Professional Ethics and Human Values PDF

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND HUMAN VALUES CE195-5 JOMAR RAMOS JOMAR LUA S. RAMOS PROFESSIONAL ETHICS PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Profession once meant, according to the Oxford Shorter Dictionary, the act or fact of ‘‘professing.’’ It has come...

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND HUMAN VALUES CE195-5 JOMAR RAMOS JOMAR LUA S. RAMOS PROFESSIONAL ETHICS PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Profession once meant, according to the Oxford Shorter Dictionary, the act or fact of ‘‘professing.’’ It has come to mean: the occupation which one professes to be skilled in and to follow....A vocation in which professed knowledge of some branch of learning is used in its application to the affairs of others, or in the practice of an art based upon it. A Sociological Analysis of Professionalism 1. Extensive training: Entrance into a profession typically requires an extensive period of training, and this training is of an intellectual character. 2. Vital knowledge and skills: Professionals’ knowledge and skills are vital to the well-being of the larger society. A society that has a sophisticated scientific and technological base is especially dependent on its professional elite. 3. Control of services: Professions usually have a monopoly on, or at least considerable control over, the provision of professional services in their area. 4. Autonomy in the workplace: Professionals often have an unusual degree of autonomy in the workplace. 5. Claim to ethical regulation: Professionals claim to be regulated by ethical standards, many of which are embodied in a code of ethics. A Socratic Account of Professionalism 1. A profession cannot be composed of only one person. It is always composed of a number of individuals. 2. A profession involves a public element. One must openly ‘‘profess’’ to be a physician or attorney, much as the dictionary accounts of the term ‘‘profession’’ suggest. 3. A profession is a way people earn a living and is usually something that occupies them during their working hours. A profession is still an occupation (a way of earning a living) even if the occupation enjoys professional status. 4. A profession is something that people enter into voluntarily and that they can leave voluntarily. A Socratic Account of Professionalism 5. Much like advocates of the social practice approach, Davis believes that a profession must serve some morally praiseworthy goal, although this goal may not be unique to a given profession. Physicians cure the sick and comfort the dying. Lawyers help people obtain justice within the law. 6. Professionals must pursue a morally praiseworthy goal by morally permissible means. For example, medicine cannot pursue the goal of health by cruel experimentation or by deception or coercion. 7. Ethical standards in a profession should obligate professionals to act in some way that goes beyond what law, market, morality, and public opinion would otherwise require. Physicians have an obligation to help people (their patients) be healthy in a way that non-physicians do not, and attorneys have an obligation to help people (their clients) achieve justice that the rest of us do not. Two Models of Professionalism 1. The Business Model. According to the business model, an occupation is primarily oriented toward making a profit within the boundaries set by law. Just like any other business, a profession sells a product or service in the marketplace for a profit; the major constraint on this activity is regulation imposed by law. 2. The Professional Model. This model offers a quite a different picture of occupations such as medicine, law, and engineering. Crucial to the professional model is the idea that engineers and other professionals have an implicit trust relationship with the larger public. The terms of this trust relationship, sometimes referred to as a ‘‘social contract’’ with the public, are that professionals agree to regulate their practice so that it promotes the public good. Three Types of Ethics or Morality 1. Common morality is the set of moral beliefs shared by almost everyone. It is the basis, or at least the reference point, for the other two types of morality that we shall discuss. When we think of ethics or morality, we usually think of such precepts as that it is wrong to murder, lie, cheat or steal, break promises, harm others physically, and so forth. It would be very difficult for us to question seriously any of these precepts. 2. Personal ethics or personal morality is the set of moral beliefs that a person holds. For most of us, our personal moral beliefs closely parallel the precepts of common morality. We believe that murder, lying, cheating, and stealing are wrong. However, our personal moral beliefs may differ from common morality in some areas, especially where common morality seems to be unclear or in a state of change. 3. Professional ethics is the set of standards adopted by professionals insofar as they view themselves acting as professionals. Every profession has its professional ethics: medicine, law, architecture, pharmacy, and so forth. Engineering ethics is that set of ethical standards that applies to the profession of engineering. HUMAN VALUES MORALS Morals are the welfare principles enunciated by the wise people, based on their experience and wisdom. They were edited, changed or modified or evolved to suit the geography of the region, rulers (dynasty), and in accordance with development of knowledge in science and technology and with time. Morality is concerned with principles and practices of morals such as: (a) What ought or ought not to be done in a given situation? (b) What is right or wrong about the handling of a situation? And (c) What is good or bad about the people, policies, and ideals involved? MORALS VALUES A value is defined as a principle that promotes well-being or prevents harm. Values are our guidelines for our success—our paradigm about what is acceptable. “Emotional beliefs in principles regarded as particularly favorable or important for the individual.” “Values are the scales we use to weigh our choices for our actions, whether to move towards or away from something.” FIVE CORE HUMAN VALUES 1. Right Conduct 2. Peace 3. Truth 4. Love 5. Non-violence RIGHT CONDUCT Values related to RIGHT CONDUCT are: a. SELF-HELP SKILLS: Care of possessions, diet, hygiene, modesty, posture, self reliance, and tidy appearance b. SOCIAL SKILLS: Good behavior, good manners, good relationships, helpfulness, No wastage, and good environment, and c. ETHICAL SKILLS: Code of conduct, courage, dependability, duty, efficiency, ingenuity, initiative, perseverance, punctuality, resourcefulness, respect for all, and responsibility PEACE Values related to PEACE are: Attention, calmness, concentration, contentment, dignity, discipline, equality, equanimity, faithfulness, focus, gratitude, happiness, harmony, humility, inner silence, optimism, patience, reflection, satisfaction, self-acceptance, self-confidence, self- control, self-discipline, self-esteem, self-respect, sense control, tolerance, and understanding TRUTH Values related to TRUTH are: Accuracy, curiosity, discernment, fairness, fearlessness, honesty, integrity (unity of thought, word, and deed), intuition, justice, optimism, purity, quest for knowledge, reason, self-analysis, sincerity, sprit of enquiry, synthesis, trust, truthfulness, and determination. LOVE Values related to LOVE are: Acceptance, affection, care, compassion, consideration, dedication, devotion, empathy, forbearance, forgiveness, friendship, generosity, gentleness, humanness, interdependence, kindness, patience, patriotism, reverence, sacrifice, selflessness, service, sharing, sympathy, thoughtfulness, tolerance and trust. NON-VIOLENCE Values related to NON-VIOLENCE are: a. PSYCHOLOGICAL: Benevolence, compassion, concern for others, consideration, forbearance, forgiveness, manners, happiness, loyalty, morality, and universal love a. SOCIAL: Appreciation of other cultures and religions, brotherhood, care of environment, citizenship, equality, harmlessness, national awareness, perseverance, respect for property, and social justice. PERSEVERANCE is defined as persistence, determination, resolution, tenacity, dedication, commitment, constancy, steadfastness, stamina, endurance and indefatigability. To persevere is described as to continue, carry on, stick at it (in formal), keep going, persist, plug away, (informal), remain, stand firm, stand fast, hold on and hang on. Perseverance builds character. ACCURACY means freedom from mistake or error; conformity to truth or to a standard or model and exactness. Accuracy is defined as correctness, exactness, authenticity, truth, veracity, closeness to truth (true value) and carefulness. The value of accuracy embraces a large area and has many implications. Engineers are encouraged to demonstrate accuracy in their behavior through the medium of praise and other incentives. Accuracy includes telling the truth, not exaggerating, and taking care over one’s work. DISCERNMENT means discrimination, perception, penetration, and insight. Discernment means the power to see what is not obvious to the average mind. It stresses accuracy, especially in reading character or motives. Discrimination stresses the power to distinguish or select what is true or genuinely excellent. Perception implies quick and often sympathetic discernment, as of shades of feelings. Penetration implies a searching mind that goes beyond what is obvious or superficial. Insight suggests depth of discernment. EVOLUTION OF HUMAN VALUES The human values evolve because of the following factors: 1. The impact of norms of the society on the fulfillment of the individual’s needs or desires. 2. Developed or modified by one’s own awareness, choice, and judgment in fulfilling the needs. 3. By the teachings and practice of Preceptors (Gurus) or Saviors or religious leaders. 4. Fostered or modified by social leaders, rulers of kingdom, and by law (government). ETHICS ETHICS The study on ethics helps to know the people’s beliefs, values, and morals, learn the good and bad of them, and practice them to maximize their well- being and happiness. It involves the inquiry on the existing situations, form judgments and resolve the issues. In addition, ethics tells us how to live, to respond to issues, through the duties, rights, responsibilities, and obligations. In religion, similar principles are included, but the reasoning on procedures is limited. The principles and practices of religions have varied from to time to time (history), region (geography, climatic conditions), religion, society, language, caste and creed. But ethics has grown to a large extent beyond the barriers listed above. In ethics, the focus is to study and apply the principles and practices, universally. WORK ETHICS Work ethics is defined as a set of attitudes concerned with the value of work, which forms the motivational orientation. The ‘work ethics’ is aimed at ensuring the economy (get job, create wealth, earn salary), productivity (wealth, profit), safety (in workplace), health and hygiene (working conditions), privacy (raise family), security (permanence against contractual, pension, and retirement benefits), cultural and social development (leisure, hobby, and happiness), welfare (social work), environment (anti-pollution activities), and offer opportunities for all, according to their abilities, but without discrimination. INTEGRITY INTEGRITY Integrity is defined as the unity of thought, word and deed (honesty) and open mindedness. It includes the capacity to communicate the factual information so that others can make well-informed decisions. It yields the person’s ‘peace of mind’, and hence adds strength and consistency in character, decisions, and actions. This paves way to one’s success. It is one of the self-direction virtues. It enthuse people not only to execute a job well but to achieve excellence in performance. It helps them to own the responsibility and earn self-respect and recognition by doing the job. Moral integrity is defined as a virtue, which reflects a consistency of one’s attitudes, emotions, and conduct in relation to justified moral values. VIRTUES VIRTUES Virtues are positive and preferred values. Virtues are desirable attitudes or character traits, motives and emotions that enable us to be successful and to act in ways that develop our highest potential. They energize and enable us to pursue the ideals that we have adopted. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, transparency, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues. Virtues are tendencies which include, solving problems through peaceful and constructive means and follow the path of the golden mean between the extremes of ‘excess and deficiency’. They are like habits, once acquired, they become characteristics of a person. Moreover, a person who has developed virtues will naturally act in ways consistent with moral principles. The virtuous person is the ethical person. CIVIC VIRTUES Civic virtues are the moral duties and rights, as a citizen of the village or the country or an integral part of the society and environment. An individual may exhibit civic virtues by voting, volunteering, and organizing welfare groups and meetings. The duties are: 1. To pay taxes to the local government and state, in time. 2. To keep the surroundings clean and green. 3. Not to pollute the water, land, and air by following hygiene and proper garbage disposal. For example, not to burn wood, tyres, plastic materials, spit in the open, even not to smoke in the open, and not to cause nuisance to the public, are some of the civic (duties) virtues. 4. To follow the road safety rules. CIVIC VIRTUES On the other hand, the rights are: 1. To vote the local or state government. 2. To contest in the elections to the local or state government. 3. To seek a public welfare facility such as a school, hospital or a community hall or transport or communication facility, for the residents. 4. To establish a green and safe environment, pollution free, corruption free, and to follow ethical principles. People are said to have the right to breathe in fresh air, by not allowing smoking in public. 5. People have inalienable right to accept or reject a project in their area. One has the right to seek legal remedy, in this respect, through public interest petition. CIVIC VIRTUES George Washington embodied the civic virtues as indispensable for a self governing administration. These virtues are divided into four categories: 1. Civic Knowledge Citizens must understand what the Constitution says about how the government is working, and what the government is supposed to do and what not to do. We must understand the basis of our responsibilities as citizens, besides duties and rights. We must be able to recognize when the government or another citizen infringes upon our rights. It implies that the government requires the participation of the enlightened citizens, to serve and survive. CIVIC VIRTUES 2. Self-Restraint For citizens to live in a free society with limited government each citizen must be able to control or restrain himself; otherwise, we would need a police state—that is, a dictatorial government to maintain safety and order. He advocated for morality and declared that happiness is achieved and sustained through virtues and morals. He advocated and demonstrated self- restraint several times in his private and public life, and naturally he was a great leader. CIVIC VIRTUES 3. Self-Assertion Self-assertion means that citizens must be proud of their rights, and have the courage to stand up in public and defend their rights. Sometimes, a government may usurp the very rights that it was created to protect. In such cases, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish that government (e.g., voting rights, rights call back). CIVIC VIRTUES 4. Self-Reliance Citizens who cannot provide for themselves will need a large government to take care of them. Once citizens become dependent on government for their basic needs, the people are no longer in a position to demand that government act within the confines of the Constitution. Self-reliant citizens are free citizens in the sense that they are not dependent on others for their basic needs. They do not need a large provider-government, which has the potential to become an oppressive government, to meet those needs. Only a strong self-reliant citizenry will be able to enjoy fully the blessings of liberty. These civic virtues, applicable to local, state, and central governments, nourish freedom and civil liberty at the root of democracy. RESPECT FOR OTHERS RESPECT FOR OTHERS This is a basic requirement for nurturing friendship, team work, and for the synergy it promotes and sustains. The principles enunciated in this regard are: 1. Recognize and accept the existence of other persons as human beings, because they have a right to live, just as you have. 2. Respect others’ ideas (decisions), words, and labor (actions). One need not accept or approve or award them, but shall listen to them first. One can correct or warn, if they commit mistakes. 3. Show ‘goodwill’ on others. Love others. Allow others to grow. Basically, the goodwill reflects on the originator and multiplies itself on everybody. This will facilitate collinearity, focus, coherence, and strength to achieve the goals. LIVING PEACEFULLY LIVING PEACEFULLY To live peacefully, one should start install peace within (self). Charity begins at home. Then one can spread peace to family, organisation where one works, and then to the world, including the environment. Only who are at peace can spread peace. You can not gift an article which you do not possess. The essence of oriental philosophy is that one should not fight for peace. It is oxymoron. War or peace can be won only by peace, and not by wars ! LIVING PEACEFULLY Nurture 1. Order in one’s life (self-regulation, discipline, and duty). 2. Pure thoughts in one’s soul (loving others, blessing others, friendly, and not criticizing or hurting others by thought, word or deed). 3. Creativity in one’s head (useful and constructive). 4. Beauty in one’s heart (love, service, happiness, and peace). Get Good health/body (physical strength for service). Act Help the needy with head, heart, and hands (charity). Service to the poor is considered holier than the service to God. Not hurting and torturing others either physically, verbally, or mentally. LIVING PEACEFULLY The following are the factors that promote living, with internal and external peace: 1. Conducive environment (safe, ventilated, illuminated and comfortable). 2. Secured job and motivated with ‘recognition and reward’. 3. Absence of threat or tension by pressure due to limitations of money or time. 4. Absence of unnecessary interference or disturbance, except as guidelines. 5. Healthy labor relations and family situations. 6. Service to the needy (physically and mentally-challenged) with love and sympathy. CARING CARING Caring is feeling for others. It is a process which exhibits the interest in, and support for, the welfare of others with fairness, impartiality and justice in all activities, among the employees, in the context of professional ethics. It includes showing respect to the feelings of others, and also respecting and preserving the interests of all others concerned. Caring is reflected in activities such as friendship, membership in social clubs and professional societies, and through various transactions in the family, fraternity, community, country and in international councils. In the present day context, caring for the environment (including the fauna and flora) has become a necessity for our very survival. If we do not care for the environment, the environment will scare us. SHARING SHARING Primarily, caring influences ‘sharing’. Sharing is a process that describes the transfer of knowledge (teaching, learning, and information), experience (training), commodities (material possession) and facilities with others. The transfer should be genuine, legal, positive, voluntary, and without any expectation in return. However, the proprietary information it should not be shared with outsiders. Through this process of sharing, experience, expertise, wisdom and other benefits reach more people faster. Sharing is voluntary and it can not be driven by force, but motivated successfully through ethical principles. In short, sharing is ‘charity’ SHARING For the humanity, ‘sharing’ is a culture. The ‘happiness and wealth’ are multiplied and the ‘crimes and sufferings’ are reduced, by sharing. It paves the way for peace and obviates militancy. Philosophically, the sharing maximizes the happiness for all the human beings. In terms of psychology, the fear, divide, and distrust between the ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’ disappear. Sharing not only paves the way to prosperity, early and easily, and sustains it. Economically speaking, benefits are maximized as there is no wastage or loss, and everybody gets one’s needs fulfilled and satisfied. Commercially speaking, the profit is maximized. Technologically, the productivity and utilization are maximized by sharing. In the industrial arena, code-sharing in airlines for bookings on air travels and the common. Effluent Treatment Plant constructed for small-scale industries in the industrial estates, are some of the examples of sharing. The co-operative societies for producers as well as consumers are typical examples of sharing of the goods, profit and other social benefits. HONESTY HONESTY Honesty is a virtue, and it is exhibited in two aspects namely: a. Truthfulness and b. Trustworthiness Truthfulness is to face the responsibilities upon telling truth. One should keep one’s word or promise. By admitting one’s mistake committed (one needs courage to do that!), it is easy to fix them. Reliable engineering judgment, maintenance of truth, defending the truth, and communicating the truth, only when it does ‘good’ to others, are some of the reflections of truthfulness. HONESTY Trustworthiness is maintaining integrity and taking responsibility for personal performance. People abide by law and live by mutual trust. They play the right way to win, according to the laws or rules (legally and morally). They build trust through reliability and authenticity. They admit their own mistakes and confront unethical actions in others and take tough and principled stand, even if unpopular. HONESTY The actions of an engineer that leads to dishonesty are: 1. Lying: Honesty implies avoidance of lying. An engineer may communicate wrong or distorted test results intentionally or otherwise. It is giving wrong information to the right people. 2. Deliberate deception: An engineer may judge or decide on matters one is not familiar or with insufficient data or proof, to impress upon the customers or employers. This is a self deceit. 3. Withholding the information: It means hiding the facts during communication to one’s superior or subordinate, intentionally or otherwise. HONESTY 4. Not seeking the truth: Some engineers accept the information or data, without applying their mind and seeking the truth. 5. Not maintaining confidentiality: It is giving right information to wrong people. The engineers should keep information of their customers/clients or of their employers confidential and should not discuss them with others. 6. Giving professional judgment under the influence of extraneous factors such as personal benefits and prejudice. The laws, experience, social welfare, and even conscience are given a go-bye by such actions. Certainly this is a higher-order crime. COURAGE COURAGE Courage is the tendency to accept and face risks and difficult tasks in rational ways. Self-confidence is the basic requirement to nurture courage. Courage is classified into three types, based on the types of risks, namely a. Physical courage, b. Social courage, and c. Intellectual courage COURAGE In physical courage, the thrust is on the adequacy of the physical strength, including the muscle power and armaments. People with high adrenalin, may be prepared to face challenges for the mere ‘thrill’ or driven by a decision to ‘excel’. The social courage involves the decisions and actions to change the order, based on the conviction for or against certain social behaviors. This requires leadership abilities, including empathy and sacrifice, to mobilize and motivate the followers, for the social cause. The intellectual courage is inculcated in people through acquired knowledge, experience, games, tactics, education, and training. COURAGE The courageous people own and have shown the following characteristics, in their professions: a. Perseverance (sustained hard work), b. Experimentation (preparedness to face the challenges, that is, unexpected or unintended results), c. Involvement (attitude, clear and firm resolve to act), and d. Commitment (willing to get into action and to reach the desired goals by any alternative but ethical means). VALUING TIME VALUING TIME Time is rare resource. Once it is spent, it is lost for ever. It can not be either stored or recovered. Hence, time is the most perishable and most valuable resource too. This resource is continuously spent, whether any decision or action is taken or not. “Time and tide wait for nobody” “Procrastination is the thief of time” COOPERATION COOPERATION It is a team-spirit present with every individual engaged in engineering. Cooperation is activity between two persons or sectors that aims at integration of operations (synergy), while not sacrificing the autonomy of either party. Further, working together ensures, coherence, i.e., blending of different skills required, towards common goals. Willingness to understand others, think and act together and putting this into practice, is cooperation. Cooperation promotes collinearity, coherence (blend), co- ordination (activities linked in sequence or priority) and the synergy (maximizing the output, by reinforcement). The whole is more than the sum of the individuals. It helps in minimizing the input resources (including time) and maximizes the outputs, which include quantity, quality, effectiveness, and efficiency. COOPERATION According to professional ethics, cooperation should exist or be developed, and maintained, at several levels; between the employers and employees, between the superiors and subordinates, among the colleagues, between the producers and the suppliers (spare parts), and between the organization and its customers. The codes of ethics of various professional societies insist on appropriate cooperation to nourish the industry. The absence of cooperation leads to lack of communication, misinformation, void in communication, and undue delay between supply, production, marketing, and consumption. This is likely to demoralize and frustrate the employees, leading to collapse of the industry over time and an economic loss to the society. COMMITMENT COMMITMENT Commitment means alignment to goals and adherence to ethical principles during the activities. First of all, one must believe in one’s action performed and the expected end results (confidence). It means one should have the conviction without an iota of doubt that one will succeed. Holding sustained interest and firmness, in whatever ethical means one follows, with the fervent attitude and hope that one will achieve the goals, is commitment. It is the driving force to realize success. This is a basic requirement for any profession. For example, a design engineer shall exhibit a sense of commitment, to make his product or project designed a beneficial contribution to the society. Only when the teacher (Guru) is committed to his job, the students will succeed in life and contribute ‘good’ to the society. The commitment of top management will naturally lead to committed employees, whatever may be their position or emoluments. This is bound to add wealth to oneself, one’s employer, society, and the nation at large. EMPATHY EMPATHY Empathy is social radar. Sensing what others feel about, without their open talk, is the essence of empathy. Empathy begins with showing concern, and then obtaining and understanding the feelings of others, from others’ point of view. It is also defined as the ability to put one’s self into the psychological frame or reference or point of view of another, to know what the other person feels. It includes the imaginative projection into other’s feelings and understanding of other’s background such as parentage, physical and mental state, economic situation, and association. This is an essential ingredient for good human relations and transactions. SELF-CONFIDENCE SELF-CONFIDENCE Certainty in one’s own capabilities, values, and goals, is self-confidence. These people are usually positive thinking, flexible and willing to change. They respect others so much as they respect themselves. Self-confidence is positive attitude, wherein the individual has some positive and realistic view of himself, with respect to the situations in which one gets involved. The people with self-confidence exhibit courage to get into action and unshakable faith in their abilities, whatever may be their positions. They are not influenced by threats or challenges and are prepared to face them and the natural or unexpected consequences. The self-confidence in a person develops a sense of partnership, respect, and accountability, and this helps the organization to obtain maximum ideas, efforts, and guidelines from its employees. The people with self-confidence have the following characteristics: 1. A self-assured standing, 2. Willing to listen to learn from others and adopt (flexibility), 3. Frank to speak the truth, and 4. respect others’ efforts and give due credit. SPIRITUALITY SPIRITUALITY Spirituality is a way of living that emphasizes the constant awareness and recognition of the spiritual dimension (mind and its development) of nature and people, with a dynamic balance between the material development and the spiritual development. This is said to be the great virtue of Indian philosophy and for Indians. Sometimes, spirituality includes the faith or belief in supernatural power/ God, regarding the worldly events. It functions as a fertilizer for the soil ‘character’ to blossom into values and morals. Spirituality includes creativity, communication, recognition of the individual as human being (as opposed to a life-less machine), respect to others, acceptance (stop finding faults with colleagues and accept them the way they are), vision (looking beyond the obvious and not believing anyone blindly), and partnership (not being too authoritative, and always sharing responsibility with others, for better returns). SPIRITUALITY Spirituality is motivation as it encourages the colleagues to perform better. Remember, lack of motivation leads to isolation. Spirituality is also energy: Be energetic and flexible to adapt to challenging and changing situations. Spirituality is flexibility as well. One should not be too dominating. Make space for everyone and learn to recognize and accept people the way they are. Variety is the order of the day. But one can influence their mind to think and act together. Spirituality is also fun. Working is okay, but you also need to have fun in office to keep yourself charged up. Tolerance and empathy are the reflections of spirituality. Blue and saffron colors are said to be associated with spirituality. Creativity in spirituality means conscious efforts to see things differently, to break out of habits and outdated beliefs to find new ways of thinking, doing and being. Suppression of creativity leads to violence. People are naturally creative. When they are forced to crush their creativity, its energy turns to destructive release and actions. Creativity includes the use of color, humor and freedom to enhance productivity. Creativity is fun. When people enjoy what they do, it is involvement. They work much harder. THANK YOU!!! Picture/s in this presentation is/are from the internet.