Cells & Systems SLO 1 PDF

Cells & Systems SLO 1 Investigating Living Things: Structure, Function, and Organization  Table of contents What Makes Something Organisms as 01 03 Systems Living? Scientific Studies of Similar Functions, 02...

Cells & Systems SLO 1 Investigating Living Things: Structure, Function, and Organization  Table of contents What Makes Something Organisms as 01 03 Systems Living? Scientific Studies of Similar Functions, 02 04 Different Structures Living Things  Table of contents 05 Class Activity 07 Key Takeaways 00 Intro Investigating Living Things: Structure, Function, and Organization  About the body organs Objective: Understand the key concepts related to the structure, function, and organization of living things. Student Focus: Investigate how living things are organized into systems, and how these systems work together to maintain life.  Who started studying bodies? One of the first people to document human’s internal structure was Galen (129-216AD) How did he do this? he was a doctor to gladiators gladiators = fight to the death See inner workings in a living person  Why should I care about this unit? This is the start of biology! The study of living things. Bio= life. Just a few career paths that involve biology… the largest branch of science  What Makes 01 Somethin g Living? What Makes Something Living? Characteristics of Living Things Definition: Living things share common characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things. Key Characteristics of Life & Six Life Processes 1. Made of Cells 2. Require Energy 3. Grow and Develop 4. Respond to Their Environment 5. Reproduce 6. Produce Waste  Key Characteristics- Life Process #1 1. Life is Made of Cells All living things are made of at least one cell. Cells are the basic building blocks of life. Example: Humans are made up of trillions of cells, while bacteria are unicellular. Key Characteristics - Life Process #2 2. Require Energy Nutrients & Food! - Everything Living Thing “Eats” Living things need energy to carry out functions like growth, repair cells movement, and reproduction. Example: Humans get energy from food; plants get energy from the sun & CO2 (photosynthesis). Key Characteristics - Life Process #2 2. Require Energy  Key Characteristics - Life Process #3 3. Grow and Develop Living things grow (get bigger & make new cells) and develop (change in form or function) over time. Largest Example: A caterpillar grows sunflower and changes into a butterfly on record 30 feet 1 (metamorphosis). inch (9.17 A sunflower grows from a seed meters) to a giant sunflower. Key Characteristics - Life Process #4 4. Respond to Their Environment Living things react to stimuli from their environment. They sense and then change - possibly even move! Example: A plant grows toward light, leaves fold if there is too much sun, and humans sweat when they’re hot. Key Characteristics - Life Process #4 4. Respond to Their Environment  Key Characteristics - Life Process #5 5. Reproduce Living things reproduce so the species can continue. Reproduction can be sexual (offspring) or asexual (duplicate). Example: Humans reproduce sexually; bacteria reproduce by binary fission (asexual). Produce seeds that fall to the ground and grow new flowers Key Characteristics - Life Process #6 6. Produce Waste Living things eliminate waste products from their bodies. Example: Humans excrete waste in the form of urine, feces, and carbon dioxide. Sunflowers release oxygen through the stomata in their leaves  Scientific Studies of 02 Living Things Scientific Studies of Living Things Investigating Living Things - Biology! Definition: Scientific studies help us understand how living things function and interact with their environment. Key Steps in Investigating Living Things: Observation Data Collection Analysis  Key Steps in Investigating Living Things Observation The first step is to observe the organism in its natural environment. Analysis Example: Observe how a plant grows in different conditions of light and After collecting data, water. scientists look for patterns or trends that help explain Data Collection the organism’s structure, function, and behavior. Scientists collect data by measuring physical traits, behaviors, and other Example: If frogs are found measurable factors. more often in clean water, this suggests frogs prefer a Example: Counting the number of healthy environment. frogs in a pond, measuring their size, and observing their behaviors.  Example of a Local Scientific Study Frog Population Study: Scientists study frog populations in local ponds to assess the health of the ecosystem They observe how many frogs are present, their size, and where they are found. Findings: Frogs are more abundant in ponds with clean water, which indicates healthy ecosystems.  Organism 03 s as Systems  Organisms as Systems Organisms as Systems Definition: A system is a group of interconnected parts that work together to achieve a function. Organisms are complex systems made up of various levels of organization Cells: Tissues: Organs: Organ Systems: Organism  Organisms as Systems Levels of Organization For living things to carry out certain functions needed to live, like growing and reproducing- we need specialized cells: A cell whose structure fits its function  Organisms as Systems 1. Cells 3. Organs The smallest unit of Structures made of different, but compatible, life. Cells carry out tissues that perform a all of the basic specific function. functions of life. Tissues forming a lung. 2. Tissues 4. Organ Systems: Groups of similar cells Groups of organs that working together to work together to perform perform a specific task. a broader function. Lung Cells form lung Lungs back of the tissue. respiratory system. Organisms as Systems: Example Example: Human Digestive System: Cells: The cells lining the stomach secrete enzymes. Tissues: Stomach tissue contains cells that secrete digestive juices. Organs: The stomach, intestines, and liver work together to digest food. Organ System: The digestive system processes food to extract nutrients and eliminate waste.  Example STOP! WHAT IS THIS?!?! For now, you just need to know they are the building blocks of cells  Comparing Organisms: 04 Structure & Function  Comparing Organisms: Structure & Function Definition: Organisms have similar functions (e.g., breathing, food gathering, movement), but they may use different structures to perform these functions. Function Human Fish Plant Breathing Lungs (respiratory Gills (extract oxygen Stomata (on leaves, system) from water) exchange gases) Food Hands and mouth Mouth and teeth Roots (absorb nutrients) Gathering (chewing) Movement Legs and muscles Fins and tail Roots grow toward water (walking) (swimming) or sunlight  Comparing Organisms: Structure & Function While the function is the same (e.g., gathering food or breathing), the structure varies from one organism to another. This variation allows organisms to adapt to their specific environments. Example: Breathing in Humans vs. Fish: Humans have lungs to breathe air, while fish have gills to extract oxygen from water. Both serve the function of oxygen intake but are adapted to different environments.  Organism 05 Comparison Project  Organism Comparison Project: Example Task: Choose a local organism (e.g., plant, insect, or animal). Research and answer the following: What are its characteristics (How do you know it’s living)? Describe its structure and function (How does it move, eat, or grow?). How is it similar to and different from other organisms?  Organism Comparison Project: Example Example: Organism: ○ Local Oak Tree Characteristics: ○ Made of cells, grows tall, reproduces by producing acorns, responds to light (grows toward it). Structure and Function: ○ The tree has roots (for water absorption), leaves (for photosynthesis), and bark (for protection). Comparison: ○ Unlike animals, trees do not move, but they still grow and respond to environmental stimuli. Project Link CLICK HERE  Key 06 Takeaways  Key Takeaways Key Takeaways Living things share common characteristics such as being made of cells, needing energy, and reproducing. Systems in living organisms are made up of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems working together to maintain life. Organisms perform similar functions (e.g., breathing, food gathering, movement) but may use different structures to achieve these functions, depending on their environment. Key Takeaways Cells & Systems SLO 2 Investigate and describe the role of cells within living things  Table of Contents The Role of Cells 01 as the Basic Unit 03 Microscopes of Life Single-Celled vs. 02 Parts of the 04 Multicellular Cell Organisms  Table of Contents How Cells, Plant vs Animal Tissues, and 05 Cells 07 Organs Work Together 06 Diffusion and Osmosis 00 Intro Investigating Living Things: Structure, Function, and Organization  Intro In this topic, we will explore how living things, from the tiniest organisms to the largest, are made up of cells, and how these cells work together in systems to carry out life functions. You’ll learn how cells are the basic building blocks of life and discover the specialized roles they play in multicellular organisms, like humans, and single-celled organisms, like bacteria.  Intro Focusing Questions: How can we make sense of the vast diversity of living things? What do living things have in common from the smallest to the largest? How do cells work together to maintain the health and function of living organisms?  Intro What You Will Learn: The basic structure and function of cells. The differences between plant and animal cells. How cells, tissues, and organs work together in living organisms. The processes of diffusion and osmosis that allow cells to exchange gases and liquids. How systems in living things respond to environmental changes. Why It Matters: Understanding cells helps us understand how living organisms grow, develop, and stay healthy. This knowledge is foundational for many areas of biology, health, and medicine.  The Role of Cells as 01 the Basic Unit of Life The Role of Cells as the Basic Unit of Life Definition: A cell is the smallest unit of life that can carry out all necessary life functions. Every living organism is made of one or more cells. Cells are the foundation for growth, development, and reproduction in all living organisms. Key Points: Structure and Function: ○ Cells have specific structures (organelles) that allow them to carry out various life functions, such as metabolism, energy production, and responding to stimuli. Uniqueness of Cells: ○ Whether it’s a single-celled organism or a part of a complex multicellular organism, cells are responsible for performing life functions. The Role of Cells as the Basic Unit of Life Example: Single-celled organisms: ○ These organisms rely on one cell to perform all their life processes. Examples: Bacteria, amoeba Multicellular organisms: ○ These organisms have specialized cells working together to form tissues, organs, and systems. Examples: Humans, trees, animals. Analogy: Think of cells like individual workers in a factory. Just as each worker has a specific job that contributes to the overall production, each cell has a specific function that contributes to the life of an organism.  Parts of 02 the Cell  Parts of the Cell Definition: Cells are complex structures made up of various parts, each designed to carry out a specific function. These parts, known as organelles, work together to ensure the cell survives and functions properly. Key Parts of a Cell Nucleus, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Chloroplasts,  Parts of the Cell Nucleus Function: The control center of the cell. It stores the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and directs cell activities such as growth, division, and protein synthesis. Cell Membrane: Function: A semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, controlling the entry and exit of substances (nutrients, waste, gases).  Parts of the Cell Cell Wall (only in plant cells): Function: Provides structural support, protection, and rigidity to plant cells, helping the plant maintain its shape. The cell wall is made of cellulose. Cytoplasm: Function: A gel-like substance that fills the cell, where many chemical reactions occur. It holds organelles in place and allows them to move and interact.  Parts of the Cell Mitochondria: Function: The “powerhouse” of the cell. They convert nutrients (sugars and fats) into usable energy (ATP) through cellular respiration. Ribosomes: Function: The site where proteins are made. Ribosomes translate the genetic code from the nucleus into proteins that the cell needs.  Parts of the Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Function: A network of membranes responsible for transporting substances throughout the cell. It’s divided into: ○ Rough ER: Has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein synthesis and transport. ○ Smooth ER: No ribosomes, involved in lipid production, detoxification, and storage of calcium ions.  Parts of the Cell Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body): Function: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport either within or outside the cell. Lysosomes: Function: Contains digestive enzymes that break down waste, damaged organelles, and foreign materials entering the cell.  Parts of the Cell Vacuoles: Function: Stores water, nutrients, and waste. Plant cells typically have a large central vacuole that also helps maintain turgor pressure (the cell's rigidity). Chloroplasts (only in plant cells): Function: Contains chlorophyll and is responsible for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into food for the plant.  Parts of a Cell Each organelle has a specialized role, and they all work together to keep the cell functioning. It's like how different departments in a company perform specific tasks to keep the business running smoothly. 03 Microscopes  The Development of Microscopes Definition: A microscope is an instrument used to magnify small objects or organisms that are invisible to the naked eye. Impact: ○ Revolutionized biology by allowing scientists to explore cells, microorganisms, and biological processes.  Historical Development 1300s: First lenses developed for magnification. 1590s: Zacharias Janssen created the first compound microscope. 1670s: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observed living microorganisms (bacteria, protists). 1665: Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" while examining cork under a microscope. Modern Era: Electron microscopes introduced in the 20th century, offering magnifications of up to 10 million times.  Parts of a Microscope Ocular Lens (Eyepiece): The lens you look through; typically magnifies 10x. Objective Lenses: Multiple lenses with varying magnifications (e.g., 4x, 10x, 40x). Stage: Platform where the slide is placed. Stage Clips: Hold the slide in place.  Parts of a Microscope Coarse Adjustment Knob: Brings the specimen into rough focus. Fine Adjustment Knob: Sharpens the focus for clear details. Diaphragm: Adjusts the amount of light passing through the specimen. Light Source: Provides illumination for viewing the slide. Base and Arm: Provide structural support and a way to safely carry the microscope.  How to Operate a Microscope Start with low power: Always begin with the lowest magnification. Place the slide: Secure it on the stage using the stage clips. Use the coarse adjustment knob: Move the stage closer to the objective lens while looking from the side. Look through the eyepiece: Adjust the focus until the image appears.  How to Operate a Microscope Switch to a higher power: Rotate to the next objective lens and use the fine adjustment knob to refine the focus. Adjust light and diaphragm: Ensure the specimen is well-lit and clear. Safety Tips: Always carry the microscope with both hands. Never use the coarse knob on high power—it may damage the slide or lens.  Preparing a Wet Mount Slide Definition: ○ A wet mount slide is a slide preparation technique where a specimen is suspended in liquid, such as water, and covered with a cover slip for viewing. Materials Needed: Microscope slide Cover slip Water (or stain, if needed) Specimen (e.g., plant cells, pond water) Pipette or dropper  Preparing a Wet Mount Slide Procedure: ○ Place a drop of water (or dye) on the center of the slide. ○ Add the specimen to the water 9or dye) (e.g., a thin slice of onion skin). ○ Hold the cover slip at a 45° angle and gently lower it over the specimen to avoid air bubbles.  Single-Celled vs. 04 Multicellular Organisms  Single-Celled vs. Multicellular Organisms Definition: Single-celled organisms: ○ Organisms that consist of a single cell capable of performing all life functions (e.g., metabolism, reproduction, response to stimuli). Multicellular organisms: ○ Organisms composed of multiple cells that work together, where cells have specialized roles to perform different functions (e.g., muscle cells, nerve cells).  Single-Celled vs. Multicellular Organisms Key Differences: Single-celled organisms: ○ Simple in structure, but the single cell must carry out all life processes. Examples: Bacteria, amoeba, algae. Multicellular organisms: ○ More complex, with specialized cells working together to form tissues and organs. Examples: Humans, trees, animals.  Single-Celled vs. Multicellular Organisms Example Comparison: Amoeba: ○ A single-celled organism that moves and consumes food through its cell membrane. Grizzly Bear: ○ A multicellular organism with specialized cells forming muscles, blood, bones, and other tissues that work together to support the bear’s complex functions. Note ○ While single-celled organisms perform all functions in one cell, multicellular organisms rely on cooperation between cells to carry out complex functions.  Plant vs. 05 Animal Cells  Plant vs. Animal Cells Definition: Both plant and animal cells share similar structures, but plant cells have some unique features not found in animal cells.  Plant vs. Animal Cells Key Differences: Plant Cells: ○ Have a cell wall for structure and support. ○ Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis (making food from sunlight). ○ Have large vacuoles for storing water and maintaining cell pressure. Animal Cells: ○ Do not have a cell wall, which allows for more flexibility and mobility. ○ Lack chloroplasts, as animals obtain food by consuming other organisms. ○ Have smaller vacuoles for waste and storage.  Plant vs. Animal Cells Key Similarities: Both have a nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, and cytoplasm. Note Think of plant cells as being more "self-sufficient" because they can make their own food, while animal cells rely on external food sources.  Diffusion 06 and Osmosis  Diffusion and Osmosis Definition: Diffusion: ○ The movement of particles (gases, liquids) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, without the use of energy. Key Point: Diffusion allows substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients to move across cell membranes. ○ Example: Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood.  Diffusion and Osmosis Definition: Osmosis: ○ A specific type of diffusion involving the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. ○ Key Point: Osmosis regulates the water balance inside and outside of cells, important for maintaining cell structure and function. ○ Example: In plant cells, water enters the cell’s vacuole, keeping the plant rigid and upright.  Diffusion and Osmosis Note These processes don’t require energy and are crucial for maintaining homeostasis (balance) in cells. Think of them like balancing a scale—substances move to where they are needed.  How Cells, Tissues, & 07 Organs Work Together  How Cells, Tissues, and Organs Work Together Definition: Cells make up tissues, and tissues work together to form organs, which carry out complex functions needed for an organism to survive. Key Points: Cells: Basic units of life (e.g., muscle cells, nerve cells). Tissues: Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function (e.g., muscle tissue). Organs: Combinations of tissues working together to perform specific tasks (e.g., the heart, which is made up of muscle tissue, blood tissue, and connective tissue). Cells & Systems SLO 3 Exploring the Building Blocks of Life and Human Body Systems  Table of contents Circulatory 01 Intro 03 System Respiratory Digestive & 02 System 04 Excretory System  Table of contents Internal & 05 Sensory System 07 External Stimuli Role of Cells in 06 Body Systems  Introduction to Human 01 Body Systems  Introduction to Human Body Systems Definition: A system in the human body refers to a group of organs that work together to perform a particular function essential to maintaining life and health. Coordination of Systems: The body is made of several interconnected systems that rely on each other to maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment). These systems collaborate to ensure survival.  Introduction to Human Body Systems Key Systems: Respiratory System ○ Exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment. Circulatory System ○ Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products through blood vessels. Digestive System & Excretory System ○ Breaks down food into nutrients, absorbs them, and removes waste. Then removes waste and excess substances like water. Sensory System ○ Detects external and internal stimuli, allowing the body to respond to changes.  Introduction to Human Body Systems Example The circulatory system works closely with the respiratory system to deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the tissues and organs, ensuring Example efficient oxygen supply to all cells. The liver (digestive system) helps detoxify substances like alcohol or drugs, turning them into forms that can be excreted.The kidneys (part of the excretory system) filter these toxins, as well as urea and other waste byproducts, from the bloodstream, which are then released as urine.  Respiratory System: 02 Function and Organs  Respiratory System Definition: The system responsible for the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide. THE KEY PLAYERS: Lungs, Mouth, Nose, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchial Tubes, Capillaries, Diaphragm, Intercostal muscles Respiratory System  Respiratory System How it Works The DIAPHRAGM controls lung expansion and contraction. Air enters through the ORAL or NASAL cavity and passes through the LARYNX/EPIGLOTTIS, which prevents food from entering the TRACHEA. It then travels through the TRACHEA into the LUNGS: Bronchi → BRONCHIOLES → ALVEOLI → CAPILLARIES Oxygen binds to HEMOGLOBIN in the blood, which is carried to the HEART and pumped throughout the body. Respiratory System  Respiratory System: Organs Involved Bronchi and Bronchioles Nose and Mouth Airways that Air is inhaled branch off from through the nose the trachea to (filtered and each lung. moistened) or the mouth. Lungs Trachea Main organs The windpipe, where gas which directs air exchange occurs into the lungs. in alveoli (tiny air sacs).  Mechanism of Gas Exchange: How it Works Oxygen from the air passes through the walls of the alveoli and enters the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide (a waste product) moves from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled. (Will be touched on later as well) ○ Example: When you inhale, oxygen enters the lungs and binds with hemoglobin in red blood cells. The heart pumps the oxygenated blood throughout the body, and the carbon dioxide is carried back to the lungs to be exhaled.  Circulatory System: 03 Function and Organs  Circulatory System Definition: The system responsible for moving blood throughout the body, providing tissues with nutrients and oxygen, and removing waste products. THE KEY PLAYERS: Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries,Blood Components, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Plasma, Platelets Circulatory System  Circulatory System THE BLOOD - 4 MAIN COMPONENTS Plasma ○ The watery liquid portion of the blood White Blood Cells ○ Flight off infection Red Blood Cells ○ 2 million of these in one drop of blood ○ Hemoglobin catches oxygen and gives them their red colour Platelets ○ Important for clotting  Circulatory System THE BLOOD VESSELS - 3 TYPES Arteries ○ Carry blood away from the heart ○ Thick muscular walls to work under pressure Veins ○ Carry blood back to the heart ○ Thinner walls ○ Valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards Capillaries ○ Smallest of the vessels (width of a single red blood cell) ○ Increased surface area for exchange ○ Oxygen and nutrients diffuse across walls into the cells ○ Waste (carbon dioxide) diffuse out of the cells  Circulatory System The Heart The central organ of the circulatory system 4 Chambers 2 - Atria ○ Atrium (singular) ○ Upper chambers ○ Collects blood 2 - Ventricles ○ Lower chambers ○ Pump the blood Circulatory System The Heart  Circulatory System THE PATH OF THE BLOOD - Overview Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Right Atrium Pulmonary Vein Veins Right Ventricle Left Atrium Vena Cava Pulmonary Artery Left Ventricle REPEAT STEP 1 Lungs Aorta Arteries Capillaries  Circulatory System THE PATH OF THE BLOOD - Step by Step Step 1 1. Blood enters the heart through Right Atrium the right atrium. 2. Blood is then pushed down into Right Ventricle the right ventricle. Pulmonary Artery 3. The pulmonary artery pushes Lungs blood towards the lungs. 4. The lungs add oxygen to the blood.  Circulatory System THE PATH OF THE BLOOD - Step by Step Step 2 5. The blood travels through the Pulmonary Vein pulmonary vein and re-enters the heart in the left atrium. Left Atrium 6. Blood is then pushed down into the Left Ventricle left ventricle. Aorta 7. The aorta then pumps the blood to all parts of the body. Arteries 8. Gas exchange occurs at the Capillaries capillaries  Circulatory System THE PATH OF THE BLOOD - Step by Step Step 3 9. Once gas exchange has occurred Veins at the capillaries, the now deoxygenated blood funnels through Vena Cava veins to the vena cava which returns REPEAT STEP 1 all blood back to the right atrium, and the process repeats.  Digestive & Excretory 04 System: Function and Organs  Digestive & Excretory System Definition: A system that breaks down food into nutrients the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair. THE KEY PLAYERS: Mouth, Salivary Glands, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus, Pancreas, Gallbladder Digestive System Excretory System  Digestive & Excretory System First Stop - The Mouth/Salivary Glands Teeth ○ The first step of breaking down the food into smaller pieces Tongue ○ Moves food around in the mouth ○ Helps us swallow ○ Taste buds - sweet, salty, sour, bitter Saliva ○ Moistens and softens food ○ Enzymes that help break down food into smaller particles  Digestive & Excretory System Next - The Path to the Stomach Esophagus ○ Tube that connects the mouth to the stomach ○ Muscles move food down using peristalsis (wave like motion of contracting muscles) ○ Because it is the muscles moving the food not gravity you can swallow while you are upside down! ○ Epiglottis The flap that covers the trachea to keep food out, prevents choking  Digestive & Excretory System Next - Food Hits the Stomach Contains acid and enzymes that break down food even further 1.5” layer of mucous covering the inside of the stomach to protect it from the enzymes Mechanical digestion from churning the food - resulting in a juice form of your food known as “chyme”  Digestive & Excretory System The “Small” Intestine The Small Intestine receives the food once it leaves the stomach. 23 feet long, 1” diameter It helps to further break down food and absorbs nutrients and water from food. The Villi are finger like extensions to increase surface area for maximum absorption Capillaries line the Villi to allow nutrients to be absorbed into the blood.  Digestive & Excretory System The “Large” Intestine Food comes to the large intestine in liquid form with most of the nutrients absorbed. The large intestine is responsible for dehydrating the waste and forming it into stool. Muscle moves the stool along, and bacteria helps to break it down further. The urge to use the restroom is triggered when stool arrives in the rectum. Lastly, stool exits through a canal called the anus.  Digestive & Excretory System In the Background… Pancreas ○ Break down proteins, carbs and fat ○ Secrete insulin which is the hormone responsible for the absorption of glucose (sugar) Liver ○ Largest internal organ ○ Secretes bile which breaks down toxins ○ Processes waste products Gallbladder ○ Stores the bile, which is responsible for carrying away waste and helps to break down fats during digestion.  Digestive & Excretory System In the Background… Kidneys ○ Filter blood to remove waste, producing urine. Ureters ○ Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Bladder ○ Stores urine until it is eliminated. Urethra ○ The tube through which urine is excreted from the body. Role ○ The kidneys maintain water and salt balance, regulate blood pressure, and remove harmful substances.  Digestive & Excretory System In the Background… Homeostasis ○ Excretion helps maintain homeostasis by regulating the body’s internal environment, like blood pressure and fluid balance. Example ○ The kidneys filter blood, removing urea and excess salts, which are excreted as urine. This process helps control the body’s water balance and electrolyte levels.  Sensory 05 System  Sensory System Definition: The sensory system detects external and internal stimuli, providing the body with information about its environment and enabling appropriate responses. THE KEY PLAYERS: Eyes, Ears, Skin, Nose and Tongue: Sensory System  Sensory System Organs Involved: ○ Eyes: Detect light, enabling vision. ○ Ears: Detect sound waves, enabling hearing and balance. ○ Skin: Detects temperature, pressure, and pain. ○ Nose and Tongue: Detect chemicals, enabling smell and taste.  Sensory System Types of Stimuli: (More on this later) External Stimuli: ○ Environmental factors like light, sound, temperature, and touch. Internal Stimuli: ○ Changes in the body’s internal state, like hunger or pain. Role of Sensory Receptors: ○ Sensory receptors are specialized cells that detect specific types of stimuli and send signals to the brain for interpretation. Example: ○ When you touch something hot, sensory receptors in the skin send signals to the brain, and the body reflexively pulls away to avoid injury.  Role of (Specialized 06 )Cells in Body Systems  Role of (Specialized) Cells in Body Systems Definition: The sensory system detects external and internal stimuli, providing the body with information about its environment and enabling appropriate responses. THE KEY PLAYERS: Eyes, Ears, Skin, Nose and Tongue: Role of (Specialized) Cells in Body Systems  Role of (Specialized) Cells in Body Systems Some Organs Involved: ○ Eyes: Detect light, enabling vision. ○ Ears: Detect sound waves, enabling hearing and balance. ○ Skin: Detects temperature, pressure, and pain. ○ Nose and Tongue: Detect chemicals, enabling smell and taste.  Role of (Specialized) Cells in Body Systems Specialized Cells: ○ Different types of cells perform specialized functions. For example: ○ Muscle Cells: Contract to allow movement. ○ Nerve Cells: Transmit electrical signals to and from the brain. ○ Red Blood Cells: Transport oxygen throughout the body. Example: ○ In the circulatory system, red blood cells specialize in carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.  Role of (Specialized) Cells in Body Systems Nerve Cells (Neurons) Definition: ○ Specialized cells that transmit signals (electrical and chemical) throughout the body. Role in the Body: ○ Communicate sensory information (e.g., touch, pain, temperature) to the brain and spinal cord. ○ Control muscle movements by transmitting motor signals from the brain. ○ Process and store information in the brain, enabling learning and memory. ○ Regulate involuntary functions like heart rate and breathing via the autonomic nervous system.  Role of (Specialized) Cells in Body Systems Muscle Cells (Myocytes) Definition: ○ Long, cylindrical cells specialized for contraction and movement. Role in the Body: ○ Skeletal Muscle Cells: Responsible for voluntary movements like walking, lifting, and speaking. ○ Smooth Muscle Cells: Control involuntary movements like digestion, blood flow, and pupil dilation. Cardiac Muscle Cells: ○ Contract rhythmically and involuntarily to pump blood throughout the body.  Role of (Specialized) Cells in Body Systems Skin Cells Definition: ○ Cells that form the outer protective layer of the body and play a role in sensation and temperature regulation. Role in the Body: ○ Protect against environmental damage (e.g., UV rays, pathogens, dehydration). ○ Regulate body temperature through sweat and blood flow. ○ Provide sensory input through nerve endings in the skin.  Role of (Specialized) Cells in Body Systems Bone Cells Definition: ○ Cells responsible for the formation, maintenance, and remodeling of bone tissue. Role in the Body: ○ Provide structural support and protect vital organs. ○ Serve as a reservoir for minerals like calcium and phosphorus. ○ Enable movement in conjunction with muscles by acting as levers. ○ Produce blood cells in the bone marrow (hematopoiesis).  Body's Response to 07 Internal and External Stimuli  Internal and External Stimuli Definition: The body’s ability to detect changes in both the external environment and internal conditions and react accordingly. THE KEY PLAYERS: Stimulus, Response Internal and External Stimuli  Internal and External Stimuli Stimulus: ○ Any detectable change in the environment (e.g., heat, light, sound, pressure, chemical changes, or temperature fluctuations). Response: ○ The reaction of the body to a stimulus, which may involve physical movement, physiological changes, or behavioral adaptations.  Internal Stimuli Example ○ Low Blood Sugar: The pancreas releases glucagon, signaling the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose to increase blood sugar levels. ○ Dehydration: The brain detects a lack of water through osmoreceptors and triggers thirst while the kidneys conserve water by producing more concentrated urine.  Internal Stimuli Examples ○ Increase in Body Temperature: The hypothalamus signals sweat glands to release sweat and blood vessels to dilate (vasodilation), helping cool the body. ○ Low Oxygen Levels: Breathing rate increases to bring more oxygen into the lungs and bloodstream.  Internal Stimuli Connections to Body Systems The nervous system and endocrine system often work together to detect and respond to internal stimuli, maintaining balance ○ (e.g., regulating blood sugar or oxygen levels). Reflexive responses, like pulling away from a painful stimulus or vomiting when harmful substances are ingested, also protect the body.  External Stimuli Example ○ Temperature Change: Cold Environment: The hypothalamus triggers shivering (muscle contractions generate heat), and blood vessels constrict near the skin (vasoconstriction) to preserve body heat. Hot Environment: The hypothalamus activates sweat glands and dilates blood vessels to cool the body. Bright Light: ○ Pupils constrict to limit the amount of light entering the eyes, protecting the retina from damage.  External Stimuli Example ○ Loud Noise: The muscles in the inner ear tighten to reduce the vibration of the eardrum and protect hearing. ○ Physical Threat (Fight-or-Flight Response): The adrenal glands release adrenaline, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels to prepare the body to either fight or flee.  External Stimuli Connections to Body Systems Nervous System: ○ Processes external stimuli through sensory organs like eyes, ears, skin, and nose and sends rapid signals to the body for response. Muscular System: ○ Works with the nervous system to produce movement, such as stepping back when a harmful object is near. Endocrine System: ○ Releases hormones like adrenaline and cortisol for longer-term responses to stress or danger.  Examples of Stimulus-Response Scenarios Sudden Drop in Blood Pressure (Internal Stimulus): ○ Stimulus: Baroreceptors in blood vessels detect low pressure. ○ Response: The nervous system signals the heart to beat faster and constricts blood vessels to restore pressure. Touching a Hot Surface (External Stimulus): ○ Stimulus: Sensory receptors in the skin detect heat. ○ Response: Reflex arc triggers immediate withdrawal of the hand, bypassing conscious thought. Cells & Systems SLO 4 Exploring Scientific Advances in Body Systems and Medical Innovations  Table of contents Scientific Factors 01 Investigation: 03 Affecting Body Body Systems System Health Improvements in Investigating Body 02 Human Health 04 Systems from Research  Table of contents Summary and 05 Reflection Questions  Scientific Investigation 01 : Body Systems  Scientific Investigation: Body Systems Overview of Scientific Investigations Scientific research into human cells, organs, and body systems aims to improve our understanding of how the body works and identify solutions to dysfunctions. Research has contributed to the development of: ○ Advanced medical technologies. ○ New treatments and cures for diseases. ○ Preventative healthcare measures.  Scientific Investigation: Body Systems Examples of Research Areas: Cell Research: ○ Studies on cancer cells to understand uncontrolled cell growth. ○ Stem cell research to repair damaged tissues and regenerate organs. Organ Function and Dysfunction: ○ Research on the heart's electrical activity for better pacemakers. ○ Studies on liver regeneration to treat liver failure. Body Systems: ○ Investigating how diseases like diabetes affect the endocrine system. ○ Understanding autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (affecting the nervous system).  Scientific Investigation: Body Systems Importance: Helps identify root causes of diseases. Guides the development of targeted therapies. Enhances medical diagnostics (e.g., imaging techniques like MRI and CT scans).  Improvement s in Human 02 Health from Research  Improvements in Human Health from Research Advances in Medicine: Development of Medications: ○ Antibiotics to fight bacterial infections (e.g., penicillin). ○ Insulin for managing diabetes. ○ Antiviral drugs for diseases like HIV and COVID-19. Immunization Procedures: ○ Vaccines have eradicated or reduced diseases like smallpox, polio, and measles. ○ mRNA vaccines (e.g., COVID-19 vaccines) are a modern innovation.  Improvements in Human Health from Research Advances in Nutrition: Dietary Research for Organ Health: ○ Low-sodium diets to manage high blood pressure and heart health. ○ High-fiber diets to support healthy digestion. Fortified Foods: ○ Addition of vitamins and minerals (e.g., iodine in salt, vitamin D in milk) to prevent deficiencies. Specialized Diets: ○ Research has developed diets tailored for conditions like celiac disease, heart disease, and kidney disorders.  Improvements in Human Health from Research Impact on Human Health: Extended life expectancy. Improved quality of life for those with chronic illnesses. Reduced infant mortality through prenatal nutrition and care advancements.  Factors Affecting 03 Body System Health  Factors Affecting Body System Health Respiratory System Illness: ○ Asthma: Inflammation of airways leading to breathing difficulties. ○ Pneumonia: Infection causing fluid in the lungs. Aging: ○ Reduced lung capacity and elasticity. ○ Higher risk of respiratory infections. Air Quality: ○ Long-term exposure to pollutants (e.g., smoke, smog) can damage lung tissue. ○ Occupational hazards like coal dust can lead to chronic illnesses (e.g., black lung disease).  Factors Affecting Body System Health Circulatory System Illness: ○ Hypertension (high blood pressure): Can lead to strokes or heart attacks. ○ Atherosclerosis: Build-up of plaque in arteries reduces blood flow. Lifestyle Factors: ○ Sedentary habits increase risk of heart disease. ○ Smoking damages blood vessels and reduces oxygen levels. Aging: ○ Arteries become stiffer, leading to higher blood pressure.  Factors Affecting Body System Health Digestive System Illness: ○ Celiac Disease: Damage to the small intestine from gluten. ○ GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease): Stomach acid affects the esophagus. Diet: ○ High-fat or low-fiber diets can disrupt digestion and lead to conditions like constipation or gallstones. ○ Hydration is critical for efficient digestion and waste removal. Aging: ○ Decreased production of digestive enzymes. ○ Slower metabolism and reduced appetite.  Investigatin 04 g Body Systems  Investigating Body Systems How Scientists Study Body Systems: Medical Imaging: ○ X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans to visualize internal organs and diagnose dysfunctions. Laboratory Studies: ○ Experiments on cells and tissues to understand diseases at a microscopic level. Clinical Trials: ○ Testing new medications or procedures to ensure their safety and effectiveness. Epidemiological Studies: ○ Tracking diseases across populations to identify trends and causes (e.g., the link between smoking and lung cancer).  Investigating Body Systems Example Investigations: Respiratory System: ○ Studying how pollution levels impact asthma rates in urban areas. Circulatory System: ○ Research into cholesterol-lowering drugs like statins. Digestive System: ○ Investigating probiotics' role in improving gut health.  Summary and 05 Reflection Questions  Summary and Reflection Questions Scientific investigations have provided insight into cell, organ, and system functions, leading to medical breakthroughs. Advances in medicine and nutrition have improved human health significantly. Multiple factors, including illness, lifestyle, and environment, affect the healthy functioning of respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems.  Summary and Reflection Questions Reflection Questions: What is an example of how scientific research has improved human health? How does air quality impact the respiratory system? Why is nutrition important for maintaining a healthy circulatory system? Can you think of a condition affecting the digestive system? How might it be treated?