals Along the grain Beech - 135 Oak 90 Maple 104 Linden 85 Spruce 90 Pine 104 Ash 104 Across the grain Beech - 7 Oak - 4 Maple - 3.5 Mahogany - 7 Spruce 2.7 Pine 3 Ash 7 223\. Is Siberian larch a good wood for facades but requires protection in the form of oiling: TRUE, cedar is an exotic wood and we use it for facades, but Siberian larch does not require protection, it is one of the hardest species for facades, without protection) 224\. Poor thermal insulation due to the low mass of wood as a material and the inability to accumulate heat FALSE (wood has quite good insulation and accumulation thermal, especially log construction) 225\. Hard chipboards used as a load-bearing layer on wooden ceilings or on the floor instead of cement screed TRUE 226\. The selection of roof covering affects the cross-sections and spacing of rafters TRUE 227\. Are prefabricated wooden structures in the form of ready-made trusses or entire lattice frames popular due to their low costs, both of raw material and transport, savings on foundations. TRUE 228\. Roof trusses - structures often used due to their lightness, low raw material costs and transport THERMAL INSULATION 229\. What is a single/double-hanger truss, as a decorative truss, a cross truss A single-hanger truss consists of a hanger, a tie, angle braces and struts. Depending on the roof span, the trusses of suspended roofs can be: single-hanger -- span 6---8 m, single-hanger with crossbars - span 8---10 m, double-hanger - span 10---12 m. 230\. Anatomical defects of wood - specify Knots, curls (barks), twisted fibers, double eccentric core, double multi-core core, Abnormal coloration, Changes in natural color, Tannin stains, Graying of the surface, blue stain, False heartwood, Red sapwood, rot, cracks 231\. Wood impregnation methods Surface: - lubrication - spraying - short-term bactericidal baths Deep: - long-term bath - low-pressure hydrostatic saturation - vacuum saturation - pressure-vacuum Other - dry impregnation - polishing - bandaging - injection - drilling holes 232\. MFP and B or HDF boards are chipboards with similar properties, in most cases used interchangeably TRUE 233\. Moisture content of construction wood We recommend using wood that - depending on the species - will have a moisture content of about 12-18% (+/- 2%) after drying. The moisture content of the wood used for construction should be equal to or slightly lower than the moisture content that the wood will have during use. 234\. Shingles: which type of wood is better for shingle production Shingles made of fir/spruce, oak and larch because they are resistant to weather conditions. 235\. What types of wooden walls are there? -post and beam -post and beam 236.Roof truss - the spacing of the timber has an impact on the roof cross-sections - true. (impact on weight) 237.Thermal insulation - wool is it an anisotropic material TRUE 238.Is wool a material of mineral origin? 239.Do we have acrylic wool that does not produce dust? YES, it does not produce dust; but you have to use a mask and protective gloves (as with any other type) 240.What range of wool does it have? Mats, boards, granulates, lagging, felts (+ possibly in the form of a veil) 241.Where can we use wool? Internal and external walls, ceilings, floors, flat roofs, between beams, steel structures of ventilation and smoke extraction ducts, in pipelines. 242.Is min. wool a breathable material, high or low heat coefficient? Yes, it is a breathable material with a low heat coefficient. 243.Is wool a material for acoustic insulation? YES 244.Do we distinguish between glass wool and rock wool, is it a material of mineral origin? 245.Is wool an anisotropic material FALSE wood is 246.Is wool a material resistant to biological corrosion YES 247.Is wool an easily flammable but extinguishable material NO, it is completely fireproof 248.Is wool a breathable material YES 249.Is wool characterized by a low heat transfer coefficient Not so much, because we have materials with a lower coefficient 250.Wool is covered with a glass fiber product: TRUE 251.We make soft, hard, semi-hard boards from wool, we make lagging, it is a non-flammable material, if it is hydrophobized, it does not absorb moisture: TRUE 252.Wool in the form of granulate is used as an underlay for wooden floors: FALSE, granulate is injected into unused attics 253\. Are insulating materials materials with high volumetric density FALSE 254\. Are insulating materials materials that have a low thermal conductivity coefficient TRUE 255\. Are insulating materials materials that affect the reduction of the heat transfer coefficient TRUE 256\. Extruded polystyrene, versus styrene, lambda, markings extruded polystyrene - XPS Thermal conductivity coefficient - λ (lambda) 257\. What is Suprema Suprema is an insulating material popular in the past, no longer used today due to its poor thermal insulation properties. 258\. When do we use felt ​Technical felt is a versatile material. It is suitable, for example, for making sound insulation, protecting machines against damage, technical seals, protective veneers. 259\. What is expanded cork? Expanded cork is a product of processing cork - a natural material obtained from the bark of the cork oak. Its properties mean that it can be used in construction as acoustic and thermal insulation. 260\. Cork is a good material in acoustic/thermal insulation, unfortunately because it is a natural material it is biodegradable: FALSE (cork is not biodegradable, it is a very durable material) 261\. When do we use peat? in dry places, when using protective coatings and also as ceiling and wall insulation inserts. 262\. Cellulose fibers: an ecological material, because it is made from newspaper waste paper, thanks to impregnation it does not decompose, it stops the development of fungi and molds: TRUE 263\. Sheep wool and hemp, when do we use them? What is strawbale, what is it? Typical applications of sheep wool include thermal insulation of steep roofs (as insulation between rafters), insulation of floor and ceiling structures, and acoustic insulation in lightweight partition walls. Hemp concrete is a good thermal insulator, is non-flammable and resistant to the development of fungi and molds, and if necessary, e.g. after demolition, is 100% decomposable. It has acoustic insulation properties and an incredible thermal capacity. Straw bales - a construction material created by pressing cereal stalks, used as a filling for a wooden frame of a building or a material supporting the weight of the roof and/or an insulating material. 264\. Due to the fact that mineral wool is a compressible material, we can only use it between rafters or ceiling beams: FALSE (in the form of boards/granulate, we can use it both in attics and in screed layers, if we protect it properly) 265\. What is grooved polystyrene? GROOVED STYROPIAN - polystyrene boards with a specially shaped surface, on which grooves are cut to ensure proper air movement. 266\. How do we mark and what do the numbers/letters on polystyrene mean? For example, EPS 50 - 040 FACADE, where EP stands for extruded polystyrene, and 70 is the compressive strength of polystyrene (i.e. 70kPa). Additionally, with these markings, manufacturers indicate where it can be used (i.e. FACADE). 267\. Is polystyrene resistant to fire and water FIRE: When exposed to fire, polystyrene shrinks but does not ignite. A flame can appear only after a long exposure to fire, but its spread is very slow. And after the source of fire is removed, it stops burning (it is self-extinguishing). WATER: Polystyrene IS resistant to water. 268\. What are the properties of polyurethane foam? Very good insulator, 2 times better in terms of thermal conductivity than wool, it is vapor permeable, it is made of chemical substances, it can be used in contact with wood, fill wooden structures and work perfectly together. 269\. Does graphite polystyrene have a lower thermal conductivity coefficient than regular polystyrene? YES, it has a lower thermal conductivity coefficient (i.e. it is a better insulator). 270\. What color is extruded polystyrene most often, what is its strength in relation to polystyrene? It is most often blue in color. Extruded polystyrene has a much higher - almost four times - resistance to pressure. 271\. How do we produce polystyrene and polystyrene Polystyrene is obtained by foaming polystyrene granules containing a blowing agent. Extruded polystyrene is obtained by dissolving polystyrene in a solvent, adding foamed gas under pressure and extruding the polymer outside the device, where the cellular structure of the product is created. 272\. Where do we use thermal insulation, insulation in two-/three-layer walls A two-layer wall is made of two layers - a load-bearing layer and thermal insulation (mainly mineral wool or polystyrene) with a finishing layer (most often thin-layer plaster or facing). A three-layer wall consists of 3 layers: - load-bearing (internal), - thermal (middle) - most often made of stone wool, glass wool, polystyrene; the thickness of this layer is usually about 16 cm, - protective (external) 273\. How is mineral wool/extruded polystyrene made compared to expanded polystyrene Mineral wool (glass and rock) is produced from mineral raw materials. Rock wool is made from ​basalt​during smelting at a temperature of over 1400°C. Glass wool is made from ​quartz sand​and glass cullet smelted at a temperature of about 1000°C. 274\. Foam glass, what is it, types, what are its features porous material with low apparent density and a cellular structure filled with a mixture of gases, the skeleton of which is made of glass. It is characterized by very good thermal insulation properties, good acoustic insulation and chemical resistance, low water absorption, low thermal conductivity coefficient, resistance to rotting, non-flammability and ease of mechanical processing, lightness. Types: \- black - closed-pore structure, volumetric weight of approx. 140 kg/m3, better insulation parameters and lower water absorption \- white - open-pore structure, volumetric weight of approx. 300 kg/m3, greater resistance to moss loads. Application: Insulation of foundations, walls, ceilings and flat roofs, sometimes as a separate partition wall or fireproof partition. 275.What is aerogel? Wet silica mass is brought to the form of a gel, which is then subjected to pressure and high temperature to create a rigid foam. ​The aerogel mat consists of silica micropores filled with air -- an excellent insulator. 276.Glass features - anisotropic material, current conductor? What is its structure - crystalline or complex, does it have a chemical response? Glass is an inorganic material that has been cooled to a solid without crystallization. Features: amorphous substance, i.e. it has no ordered internal structure, does not have a constant melting point, is an isotropic material, is a poor conductor of electricity, this material has high chemical resistance (not resistant to hydrofluoric acid), mechanical properties: (Mohs hardness 5-7, density of building glass 2400-2600 kg/m3, bending strength 30-50 MPa, compressive strength 800-1000 MPa, Young\'s modulus 70 GPa), is a transparent material, transmits light rays (5 mm thick glass transmits approx. 90% of rays), has a smooth surface, high gloss 277.What is tempered glass? how it is made Tempering involves heating and rapidly cooling annealed glass, which increases the glass\'s resistance to bending and impact, and increases its resistance to sudden changes in temperature. 278\. Types of safety glass - laminated, reinforced, tempered, bent 279\. How are laminated and glued glass made, how do they differ? Glued glass - joining two or more glass panes using a special foil or resin, laminated glass is the same as glued glass, but there is a decorative element between the glass and the foil. 280\. Vacuum insulation - what is it? a type of thermal insulation. Compared to commonly used materials such as polystyrene or mineral wool, vacuum insulation is distinguished by several times better insulation parameters. Such parameters are obtained by using a vacuum, which is a poor conductor of thermal energy. 281\. What is glass, what is its structure? Glass is an inorganic material that has been cooled to a solid without crystallization. Unlike other materials, glass does not have an ordered crystal structure. 282\. What is enameled glass? Enameled glass is a glass pane whose surface is covered with a layer of ceramic paint using screen printing or a roller 283\. What is safety glass? Laminated glass VSG is called safety glass 284\. How can glass be colored? (metal oxides) /apply patterns; mass coloring, enameling, application of patterns using the screen printing method 285\. Does mass-colored glass limit access to solar radiation or prevent overheating? yes. It is solar-protective, dampens and absorbs light and heat rays. 286\. What is electrochromic glass? The principle of operation of electrochromic coatings is to change the transmission of the layer under the influence of an applied voltage. It is therefore a type of blind that allows for easy regulation of the amount of light passing through and is electronically controlled. 287\. What is float glass? The most popular type of glass. It is smooth, transparent and has a slightly greenish tint, visible especially on the ground edges of the glass. 288\. What are bubbles? Bubbles - small, usually round panes used for glazing windows, joined with lead 289\. Low-emission glass Flat building glass, float type. It blocks the penetration of long waves, limits the penetration of this radiation to the outside, and thus reduces energy losses from rooms. 290\. Insulated glass Flat, layered glass produced in two varieties: single-chamber and double-chamber. It can protect against heat loss, protect against excessive heating, protect against noise and provide temporary protection against burglary. They are made by assembling at least two single panes of glass separated by one or two spacer frames and sealing the entire set using two sealing compounds. 291\. What is marblite? Flat glass, colored in the mass, also known as opaque. It dampens solar radiation thanks to increased absorption, mainly of infrared radiation. It can be tempered and glued. DIMENSIONS: Large panels: facade cladding Panels: max. 1200x1800 mm Smaller panels: interiors Panels: 75x150 mm ; 150x150 mm ; 150x300 mm 292\. Glass in the production of ceiling beams? YES 293\. What is a glass rib? structural glass, load-bearing structure. Used as a supporting element to achieve maximum transparency and to transfer wind loads to the structure. 294\. Is there such a thing as floor glass and how do we use it? Yes. They usually consist of three layers of glass: 1\. upper layer of tempered glass 2\. middle layer, decorative or colored 3\. lower layer, with acoustic and thermal insulation properties. Benefits of glass floors: resistance to wear, scratching and chemicals, and non-flammability. 295\. What is the melting point of a glass assembly? Temperature approx. 1000-1500 degrees 296\. Can glass play a structural role and in what form? YES, in surface and rod structures. A surface element is considered to be a glass plate (used in facades, roof coverings, balustrades or floors). Beams and columns are considered to be bar elements. Glass beams are mainly used as ribs stiffening glass walls. Columns are usually free-standing or a column in a frame. 297.Cathedral glass - what type is it? This is a type of cast glass that is not rolled, or quickly rolled and leveled on one side. It is characterized by an uneven surface and different thickness as well as variable transparency. 298.Profile glass A material also known as vitrolite, glass beams or channel glass. It is the same as flat glass, soda-lime-silicate glass. Thanks to its unique shape, it has much higher mechanical strength than flat glass, which is why glazing made of this material consists of practically only glass with a small number of fastening profiles used on the perimeter of the filled opening. 299\. BIPV glass - photovoltaic cells integrated with a glass facade BIPV is a concept that assumes the replacement of classic building elements, installation of solar cell sets on buildings and architectural elements. Which in practice means that they can be installed anywhere in the building, it all depends on the concept of the building\'s functioning. 300\. What are the methods of attaching glass to the facade? \- Fixed on a grid of aluminum profiles - Point-mounted \- Structural glazing 301\. ​​What is glass fusion? Fusion is a process of heating glass in a furnace to a temperature in the range of 580°C - 815°C. 302\. Glass mats, application. These are thin sheets and tapes used for thermal insulation of industrial equipment and pipelines. 303\. Structural glass, what is it? This is glass designed for installatio