Cells Notes PDF
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These are notes about cell biology, including a detailed description of the different cell types and their organelles, which have been neatly labeled. The notes also include a comparison of plant and animal cells, and the differences between bacterial cells and plant/animal cells.
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# Notes: Organelles - Cells are made up of organelles. ## Organelles ### Cytoplasm - **Structure**: Watery filling of the cell - **Function**: Holds organelles, many chemical reactions happen here. ### Microtubules and Microfilaments - **Structure**: Tiny tubules and fibers (microtubules and micr...
# Notes: Organelles - Cells are made up of organelles. ## Organelles ### Cytoplasm - **Structure**: Watery filling of the cell - **Function**: Holds organelles, many chemical reactions happen here. ### Microtubules and Microfilaments - **Structure**: Tiny tubules and fibers (microtubules and microfilaments) - **Function**: Provide structural support. ### Vesicle - **Structure**: Sacs of membrane - **Function**: Package and ship out proteins made at the ribosomes to membrane. ### Nucleus - **Structure**: A membrane that contains DNA and nucleolus. - **Function**: Store DNA that codes for specific traits. ### Nucleolus - **Structure**: Small dark, round oval - **Function**: Producing ribosomes ### Ribosomes - **Structure**: Tiny, no membrane - **Function**: Produce proteins based on DNA instructions ### Vacuole - **Structure**: Membrane that contains stored material. - **Function**: Store food and H<sub>2</sub>O ### Cell Membrane - **Structure**: A double layer bilayer made up of phospholipids, fatty acid tails, proteins and cholesterol - **Function**: Allows materials to enter and exit a cell ### Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - **Structure**: Membrane that contains enzymes - **Function**: Enzymes do hydrosis to break down waste and digest food ### Mitochondria - **Structure**: Two membranes, inner membrane folded up - **Function**: Produce energy (ATP) by doing cell respiration using glucose making ATP (energy) ### Cilia - **Structure**: Tiny hairlike projections made up of microtubules - **Function**: Movement ### Centrioles - **Structure**: Small tubes, made of microtubules - **Function**: Create microtubule spindle fibers that help divide chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. ## Difference between Rough ER and Smooth ER - **Rough ER** - **Structure**: Has ribosomes attached - **Function**: Make proteins that are shipped out of the cell by another organelle - **Smooth ER** - **Structure**: Has no ribosomes - **Function**: Detoxification of the cell. Produces Lipids. ## Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell - **Similarities**: Both have cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, ER, Golgi, mitochondria and nucleus - **Differences**: - **Plant Cells**: - Cell wall - Large Central Vacuole: Store water - Chloroplast - Plasmodesmata: Small tube-like extensions that function to exchange DNA or plasmids with other bacteria. - **Animal Cells**: - Flagellum: Help the cell move. ## Bacterial Cell vs. Plant and Animal Cell - **Similarities**: All have a cell membrane - **Differences**: - **Bacteria**: - Cell wall is different (cellulose in plants, peptidoglycan in bacteria, chitin layer in fungi) - No nucleus, only a region that contains DNA called the nucleoid - Ribosomes are smaller - No membrane-bound organelles - May have plasmids: small circular pieces of DNA. - **Plant and Animal Cells**: - Nucleus - Membrane-bound organelles ## Additional Information - The image shows a diagram of a plant cell with labeled organelles - The second page shows some notes about how to spell "layer" and "cell" - The third page shows a labeled diagram of a eukaryotic cell - The fourth page is blank.
