CE Orientation Reviewer PDF

CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER HISTORY OF ENGINEERING ENGINEERING The example represents homogeneous ▪ It is a profession in which involves of the progressions and involv...

CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER HISTORY OF ENGINEERING ENGINEERING The example represents homogeneous ▪ It is a profession in which involves of the progressions and involve some specific skillful use of processing material into a measurable variable X(t) at successive greater value which is used for common time coordinates; in complete generality households to inspiring megastructures. we may write for such changes in time ▪ Uses the language of mathematics & 2. Heterogeneous Progression – This science to create structures. progression describes progression through substantial technological ▪ The word ‘engineer’ was 1st coined to breakthrough. This is a progression in early roman times with the latin which the object takes a different yet expression “Ingenium” more useful state. The inventions improve to various ways at succeeding “a person possessing innovative minds and skillful hands in the making of such time. The practice of engineering devices.” involves many informing progressions which are not fully describable by one ▪ “Ingenietore” is a term called for homogeneous variable, consider the engineers. following examples: ▪ A technical process involving naturally available materials by thought and skill, shaped and combined to create an ingenium of subsequent materials. ▪ This dynamic could be modeled as an input-output process. Ex: COPPER Engineering Process BRONZE 3. Primal Progression - is a progression that response to the latest circumstance Natural Human Action Stone through convenient changing or a Stone of Stone Tool Chipping progression through turning one material into another valuable material. An Example for Contemporary Engineers: example of this progression is the house, using the cave as a shelter and improve Natural Engineering thoughts & Computer it and making a clay house, as time goes Materials Actions of design & Chip by they use wood, and now most the Manufacture house is built with concrete. ENGINEERING PROGRESSIONS Cave Clay Wood Concrete House House House 1. Homogeneous Progression - is a progression that describes or observes 4. Connectivity Progression - refers to the the magnitude of a particular object evolution of systems or processes by which contains of time-dependent incorporating advanced concepts such variable or the variable that cannot as feedback, feed-forward, recursion, proceed to go alone without the and branching into the primal presence of time. progression. This expanded formulation  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER is represented as a directed graph, produce and transport fire at will is widely where the connections and interactions viewed as an epochal achievement of Stone between different stages or components Age humans. This use of a natural illustrate the dynamic and complex phenomenon has proven to be of profound nature of the progression. For purposes significance in the development of human of terminological consistency, this adaptation and cultural evolution comprehensive framework is labeled as "engineering connectivity progression." Benefits of the Discovery of Fire: 1. Protection – Fire helped keep animals away because most animals are scared of fire. This meant that burning sticks and campfires could protect early humans from predators. The evolution from the wheel to vehicles 2. Nutrition - Cooking food made it easier to demonstrates a connectivity progression eat and digest. Heat also killed harmful in transportation technology. Initially, the parasites and bacteria, making food wheel revolutionized load movement, safer and more nutritious. followed by the spoked wheel, which 3. Range - Fire could be transported, improved efficiency in chariots. This allowing early humans to travel and advancement continued with the settle in colder places like Asia and development of multi-wheeled wagons Europe, where they couldn't survive for heavier loads, leading to further without it. refinements in carts and carriages with 4. Community - Campfires created a space enhanced designs. Today, modern where people could gather, share stories, vehicles integrate advanced wheels with and relive hunting experiences. This cutting-edge materials and systems, social interaction around the fire may showcasing a progression from simple have helped in developing human mechanical components to complex, communication and expression and the high-performance technologies. establishment of tales and legends. Customs & Art ENGINEERING THOURGH THE AGES ▪ involve the development of social norms and NEOLITHIC ERA (7000 – 1700 BCE) artistic expressions. During this time, ▪ An era in which the development of further humans created paintings to document and engineering concepts. celebrate their victories, games, and events, reflecting their social practices and cultural Discovery of Stone Tools values. ▪ refers to a key milestone in human history Burial where early hominids developed and used ▪ involved placing human skeletons in graves stone tools for hunting and warfare, that were sometimes aligned with the significantly changing society and advancing sunrise or sunset. This practice suggests human capabilities. that people had specific beliefs related to Discovery of Fire natural phenomena. ▪ is used to describe a critical juncture in Hunting human history when "fire becomes a ▪ involved the use of stone pits, which often servant," allowing prehistoric people to contained bear skulls. This suggests that harness its power for protection, warmth, people practiced collecting trophies from and cooking and the creation of societies successful hunts to mark their and tribes. The discovery of a means to achievements.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER Stampeding inflicted upon the builder”, this reflects the ▪ Identification of piles of ibex bones at the early efforts to enforce accountability and base of cliffs and bottoms of wide crevices standards in construction. indicates the prehistoric practice of stampeding animals for food supplies. Invention of the Wheel ▪ The invention of the wheel, carved from rock Creation of Shelters to roll, made trading easier and led to the ▪ Due to the creation of fire and society, creation of markets and chariots. humans learned to create shelters in the form of huts. These huts were mostly made Animal Husbandry of clay. ▪ Humans tamed animals such as cattle, horses, and chickens, leading to animal Nomadic & Transportation husbandry development. This allowed them ▪ As the area gets cramped for hunting and to raise livestock, which were then used not with the tools available for humankind, only for labor and transportation but also for humans would cross land bridges that would producing essential food products like later make humans settle to most parts of cheese and other dairy items, advancing the world. their agricultural and nutritional practices. ANCIENT ERA (5000 BCE) Road Construction ▪ Around 5000 BCE, the world was becoming ▪ The invention of the wheel spurred quite crowded, and resources were widespread trade, leading ancient becoming scarce people began to settle civilizations like the Nubians to construct dirt down and form small towns instead of roads and trading routes to enhance constantly moving around. This marked the commerce. beginning of the Ancient Era. Organized Warfare Progression of the Neolithic Era to the Ancient Era: ▪ Organized warfare emerged as ancient humans began to pillage and wage wars Foraging Hunting Herding Settling Soil over scarce resources and materials. These Tilling conflicts often sparked international wars that lasted for years, driven by the Agriculture & Irrigation difficulties of trade and the need for vital ▪ Humanity settled down to start agriculture, resources among civilizations. and they discovered how to reroute water towards towns, leading to the development Cement of irrigation systems. ▪ Humankind used ancient mortar as a form of cement, made from crushed limestone, to Calendar build structures like houses and mansions ▪ The Ancient Egyptians created a calendar and bind stones together. based on the moon to keep track of time, helping them know when work would end. Writing ▪ Writing emerged as a way to encode and Engineering Laws preserve oral traditions and edicts, marking ▪ In the Ancient Era, particularly in Babylon a shift from verbal communication to during Hammurabi’s reign, one of the recorded information. This development laid earliest engineering laws was established. It the foundation for diplomacy, as written stated that “if building collapse caused records became essential for formal bodily harm to the owner, then a agreements and communication between proportional punishment — lashings, different civilizations. amputation, or enslavement — was to be  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER Wonders during the Ancient Era: 4. Stonehenge 1. Stables of Pi-Ramasses ▪ Around 1500 BCE, Stonehenge was ▪ The stables of Pi-Ramesses were a constructed anonymously as a sacred site in significant construction, designed to house England. The monumental structure is up to 450 horses. These stables played a known for its massive stones, each weighing crucial role in supporting the Egyptian war about 50 tons. Stonehenge's exact purpose effort by providing a large and organized remains a mystery, but it is believed to have facility for the cavalry and horses used in served religious or ceremonial functions. military campaigns. 2. Pyramind of Giza 5. Etemenaki (Tower of Babel) ▪ The Pyramids of Giza, built around 2480 B.C. ▪ The Etemenaki, also known as the Tower of by Menkaure, the son of Khatre, feature an Babel, was an impressive engineering elaborate complex with two temples. These achievement constructed by King pyramids were not only monumental tombs Nebuchadnezzar II to symbolize his power but also served as a reference or and authority. This monumental ziggurat, "construction stick" for architectural built using mortar, was a towering structure precision and alignment in later projects. in Babylon, reflecting the grandeur and ambition of his reign. 3. Hanging Gardens of Babylon ▪ The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built by King Nebuchadnezzar II as a gift for his CLASSICAL ERA (8th Century BC to 5th Century wife to alleviate her depression. The gardens AD) featured an advanced irrigation system that ▪ Marked a pivotal time when science began pumped water from the Tigris-Euphrates to take root in human civilization, laying the River, a technology impressive for its time, foundation for advancements in medicine, even before the invention of mechanical engineering, arts, and craftsmanship. This pumping systems. period saw the systematic exploration of natural phenomena, leading to the development of new technologies, medical practices, artistic expressions, and refined craftsmanship, all of which profoundly shaped the course of human history. Actions: Copper Smelting Bronze Materials (Classical Era)  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER Smelting Standing Army ▪ Humanity discovered that certain rocks ▪ The concept of a standing army became could melt at higher temperatures, leading more established, influenced by the to the practice of smelting. Copper, being principles laid out by Sun Tzu and the one of the easiest materials to melt, became experiences of nations in constant conflict. the first metal widely used in tool and This period saw the formalization of military weapon-making. This advancement in science, where strategies, tactics, and metallurgy allowed civilizations to produce organization were systematically studied stronger and more durable implements. and applied, leading to the creation of professional, permanent armies that were Gears always ready to be mobilized. ▪ Gears, an ancient innovation derived from the concept of wheels, functioned as Creation of Paved Roads mechanical levers to transfer motion and ▪ the creation of paved roads became output force between parts of a machine. essential, epitomized by the saying "all This advancement allowed for precise roads lead to Rome." This development control of movement and power, marking a greatly improved transportation, as the significant step in the development of Roman Empire constructed an extensive complex machinery and the birth of network of durable, paved roads that mechanical engineering. facilitated efficient movement of troops, goods, and people across vast distances, Philosophy enhancing trade and communication ▪ Philosophy flourished, particularly in Ancient throughout the empire. Greece and other advanced civilizations, where people engaged in creative thinking and devising things to understand the world through reason and inquiry. This marked the beginning of systematically coding scientific knowledge, as philosophers and scholars began to develop theories about nature, existence, and the universe, laying the groundwork for modern science and intellectual thought. Astrology ▪ Astrology, which originated around the Neolithic era, truly flourished during the Summum Dorsum Classical Era by Greek philosophers who Nucleus Rudus were fascinated by the cosmos, developed Statumen ideas about how celestial bodies influenced Foundation Soil life on Earth, believing that the world Shipbuilding revolved around human existence. ▪ Shipbuilding advanced significantly from rafts of the Ancient Era. This period marked Hydrology the true age of basic ships, designed for ▪ Humans learned to harness the power of more effective and reliable sailing. These water, using it in various engineering newly developed ships were used projects. This understanding of hydrology led extensively for trading and transportation, to the construction of watermills, dams, and facilitating commerce across the seas and other infrastructure, which played a crucial contributing to the growth of maritime role in agriculture, industry, and urban economies and exploration. development.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER Imperialism 3. Colosseum ▪ Imperialism in Rome introduced the first systematic approach to managing a vast empire, utilizing foreign resources and outputs to maintain control and administration. This era marked the development of early political science, as Roman rulers and scholars began to study ▪ The 1st major entertainment complex and implement strategies for governance, constructed in Rome. This iconic contributing to the evolution of modern amphitheater was designed to host a variety government structures and practices. of events, including games, theatrical Wonders in the Classical Era: performances, and public announcements. 1. Colossus of Rhodes Its advanced architecture and vast capacity made it a central venue for entertainment and social gatherings in the Roman Empire 4. Mausoleum of Halicarnassus ▪ It was the 1st man-made colossal structure, standing approximately 33 meters tall. This monumental statue, erected in the city of ▪ A grand tomb built in the city of Rhodes, was an engineering marvel of its Halicarnassus to honor Mausolus, the ruler time and symbolized the city's strength and of Caria. This impressive structure, resilience. The Colossus was considered one renowned for its architectural beauty, was of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World due constructed from marble and served as both to its impressive size and the technical skill a burial place and a monumental tribute. Its involved in its construction. grandeur and intricate design made it one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World, 2. Lighthouse of Alexandria showcasing the advanced engineering of its time. 5. The Great Library of Alexandria ▪ the 1st and largest lighthouse ever built, standing at an impressive height of 110 meters. Located on the island of Pharos near ▪ The largest library and a major center of Alexandria, Egypt, this engineering marvel knowledge and learning, housing extensive guided sailors safely into the harbor with its texts and manuscripts and serving as an towering presence and advanced signaling academic institution. It was destroyed system, making it one of the 7 Wonders of during the Muslim Arab conquests of Egypt, the Ancient World. Its design and resulting in the loss of its vast collection of construction demonstrated remarkable many invaluable works. architectural and engineering skills for its time.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER MEDIEVAL ERA (473 AD) Feudalism ▪ The Medieval Era began around 476 AD, ▪ After the fall of the Roman Empire, following the fall of the Western Roman feudalism became widespread. This system Empire. After this fall, the Roman Empire was characterized by nobles or royals split into 2 entities: the Byzantine Empire owning land and having serfs or peasants and the territories of the Holy Roman work the land in exchange for protection and Empire. The Byzantine Empire, which was food. centered in the eastern part of the former Roman Empire, eventually became known as modern-day Turkey, with its capital at Constantinople (now Istanbul). Meanwhile, the Holy Roman Empire, which developed in the western part of the former Roman Empire, is considered a precursor to Germany. The regions that were part of the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire today include various countries in Wool central Europe and Italy. ▪ With advancements in technology, wool became a key material for clothing, ▪ After the fall of Rome, the Medieval Era saw especially in colder climates. This an increase in warfare due to rising global development allowed for the harvesting of populations and various conflicts. This wool from sheep, providing a sustainable period was marked by political, geopolitical, alternative to hunting and killing animals for and religious wars. Key developments in their fur. warfare included the establishment of standing armies, the rise of imperialism, the Crop Rotation development of feudalism, and the ▪ Emerged as a solution to changing weather implementation of conscription and war patterns and increasing populations. This summons. method involves alternating crops in fields and using livestock to enhance soil fertility, thereby improving harvest yields, especially during colder periods. Chivalry ▪ A moral system and code of conduct for knights and nobles, often referred to as the code of honor. It emphasized ideals such as bravery, courtesy, and service. Clunker Boat Building ▪ A technique where the edges of hull planks Theology overlap, creating a sturdy, strengthened ▪ During this era, the belief in one true God structure. This method enhances the boat's became widely established across many durability, making it suitable for ocean countries, leading to the development of travel. new types of governments. Expeditions ▪ Ventures undertaken to discover new lands, allowing empires to explore, expand, exploit resources, and potentially exert control over or even exterminate local populations.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER Inquisition Forestry ▪ Established to curb the spread of foreign ▪ As innovations in crop rotation progressed, religions and heretical beliefs as Christianity people recognized the need for more wood spread to new regions. It sought to suppress to supply lumber mills and infrastructure. religious dissent and enforce religious This led to the development of forestry uniformity within the territories under its practices aimed at sustainably managing influence. and maintaining forests for ongoing Guilds consumer use. ▪ Early organizations formed by individuals Paper Making with similar trades or interests. They served ▪ Paper making revolutionized record-keeping as precursor to modern companies and, over and communication, significantly improving time, evolved into powerful economic the management of governments and groups that could wield significant influence, enhancing advancements in science and eventually contributing to the rise of technology. oligarchs. High Furnace Algebra ▪ This is the improved method of smelting in ▪ Used to simplify calculations and predict which uses a regular furnace but with quantities of goods. It provided a systematic additional improvements good for large approach to solving problems related to quantities also resulting for stronger trade and inventory management. material like Steel. Machinery Alchemy ▪ Involves interconnecting gears to transfer ▪ The earliest form of chemistry, began as force from one component to another, people sought to understand and quantify creating machines designed to enhance the properties of substances. It combined productivity and increase the output of elements of science and magic, with workers. practitioners famously attempting to turn Clocks base metals like iron into gold. ▪ With the advancement of complex Discovery of Gunpowder machinery, early engineers invented the ▪ Discovered in China by alchemists who were clock to provide a reliable way for everyone originally searching for an elixir of life. They to know the time, leading to the precise stumbled upon a mixture of saltpeter timekeeping we have today. (potassium nitrate) and other substances, Military Architecture which led to the creation of gunpowder. ▪ Military architecture evolved to improve Wonders in the Medieval World: castle designs in response to constant 1. Todai-Ji warfare. This led to advancements in fortifications and defensive features to withstand the impact of siege weapons and protect against attacks. Centralized Power ▪ Emerged as a response to the weaknesses and inefficiencies of feudalism. This new government system consolidated authority ▪ a Buddhist temple complex in Nara, Japan, and decision-making into a single, central renowned as one of the Seven Great authority for more effective management Temples of the Nara period. It was a and governance. significant center of religious and political power during its height.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER 2. Citadel of Alamut 5. University of al-Qarawiyyin ▪ Founded in 859 AD in Fez, Morocco, is recognized as the world's oldest ▪ Alamut Castle, located in Iran's Alborz continuously operating university. It served Mountains, was a medieval fortress known as a model for later universities, influencing as the headquarters of the Assassins, led by educational institutions across the world. Hasan-i Sabbah, Perched high on a spectacular cliffside, this remote fortress is 6. Angkor Wat a perfect sanctuary for elite assassins. 3. Forbidden City ▪ Dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu, is renowned for its architectural grandeur. Its ▪ located in Beijing, was a symbol of imperial central towers symbolize Mount Meru, the power and served as the palace for two sacred five-peaked mountain considered the dynasties and fourteen emperors. It is center of the universe. The temple complex famed for its vast scale, with legends is also noted for its advanced water suggesting it contains 9,999 rooms. Its management and irrigation systems, architectural design is so robust that it is reflecting the meticulous care taken in its reputed to be capable of withstanding a design and construction. magnitude 10 earthquake. 7. Petra 4. Notre Dame de Paris ▪ Also known as "Our Lady of Paris," is an ▪ known as the “Rose City” due to the color of impressive architectural achievement from its rock-cut architecture, is a major a time when scientific inquiry and religious archaeological site and Jordan's top tourist faith progressed together. This iconic attraction. Carved into red sandstone cliffs, cathedral is renowned for hosting numerous Petra was designated a UNESCO World legendary events and figures throughout its Heritage Site in 1985 for its historical and history. architectural significance.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER 8. Huey Teocalli Cartography ▪ Is the art and science of creating graphical representations of geographical areas, typically on maps or charts. It involves accurately depicting landscapes and features to aid navigation, exploration, and spatial understanding. Wheel Locks ▪ Revolutionized firearms by allowing them to ▪ Also known as the Great Temple, was the self-ignite without the need for manual central temple of the Mexica (Aztec) people in their capital city of Tenochtitlan, which is ignition, as was required with matchlock guns. This innovation marked a significant now Mexico City. This important religious site was dedicated to the gods advancement in firearm technology and laid the groundwork for the development of Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc and was a focal point of Aztec ceremonial and religious life. rifled guns. RENAISSANCE ERA Artillery ▪ Evolved with the introduction of wheel locks, ▪ The start of the Renaissance happened when humanity invested more on science which facilitated the use of larger, more and exploration into greater lengths, in powerful weapons. These advancements allowed artillery to fire more destructive which abolished inquisition. ▪ This is the where art also flourished and the projectiles using the wheel-lock ignition system, significantly increasing their impact movement of self – expression in this age where it all happened as the other term of and effectiveness on the battlefield. Renaissance is “rebirth”. Land Clearance ▪ Evolved with improved forestry regulations, leading to the conversion of forests into Fine Arts farmlands rather than their complete ▪ With the invention of paper facilitating destruction. This approach balanced greater self-expression, people increasingly agricultural development with forest devoted themselves to the arts, leading to a conservation. flourishing era of fine arts. This period saw Movable Typeface significant advancements in painting, ▪ This is a machine is the earliest form of a sculpture, and other artistic forms. printer in which made recording and copying Gunpowder Warfare texts easier thus knowledge is spread faster ▪ The introduction of gunpowder as well as the birth of modern journalism. revolutionized warfare. As empires Charted Companies expanded and conflicts intensified due to ▪ A business that is incorporated and granted geopolitical issues, the battlefield evolved rights by royal charter in which introduced from knights to soldiers armed with stocks and the birth of the stock market. firearms, such as arquebuses. Humanism Three-Masted Ships ▪ An approach to life based on reason and our ▪ Emerged as exploration expanded and the common humanity, recognizing that moral demand for larger, more durable vessels values are properly founded on human grew. Using clinker boat building techniques, nature and experience alone. these ships were built to withstand the rigors of ocean travel, significantly enhancing maritime exploration and trade.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER Anatomy Naval Artillery ▪ A branch of natural science that deals with ▪ As telescopes were made there were the structural organization of living things as applications of these as to warfare the moving typeface came around and especially naval warfare. humanism in place Flintlock Supply Lines ▪ A firearm innovation from the early 16th ▪ Became crucial as companies proliferated century that uses a flint-striking ignition and some evolved into trade outposts. They mechanism to fire self-igniting bullets. It developed and managed global trade represents a significant advancement in routes, effectively turning warfare into a firearm technology, allowing for more form of trade and logistics management. reliable and efficient ignition compared to earlier mechanisms. Gothic Design Architecture ▪ Arts have been incorporated to buildings Privateering with structural capacity helping the building ▪ Involved nations authorizing private ships to and this design was created by Filippo engage in piracy against enemy vessels, Brunelleschi, known for his work during the often to acquire valuable goods that were Renaissance, was renowned for his otherwise unavailable. These privateers innovations in domed construction, such as operated as semi-independent pirates, the dome of Florence's Cathedral. significantly impacting maritime trade and security. Clockworks ▪ Involve intricate gear systems powered by Bastions weights or springs, originally developed for ▪ With the advent of firearms, traditional clocks. These mechanisms were later medieval walls became ineffective. This led adapted for various applications, including to the development of bastions or star automata (early robots) and complex stage fortresses—innovative fortification designs machinery for operas. with angled bastions to better defend against artillery fire and enhance the overall Flight strength of fortifications. ▪ By the design of Leonardo da Vinci designs for flying objects and the invention of hot air Encyclopedia balloon. ▪ Emerged as a comprehensive reference work to consolidate and organize Telescopes widespread knowledge into a single volume, ▪ Galileo Galilei improved the design of the driven by the increased accessibility of telescope, which allowed him to make printing and growing public demand for groundbreaking astronomical discoveries. information. He used his enhanced telescope to observe the Moon and its phases, as well as to Mercantilism identify Jupiter's moons and other celestial ▪ Is a form of economic nationalism that aims bodies, significantly advancing our to enhance a nation's prosperity and power understanding of the solar system. by implementing restrictive trade practices, such as tariffs and quotas, to boost exports Astronomy and limit imports. ▪ This is the study of planets and other objects outside of earth which was made by Galileo as his work.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER Wonders in the Renaissance Era: 4. Machu Picchu 1. Taj Mahal ▪ A remarkably well-preserved 15th century Inca citadel with special sacred significance. ▪ It was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan Nestled high in the Andes Mountains above in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal with the Peruvian Sacred Valley, Machu Picchu is construction starting in 1632 AD and a rare citadel that dates all the way back to completed in 1648 AD, with the mosque, the the 15th century. guest house and the main gateway on the 5. Hotel Les Invalides south. 2. Santa Maria del Flore ▪ An extensive complex of 17th-century structures and courtyards in Paris designed ▪ The Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore was for the care and housing of disabled completed in 1434 and is the most veterans and as a place of worship. Parts of important landmark in Florence, as well as Les Invalides were later converted into being the largest church in the city as well as museums and into tombs for Napoleon I and the 4th largest in the world. others. 3. Palace of Versailles 6. Great Zimbabwe ▪ The principal residence of the French kings from the time of Louis XIV to Louis XVI. ▪ was the palace complex of the Queen of Embellished by several generations of Sheba. According to another set, it was architects, sculptors, decorators and where the laborers of King Solomon’s Mines landscape architects. – which were thought nearby by a generation of deluded treasure hunters.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER 7. Brussels Town Hall Colonialism ▪ This started in the renaissance but with empires becoming nations with increased nationalism there was a movement to subdue lesser nations to become vassals or colonies. Rail Roads ▪ With the advent of steam engines and increased labor, railroads emerged to ▪ Housed the civic institutions of self-governed connect distant cities, enabling large trains cities, were regarded as the birthplace of the to transport substantial cargo and many liberal movement; and the most impressive passengers. This innovation made the of these monuments could be found in “world seem smaller” by drastically Belgium and, particularly, in Brussels, as the improving travel and trade efficiency. Swiss architect Friedrich Bluntschli. Nature Conservation INDUSTRIAL ERA ▪ As technology advanced, a movement for ▪ Due to the innovations and combination of nature conservation emerged to protect combustion and clockworks humanity endangered species and restore habitats, discovered the steam engine in which is the addressing the threats posed by start of the Industrial Era when scientists technological development to the natural observed that steam can flow. world. ▪ In the industrial era with advent of the steam Scientific Method engine comes the rise of the machines and ▪ As philosophers into alchemists then into with farmers becoming laborers. inventors the due to innovations on how to invent and discover curiosities this method Steam Engines was develop for the populace to invent and ▪ Were developed as engineers harnessed the discover new things about the world. power of steam to drive machinery, significantly multiplying the output of a Line Formation single worker and revolutionizing industrial ▪ In warfare with the invention of muskets production. there was a need to combine arts in military warfare for ease of command and Nationhood execution. ▪ Emerged as people developed strong Naval Steam Engine patriotic feelings, deeply identifying with ▪ The naval steam engine was developed to their nation and its values, making reduce ships' reliance on wind and increase patriotism a central aspect of their identity their speed, revolutionizing maritime travel during this era. by providing consistent and powerful propulsion. Military Coordination ▪ As empires transitioned into nations, there Propellers was a push to formalize military science, ▪ These were made alongside with naval leading to the establishment of structured steam engine so that this will serve as the ranks and organized units to improve one moving the ship rather than military coordination and effectiveness. dependance to the wind.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER Chemistry Camera ▪ As scientific mind was further developed ▪ Joseph Nicéphore Niépce invented the first and the periodic table was worked since the photographic camera, an optical device medieval ages. Now this is the study of their designed to capture images. These pictures properties but without magic involved. could be stored internally, transmitted elsewhere, or both, marking a significant Portland Cement advancement in visual recording technology. ▪ created by Joseph Aspdin by mixing certain chemicals to achieve the structural capacity Telephone of Portland stone which was used in ▪ The telephone, first demonstrated by structures since the medieval era. Alexander Graham Bell with his famous "come here" call, revolutionized Guerilla Warfare communication. By leveraging ▪ Is a tactic used by smaller, more agile forces advancements in electricity, it enabled the that cannot match the large-scale transmission of sound waves over long formations of conventional armies. It distances via electrical signals. involves small-scale, hit-and-run tactics designed to gradually weaken a larger, more Steam Turbine powerful enemy through ambushes and ▪ As industrialization and knowledge comes irregular engagements. hand in hand this was made to enhance electricity production creating coal and soon Electricity oil power plants as well us on ships. ▪ Electricity, often referred to as "lightning in a bottle," represents a transformative Microscope technological breakthrough comparable to ▪ An innovation built upon advancements in the discovery of fire. Its harnessing and telescope technology, emerged during application have ushered in profound industrialization. It allowed scientists to changes and innovations across various observe and study the smallest organisms fields. and details that were previously invisible to the naked eye. Industrialization ▪ Driven by the advent of electricity, marked Breechloader the shift from manual labor to automated ▪ A type of firearm or cannon that allows machines and processes, leading to ammunition to be loaded from the rear of increased efficiency and production in the barrel, rather than from the front. This various industries. design improves efficiency and speed in reloading, marking a significant Structural Steel advancement over earlier muzzle-loading ▪ The first application of industrialization the cannons. usage of steel in structures this the birth of trusses and long spanning bridges. Wireless Telegraphy ▪ With further innovation to telephone with a Iron Clad Shipbuilding combination of radio waves in the air. This ▪ Emerged with industrialization and the technology was made for communication availability of large quantities of steel. This into long distances via secret radio innovation led to the creation of steel-hulled frequencies. warships like the dreadnought and luxury Urban Planning liners such as the Titanic, revolutionizing ▪ With further edicts towards nature naval and passenger ship design. conservation this is the time in which the profession Civil Engineer was created in- order to construct big yet nature  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER conservative buildings. This is the time that Aeronautics urbanization took place. ▪ Advanced with the Wright Brothers’ innovation of using a propeller and a Rifling combustible engine, leading to the first ▪ Involves creating spiral grooves inside a gun successful heavier-than-air flight. This barrel, causing the bullet to spin as it travels. breakthrough marked the beginning of This spin enhances the bullet's stability, modern aviation. increasing its range and accuracy. Submarine Warfare Gatling Gun ▪ Germany pioneered submarine warfare by ▪ Using breech loading device and further developing submarines capable of diving to innovation of loading systems this created a evade detection and launch surprise system of continuous fire. attacks, as larger and more powerful ships Sanitation were too costly. ▪ With urban planning, there is a need to have Tank Warfare large cleaning districts and to maintain the ▪ Tank warfare was developed to cross “no health needs of the city. man’s land” and provide fire support due to Oil Refining the challenges of trench warfare and ▪ With the discovery of oil and how to combust entrenched soldiers. The concept originated it further revolution took place as from the idea of mounting an artillery combustible engines are born. platform on a vehicle. Combustion Engine Bunker Construction ▪ A group of devices in which the reactants of ▪ Heavy fortified bunkers began appearing in combustion (oxidizer and fuel) and the trenches to house and shelter military products of combustion serve as the working personnel. These structures were designed fluids of the engine. to protect soldiers, including the injured, Plastics from artillery and aerial attacks. ▪ Developed from oil-based polymers, were Aerial Warfare introduced as an alternative to paper ▪ Initially, planes were used only for scouting, products. This shift aimed to reduce but as pilots began using pistols to shoot at deforestation for paper production, though it each other, aircraft roles evolved. This led to has introduced new environmental the development of specialized planes, challenges related to plastic waste. including fighters and bombers. Automobiles ▪ This is the innovation of combustion engines WONDERS OF THE INDUSTRIAL ERA now in a smaller scale for the use of public 1. Eiffel Tower land transport. Television ▪ Emerged from advancements in camera technology and film, using cathode rays to project moving pictures onto a screen. Early televisions were black-and-white, with color technology developing later. ▪ created by Gustave Eiffel as his remarkable Trench Warfare engineering feat and architecture in which ▪ With developed artillery systems and rifling became the tallest building in the world wars a fought with the use of trenches paving way for Steel Design. creating areas of “no man’s land”.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER 2. Statue of Liberty 5. Hermitage ▪ A colossal statue located on Liberty Island in ▪ Was established by Catherine the Great to New York Harbor, designed by French house her collection of artworks, which she sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built referred to as “her treasure.” Today, it is one by Gustave Eiffel. It was a gift from France to of the largest museums in the world, with the United States. The statue represents over three million items, including the Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, largest collection of paintings globally. and symbolizes freedom and democracy. It is an iconic landmark and a welcoming sight CONTEMPORARY ERA for immigrants arriving by sea. ▪ After the great war the contemporary era happened this has a time of peace but had 3. Big Ben WW2 in place yet this is our era the era of fast technologies. Power Lines ▪ After World War I, innovations in AC circuits by Nikola Tesla led to the development of power lines, which enabled the transmission of electricity across vast distances. Research Institutes ▪ located in London, is a giant clock tower that ▪ Organizations funded by the government or represents the peak of British engineering. It private entities to drive innovation and was crucial for providing a consistent and advance technology. They play a key role in official time for the entire British Empire, developing new technologies and solutions. ensuring that all clocks across the empire were synchronized. Anti-Tank Gun 4. Panama Canal ▪ Designed to counter tanks, and its development eventually led to the integration of similar weapons onto tanks themselves, advancing tank warfare further. Intermodal Container ▪ During a period of industrial and trading expansion, the use of intermodal ▪ Is a major waterway that connects the containers—steel containers designed for Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the efficient cargo transport—became narrow Isthmus of Panama. Its construction widespread, revolutionizing shipping by was a massive engineering endeavor, allowing large quantities of goods to be designed to allow ships to bypass the long moved more easily. and treacherous route around the southern tip of South America.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER Analog Computer Commercial Flight ▪ These were the computers developed yet ▪ Commercial flights emerged from flourished in the Contemporary era as these innovations by entrepreneurs who adapted computers do not require electricity to and improved bombers for civilian use, function these are usually gears with pre- allowing them to carry passengers and formulated answers. cargo. Anti-Aircraft Rockets ▪ With the rise of aviation, anti-aircraft guns ▪ Rockets were developed with fuel at one end were developed to counter aerial threats. and a payload at the other. They evolved These weapons often use incendiary from automobile technology into powerful ammunition to effectively target and destroy weapons, often used against vehicles and enemy aircraft. tanks. Assault Rifle Ballistic Rockets ▪ Assault rifles evolved from early gatling guns ▪ Further innovations especially on the fuel and machine guns. By shortening the design results to rockets with the capacity of flying and adding rifling, they became versatile into long distances this is when the concept firearms suited for rapid, tactical of a missile was created. movements. Suburbs Sonar ▪ These are mixed-use areas in urban settings ▪ Sonar combines a cathode ray with a where rural and urban elements blend. They sensitive sound transmitter to detect include neighborhoods and are designed by underwater irregularities. It uses high- civil engineers to integrate various functions frequency sound waves to identify objects and improve living conditions. and terrain beneath the water's surface. Globalization Radar ▪ Refers to the increasing interconnectedness ▪ Radar is a system that employs radio waves of the world, facilitated by commercial to measure the distance (ranging), direction flights and the principles of free trade. (azimuth and elevation angles), and speed According to free-trade theory, countries can of objects. trade freely with one another as long as they pay taxes and tariffs. Treatment Facilities ▪ As urban populations grew, civil engineers Drugs developed treatment facilities to improve ▪ Chemical substances, excluding nutrients or living conditions and manage the increased essential dietary ingredients, that produce demand for sanitation and infrastructure. biological effects when administered to living organisms. The discovery of penicillin Naval-Air Combat marked the beginning of the ▪ With the growing impact of military aircraft, pharmaceutical industry. there was a need to incorporate air combat capabilities into naval operations. This Fax Machine included deploying aircraft on ships and ▪ An advancement from wireless telegraphy, developing strategies to counter aerial can scan and print documents. It transmits threats at sea. and receives photo messages, allowing for the rapid sharing and printing of materials.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER Electronics Operating Systems ▪ These systems are made due to further ▪ By mastering basic programming, Bill Gates innovations into the circuitry making as well developed the first user-friendly operating as computer systems. These are used to system, which became the foundation for upgrade existing equipment. modern programming and spurred further technological and economic innovations. Stock Markets ▪ In the medieval era, stocks were controlled Computer Modem by royalty. Today, under capitalism, anyone ▪ With innovations with wireless topography with the financial means can invest in and digital computers, these hardware are stocks, making the stock market accessible capable of converting radio signals to digital to a broader public. information and vice-versa. Uranium Enrichment Cellular Network ▪ Uranium enrichment involves processing ▪ Cellular networks advanced technology by uranium to make it suitable for use in using radio waves to create cellphones. This nuclear power plants, providing significant innovation combined technologies from fax benefits by generating substantial amounts machines and radio frequencies, enabling of energy. mobile communication. Nuclear Fission Compact Nuclear Reactors ▪ Based on Einstein's famous equation, "E = ▪ The development of compact nuclear mc²," which describes how mass can be reactors aimed to install reactors in ships, converted into pure energy. This principle allowing them to operate for up to 30 years underpins nuclear fission, the process used without refueling. This innovation also led to in nuclear power and weaponry. the creation of smaller nuclear power plants. Helicopters Composite Armor ▪ Developed during World War II as aircraft ▪ After World War II, the need for improved capable of hovering. They were used for protection led to the development of launching rockets and for rescue missions, composite armor. This layered armor is offering versatility in both combat and designed to stop projectiles before they humanitarian roles. reach the cockpit, enhancing vehicle safety. Gas Turbine Thermal Vision ▪ These are called jet engines, the engines ▪ To counteract the limitations of camouflage used by aircraft to propel into supersonic and visibility issues, thermal vision speeds as well as used for commercial flight technology was developed. This technology for more heavier cargo or speed by detects infrared light, allowing users to see compressing air. objects clearly in different light spectra and from new perspectives. Multimedia Entertainment ▪ Evolved with advancements in television and ICBMs digital programming, allowing people to ▪ or Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, are create and enjoy shows, videos, and video capable of traveling vast distances around games, along with their consoles. the world. They allow a country to strike targets globally without physically sending troops or other assets to the location.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER Space Rockets LED Bulbs ▪ Space rockets are designed to escape ▪ Light Emitting Diodes, are semiconductor Earth's atmosphere and travel into space, devices that emit light when an electric marking the beginning of the space race. current passes through them. The discovery of blue LEDs significantly enhanced screen Internet technology and lighting applications. ▪ The Internet began with innovations by DARPA, initially connecting three Super Computers universities. It quickly expanded, allowing ▪ By further applications of superconductors widespread online connectivity through created the birth of super computers which telephone lines with "dial-up internet." are used to solve complex engineering Drones problems as well as maintenance of servers. ▪ Further innovations to chipsets and programming created drones these are Smart Phones unmanned vehicles capable of flight and ▪ These are phones that use touch screen remote work. technology which is a further innovation of Fluorescent Bulb sensors as well as innovation of Operating ▪ A low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge systems the first of its kind is iPhone. lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light created for economic purposes Precision Guidance as well as the creation of LCD screens. ▪ With the discovery of super conductors and rise of advanced chipsets, some of these are Satellites put into munitions such as shells to steer the ▪ Satellites orbit the Earth, providing GPS, shells to reduce friendly fire. guidance systems, internet connectivity, and intercontinental television broadcasts. Dart Ammunition Broadband Connection ▪ These are tank ammunition which are more ▪ As internet usage grew, the demand for stable and could penetrate more, these faster connections led to the development of ammunitions can create a mini vacuum that broadband. Fiber optic cables were could knockout the crew and not destroy the introduced to provide high-speed internet, tank. and intercontinental cables were laid to connect people globally. Cryptocurrency ▪ These are the currency created by solving Social Media certain mathematical equations and this is ▪ Were created to enable people to termed first as bitcoin made by innovation communicate freely across the globe via the and concept of stocks. internet. Today, they serve as social hubs for gathering, sharing information, and Artificial Intelligence spreading rumors and gossip. ▪ This are innovations in complex Super Conductors programming by the use of machine ▪ A type of material that, when cooled to a learning and also applications of lobotomy critical temperature, can conduct electricity “study of the brain”. with no resistance or energy loss. It achieves a state of “perfect conductivity,” creating Quantum Computing advanced chipsets. ▪ the current peak of computer engineering this brings back the old analog computing but with capacities 1000 times than a super computer.  CE ORIENTATION REVIEWER WONDERS IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA 4. Biosphere 1. Jumeirah Burj Al Arab ▪ The Biosphere, designed by architect Buckminster Fuller, is a prominent ▪ a 7-star hotel built on an artificial island, landmark in the city. It serves as a museum stands 280 meters tall. It features dedicated to showcasing the Earth's innovative technologies designed to protect environment and its delicate balance. it from sea waves. 5. Empire State Building 2. Burj Khalifa ▪ The tallest building in the world at 828 ▪ the first building in the world to have more meters, achieved its height through than 100 floors, and its steel frame was extensive study of wind patterns and considered a modern marvel. The building's advanced construction techniques. Art Deco design has inspired visitors from around the world. 3. Sydney Opera House ▪ A great architectural work of the 20th century that brings together multiple strands of creativity and innovation in both architectural form and structural design. “Its significance is based on its unparalleled design and construction.