CEIR11 Basic Civil Engineering Module 3 PDF

CEIR11 Basic Civil Engineering Dr. Lekshmi Mohan V Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli Email: [email protected]  Module:3 Transportation Mode...

CEIR11 Basic Civil Engineering Dr. Lekshmi Mohan V Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli Email: [email protected]  Module:3 Transportation Modes of Transportation - Classification of Roads - Cross sectional Elements - Pavements - Traffic Parameters - Traffic Management Systems 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 2  Transportation Engineering “Transportation Engineering is the application of technological and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods.” - The Institute of Transportation Engineers, USA (1987) 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 3  Role of Transportation 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 4 Economic Growth Shapes, sustains and enhances the economy of a country Transport and economy are closely inter-related 10/29/2024 CE604 Transportation Planning 5 Poverty Alleviation Provision of a good road connectivity to villages can increase the agricultural yield, employment potential, general health of the rural population and per capita income. Accelerates Agricultural Development Inputs like better seeds, pesticides and fertilisers can reach the farmer at a low cost if there is a good transport system. 6 Urbanisation and Industrial Development As the transport infrastructure is expanded, the rural population will slowly migrate to towns and cities, and the shifted population will gain employment in manufacturing and services in the towns and cities. Exploitation of Natural Resources Most of the low-income and middle income economies depend upon exploitation of natural resources and their export to sustain their economy. India is able to export its iron ore deposits because of its transport infrastructure (railways, roads and ports). Saudi Arabia, rich in oil, is able to export oil because of a good system of pipe lines and shipping. 10/29/2024 CE604 Transportation Planning 8  Place Utility RAW MATERIALS HAVE TO BE GOODS PRODUCED HAVE TO BE LOCATION FROM WHERE ITS PROCESSED AND TRANSFORMED INTO TRANSPORTED TO CONSUMER MARGINAL UTILITY IS LOW, TO PLACES CONSUMER GOODS WHERE ITS MARGINAL UTILITY IS HIGH. 10/29/2024 CE604 Transportation Planning 9 Time Utility of Transport Transport shortens the time needed to travel from place to place. The time thus saved has a value attached to it, for the passengers, for the commodity in transit and for the vehicles involved in transport. Determines how fast and consistently a product moves from one point to another 10/29/2024 CE604 Transportation Planning 10  Bridges the Separation between the Producer and the Consumer In India, steel is produced in the coal and iron ore belt of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Orissa. It is consumed all over the country. 10/29/2024 CE604 Transportation Planning 11 Helps Preserve the Quality of Perishable Goods Perishable goods like milk, fruits, vegetables, fish, poultry products, meat and flowers can be transported quickly from the places of production to the consumer 12 Transport Reduces the Cost of Goods A good system of transport (for example: good roads) has a low cost of transport. This helps in bringing the goods to the consumer at a reduced cost. Facilitates International Trade Facilitates Administration of Vast Areas Jammu-Kashmir valley Railway line, slated for connecting Kashmir Valley to the rest of India’s vast rail network will facilitate the administration. The Srinagar-Leh National Highway has facilitated the administration of the remote area of Ladak. 10/29/2024 CE604 Transportation Planning 13 Tourism Promotion 14 Vital for Defence and Strategic Needs US Interstate Highway system - conceived to provide a high level of service to interstate travel and to meet defence needs Autobahn system in Germany helped the Germans to move their tanks and supplies to the war front India, the vast network of border roads has served to guard the country’s frontiers. Facilitates, Evacuation and Relief Operations during Natural Disasters 10/29/2024 CE604 Transportation Planning 16  Economic Social & Role of transportation Military Cultural Political 17  Modes of Transportation 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 18 Different Modes of Transportation ❖Roadways or Highways ❖Railways ❖Waterways ❖Airways ❖Ropeways ❖Pipelines ❖Intermodal transportation 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 19 Roadways ❖A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. ❖Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel. ❖A "road" is simply any pathway fit for riding. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 20 Where we are in the global stage? ❖The United States has the largest network of roadways of any single country in the world with 6,645,709 km (as of 31 March 2017). ❖India has the second largest road system in the world with 5,897,671 km (as of 31 March 2017). ❖India has approximately 4.87 km of roads per 1,000 people. ❖India's road network carries over 65 percent of its freight and about 85 percent of passenger traffic. ❖63.24% of Indian roads are paved. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 21 Characteristics of Road Transport ❖Roads are used by various types of road vehicles Example: passenger cars, buses, trucks, two and three wheeled automobiles, pedal cycles and animal drawn vehicles trucks, etc. Railway tracks are used only by rail locomotives and wagons, waterways are used by only ships and boats. ❖Road transport requires a relatively small investment for government. Motor vehicles are much cheaper than other carriers like rail locomotives and wagons, water and air carriers. Construction and maintenance of roads is also cheaper than that of railway tracks, docks, harbors and airports. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 22 Characteristics of Road Transport ❖Road transport offers a complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle from one lane to another and from one road to another according to the need and convenience. This flexibility of changes in location, direction, speed and timings of travel is not available to other modes of transport. ❖In particular, for short distance travel, road transport saves time. Trains stop at junctions and main stations for comparatively longer time. ❖Speed of movement is directly related with the severity of the accident. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 23 Classification of Roads The roads are classified based on many factors as follows: Materials Location & function Traffic volume Width Economy Rigidity Topography 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 24 Classification Based on Materials Earthen roads Gravel roads Murrum roads Kankar roads WBM roads Bituminous roads Concrete roads 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 25 Earthen Roads Earthen roads are laid with soil. They are cheaper than all types of roads. This type of road is provided for fewer traffic areas or countryside areas. A good drainage system should be provided, which reflects excellent performance for a more extended period. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 26 Gravel Roads Gravel roads are also low-quality roads, but they are better when compared with earthen roads. A compacted mixture of gravel and earth is used as pavement material in this case. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 27 Murrum Roads Murrum is a matter obtained from the disintegration of igneous rocks by weathering agencies. This is used to make roads called murrum roads. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 28 Kankar Roads Kankar is an impure form of limestone. Kankar roads are provided where lime is available in a reasonable quantity. The Kankar roads are low quality and performance. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 29 30 WBM Roads Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roads contain crushed stone aggregate in its base course. The aggregates are spread on the surface and rolled after sprinkling water. WBM roads provide better performance compared to earthen, gravel, murrum, and CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering kankar roads. 10/29/2024  Bituminous Roads Bituminous roads are prevalent roads around the world. They are the most used roads in the world. Suitable for driving conditions. The thickness of bituminous roads depends upon the subgrade soil conditions. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 31 Concrete Roads Cement concrete is used to construct the pavements in case of concrete roads. These are very popular and costlier than all other types of roads. They are not flexible, so they require less maintenance. Concrete roads are suitable for high traffic areas. They are laid with joints and time of construction is more. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 32 Based on Traffic Volume Light traffic roads-The roads which are carrying 400 vehicles daily on an average is called light traffic roads. Medium traffic roads-If a road is carrying 400 to 1000 vehicles per day, then it is said to be a medium traffic road. High traffic roads-If a road is carrying is more than 1000 vehicles per day then it is considered as high traffic road. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 33 Based on Economy 1.Low-cost roads 2.Medium cost roads 3.High-cost roads 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 34 Based on Rigidity Flexible roads - consist of a flexible layer as a pavement surface, which requires proper maintenance; otherwise, it can be disintegrated easily with heavy traffic. All types of roads except concrete roads fall under this category. Rigid roads - cement concrete roads falls under this category 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 35  Flexible Pavement Rigid Pavement It consists of a series of layers with the highest quality It consists of one layer Portland cement concrete slab materials at or near the surface of pavement. or relatively high flexural strength. It reflects the deformations of subgrade and It is able to bridge over localized failures and area of subsequent layers on the surface. inadequate support. Its stability depends upon the aggregate interlock, Its structural strength is provided by the pavement particle friction and cohesion. slab itself by its beam action. Pavement design is greatly influenced by the subgrade Flexural strength of concrete is a major factor for strength. design. It functions by a way of load distribution through the It distributes load over a wide area of subgrade component layers because of its rigidity and high modulus of elasticity. Temperature variations due to change in atmospheric Temperature changes induce heavy stresses in rigid conditions do not produce stresses in flexible pavements. pavements. Flexible pavements have self healing properties due to Any excessive deformations occurring due to heavier heavier wheel loads are recoverable due to some wheel loads are not recoverable, i.e. settlements are extent. permanent. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 36 Classification of Rural Roads National Highways State Highways Major District Roads Minor & Other District Roads Village Roads 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 37 Classification of Rural Roads National Highways State Highways Major District Roads Minor & Other District Roads Village Roads 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 38  National Highway (N.H) They connect capitals of states, ports, large towns, industrial centres, Such highways are the main arteries of road transport in the country. These are of national importance for strategic, administrative and other purposes. Example: N.H-34, N.H-31. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 39  State Highways (S.H) These roads are the main arteries of traffic within a state. They connect important cities and district headquarters within the state. They are also known as Provincial Highways. These highways are the main arteries of road transport within a state. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 40 Major District Roads (M.D.R) The important roads within a district serving area of production and markets and connecting those with each other or with main highways are known as Major District Roads. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 41 Other District Roads (O.D.R) The roads serving rural areas of production and connecting them with an outlet to market centres, taluk headquarters, block headquarters or other main roads are called Other District Roads. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 42 Village Roads The roads connecting villages or groups of villages with each other or with the nearest road of a higher category are known as village roads. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 43 Classification of Urban Roads The road systems within urban areas are classified as urban roads. In India, urban roads are classified into the following categories: Expressways Arterial Roads Sub-arterial Roads Collector Streets Local Streets 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 44 Expressways The portion of the roadway of an urban road reserved for use only by high speed or power-driven vehicles is called Expressway or motorway or superhighway. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 45 Arterial Roads These are streets primarily for the high traffic on a continuous route. Arterials have a higher level of traffic mobility. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 46 Sub-arterial Roads These roads serve the same purposes as an arterial road but have a lower level of traffic than the arterial roads. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 47 Collector Streets Collector Streets provide access to arterial streets and they collect & distribute from and to local streets. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 48 Local Streets Local Streets provide access to adjoining property. These streets do not carry a large volume of traffic. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 49  Cross sectional elements of highway 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 50 Cross sectional elements of highway The features of the cross-section of the pavement influences the life of the pavement as well as the riding comfort and safety. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 51 1. Pavement surface characteristics For safe and comfortable driving four aspects of the pavement surface are important; 1. friction between the wheels and the pavement surface, 2. smoothness of the road surface, 3. light reflection characteristics of the top of pavement surface, and 4. drainage to water. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 52 1.1 Friction Friction between the wheel and the pavement surface is a crucial factor in the design of horizontal curves and thus the safe operating speed. It affect the acceleration and deceleration ability of vehicles. Lack of adequate friction can cause skidding or slipping of vehicles. 1. Skidding happens when the path traveled along the road surface is more than the circumferential movement of the wheels due to friction 2. Slip occurs when the wheel revolves more than the corresponding longitudinal movement along the road. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 53 1.1 Friction Various factors that affect friction are: 1. Type of the pavement (like bituminous, concrete, or gravel), 2. Condition of the pavement (dry or wet, hot or cold, etc), 3. Condition of the tyre (new or old), and 4. Speed and load of the vehicle. The frictional force that develops between the wheel and the pavement is the load acting multiplied by a factor called the coefficient of friction and denoted as f. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 54 1.2 Unevenness Unevenness index is a measure of unevenness which is the cumulative measure of vertical undulations of the pavement surface recorded per unit horizontal length of the road. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 55 1.3 Light Reflection 1.White roads have good visibility at night, but caused glare during day time. 2.Black roads has no glare during day, but has poor visibility at night 3.Concrete roads has better visibility and less glare It is necessary that the road surface should be visible at night and reflection of light is the factor that answers it. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 56 1.4 Drainage The pavement surface should be absolutely impermeable to prevent seepage of water into the pavement layers. Further, both the geometry and texture of pavement surface should help in draining out the water from the surface in less time. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 57 2. Camber Camber or cant is the cross slope provided to raise middle of the road surface in the transverse direction to drain off rain water from road surface. Too steep slope is undesirable for it will erode the surface. Camber is measured in 1 in n or n% (Eg. 1 in 50 or 2%) and the value depends on the type of pavement surface. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 58 3. Width of carriage way Width of the carriage way or the width of the pavement depends on the width of the traffic lane and number of lanes. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 59 4. Kerbs Kerbs indicate the boundary between the carriage way and the shoulder or islands or footpaths. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 60 5. Road margins The portion of the road beyond the carriageway and on the roadway can be generally called road margin. Various elements that form the road margins are given below. 5.1 Shoulders Shoulders are provided along the road edge and is intended for accommodation of stopped vehicles, serve as an emergency lane for vehicles and provide lateral support for base and surface courses. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 61 5. Road margins 5.2 Parking lanes Parking lanes are provided in urban lanes for side parking. Parallel parking is preferred because it is safe for the vehicles moving on the road. 5.3 Bus-bays Bus bays are provided by recessing the kerbs for bus stops. They are provided so that they do not obstruct the movement of vehicles in the carriage way. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 62 5. Road margins 5.4 Service roads Service roads or frontage roads give access to access controlled highways like freeways and expressways. 5.5 Cycle track Cycle tracks are provided in urban areas when the volume of cycle traffic is high 5.6 Footpath Footpaths are exclusive right of way to pedestrians, especially in urban areas. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 63 Cross sectional elements of highway 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 64 6. Width of formation Width of formation or roadway width is the sum of the widths of pavements or carriage way including separators and shoulders. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 65 7. Right of way Right of way (ROW) or land width is the width of land acquired for the road, along its alignment. It should be adequate to accommodate all the cross-sectional elements of the highway and may reasonably provide for future development. Control line is a line which represents the nearest limits of future uncontrolled building activity in relation to a road. Building line represents a line on either side of the road, between which and the road no building activity is permitted at all. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 66 Cross section of road in cutting 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 67 Cross section of road in embankment 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 68  TRAFFIC SIGNS 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 69 Traffic Signs Symbols on portable support provided on roads to give information, warning and guidance to the road users are known as traffic signs or road signs. Necessity of Road Signs To give timely warning of hazardous situations. To regulate the traffic. To provide safety to the traffic. To expedite the traffic. To guide the traffic by supplying information about directions and point of interest. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 70 Classification of Traffic Signs Cautionary or warning signs Regulatory signs Informatory Signs 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 71 Cautionary or Warning Signs Used to warn the road users of certain hazardous situations on and adjacent to the roadway. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 72 Cautionary or Warning Signs 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 73 Cautionary or Warning Signs 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 74 Mandatory or Regulatory Signs These road signs are used to inform road user about certain laws, regulations, prohibition or restrictions which have to be complied with and any case of non-compliance are liable to legal action. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 75 Mandatory or Regulatory Signs 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 76 Mandatory or Regulatory Signs 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 77 Mandatory or Regulatory Signs 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 78 Informatory Signs These road signs are used to provide guidance to the road users in respect of direction and place identification, facilities like a petrol pump, parking etc. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 79 ROAD MARKINGS 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 80 Road markings Road markings are a psychological barrier and an important component of a highway, which function in guiding and controlling the traffic. It also channelizes the pedestrians and cyclists movement into a safe location ensuring smooth and orderly flow of traffic and for promoting road safety. Types Longitudinal Markings Transverse Markings Hazard Marking Block Marking Arrow Marking Directional Marking Facility Marking 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 81 Longitudinal Markings The main purpose of longitudinal marking is to guide and navigate the driver for forwarding movements and to prohibit overtaking maneuvering at certain hazardous locations to avoid sideswipe and head-on collision accidents. The longitudinal markings are usually in white and yellow color, where white is used prominently and yellow is used where it is strictly prohibited not to be straddled by the vehicles. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 82 Longitudinal Markings Broken Center Line -can be crossed during overtaking maneuver Single Continuous Center Line - no overtaking lines are used where overtaking is prohibited. They can be either white or yellow in color. Double Continuous Center line - used to reinforce the message that it shall never be crossed. They can be either white or yellow in color. In urban roads having space constraints, the construction of raised median will reduce the lane width in roads. In such cases, double continuous marking signifies median with barrier. Traffic Lane lines 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 83 Transverse Markings The transverse markings are provided across the carriageway for the purpose of traffic control with broken lines, single/double continuous lines such as stop marking and give-way marking. These transverse markings are always accompanied with corresponding signs. Stop line Pedestrian crossings 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 84 Hazard Marking The hazard markings facilitate the major actions of the vehicles such as traffic merging/diverging, prohibiting to cross-over, and deflecting the traffic ahead of hazardous situations. These markings are generally done with chevron and diagonal marking, hatch marking and prohibitory marking. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 85 Block Marking The markings made on the road which are in blocks such as zebra crossing for pedestrians, triangular and checkered marking for speed breakers. The quality of block marking with adequate visibility is of utmost importance. The application of thermoplastic paint for block marking is generally different from longitudinal marking. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 86 Arrow Marking The arrows painted on the carriageway are meant to give direction for the driver to take mandatorily turns. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 87 Directional Marking The word message which is directional in nature is classified under directional marking. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 88 Facility Marking The markings which are intended to facilitate the parking for the vehicles are termed as facility marking. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 89 Traffic Signal Traffic lights, traffic signals, stoplights are signaling devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations to control flows of traffic A traffic signal is used as an instructing device that indicates the road user to act according to the displayed sign. 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 90 Traffic Signal Illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding Illumination of the yellow/amber light denoting, if safe to do so, prepare to stop short of the intersection, Illumination of the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 91 Traffic Rules in India Keep left when driving on a two-way road so that the vehicles in the opposite direction can pass through the right side smoothly. If a driver wants to turn left, then it’s necessary to stay close to the left side and then takes a left turn. If the driver wants to turn right, it’s necessary he/she should be at the centre of the road he/she is driving on and then take a right gradually. When approaching a road junction, road intersection, pedestrian crossing, it is important for the driver to slow down. When being overtaken or passed by another vehicle, a driver should not increase the speed of his vehicle or prevent the vehicle from passing his vehicle. Overtaking a vehicle is prohibited in the below cases: If the passing would cause danger to other vehicles moving in any direction. If the vehicle overtaking is near a point, a bend or corner or a hill as it may cause a serious accident due to unclear view of the road ahead. It is important for the driver as well as the pillion to wear a helmet 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 92 Traffic Rules in India The driver is not allowed to park vehicle on the top of a hill, near a road crossing, on the footpath, near traffic lights, on the pedestrian road or near the entrance of the building. The vehicle registration number should be displayed at all times. Only one pillion is allowed on a two-wheeler vehicle It is important for a driver to make way for cyclists as well. To maintain road safety and avoid any mishaps, it is necessary that the lights of the vehicle should not be obstructed. On a one way road, driving in a reverse direction is not allowed. While overtaking another vehicle on the road, the driver should not cross the yellow line. The STOP sign on the road should not be crossed Horn should be used only when required Overtaking can be done only from the right side of the vehicle 10/29/2024 CEIR11 Basics of Civil Engineering 93