History Of Civil Engineering PDF

HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 Post and Lintel ○ a system of vertical columns crossed by...

HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 Post and Lintel ○ a system of vertical columns crossed by A. CIVIL ENGINEERING horizontal beams. Is the oldest engineering discipline. Arch and Vault Is a branch of engineering that deals with Truss providing people with a livable built ○ a type of triangulated stiff framework environment consistent with the standards and made from straight struts and ties. expectations of modern living through the applications of mathematics, science, and Mesopotamia human experience. ○ had lots of clay but no stone or wood Contributions of Civil Engineers: Buildings, and, thus, preferred the corbel or arch Bridges, Highways, Railways, Airports, Dams and vault. and Levees Egypt ○ had stone and clay Greece and China B. THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS ○ had stone, clay, and wood; these Some early writing on stone and brick in civilizations favored post-and-lintel Mesopotamia and Egypt has survived, but other construction. written accounts of ancient engineering in those Europe areas have perished. The same can be said ○ had abundant sources of wood and about the documentation of the ancient consequently developed the truss. engineering feats of the Persians, Indians, and Chinese. Because of the limited number of D. ENGINEERING IN MEDIEVAL TIMES written accounts, relatively more is Known about ancient Greek and Roman engineering. Around Medieval 100 B.C., ○ literally means “between ages” Several Greek writers created lists of the seven ○ It is used to describe the time in Western most magnificent engineering feats of which Europe between the end of the Roman they were aware. The typical list included: era and the beginning of the ○ Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt Renaissance in the 15th Century. ○ Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Mesopotamia Much has been said of the fall of the Roman ○ Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece Empire, usually dated 476. Due to the lack of a strong ○ Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Modern central government, Roman roads, aqueducts, and Turkey harbors fell into ruins over a vast area. ○ Tomb of King Mausolos of Karia at Meanwhile, in the 7th Century a religious Halikarnassos, Greece revolution led by Muhammad ibn-Adballah took place ○ Colossus of Rhodes, Mediterranean in Arabia. ○ Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt the Middle East became the intellectual center of Sumerians the Mediterranean-facing world. ○ a people of unknown origins. In terms of building, the Arabs continued using ○ built the city walls and temples and dug the system of fortifications, walls with the canals that comprised the world’s battlements and towers, developed by the first engineering works. Romans and Byzantines. The Mosque ○ was a distinctly Muslim style of building C. ANCIENT STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND that used domes and arches. SUCCESS FACTORS Minaret In the ancient world, building styles depended on ○ a tall, slender tower from which the locally available materials: clay, stone, and wood. public are called to prayer. Buildings of antiquity utilized one or a combination of four devices to support roofs or upper stories. In Europe during what was once called the Dark Corbel Ages, between the 6th and 10th centuries, engineering ○ an “arch” that requires no falseword or and architecture stopped being recognized as shoring. professions. ○ Stones are layered in courses from two sides, overhanging each previous course The most significant engineering achievement of until two sides meet in the middle. the time, however, was the development of the Gothic Cathedral. 1 HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 Gothic ○ meant barbarous to the Italians, but the This was the Age of Enlightenment (18th style spread over most of Europe, Century) and many unforeseen changes were taking ○ Gothic Cathedrals were characterized by place. In an Enlightened Europe there was a strong soaring vaulted interiors and large appetite for attack on the church. stained-glass windows. Vaults ○ were developed that enabled clear F. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION spaces of over 100 feet high. At the close of the 18th century, the first stirrings The other noteworthy building type of this period of the Industrial Revolution were beginning to be felt. In was the Fortified Castle. Feudal warfare encouraged England, earlier than in the rest of Western Europe, the castle building. transition from an agrarian, handcraft-based economy to a machine-dominated economy was underway. The trend One of the best preserved European style had earlier roots, but mechanized labor, inanimate castles, power— particularly steam-and inexpensive raw Krak des Chevaliers materials accelerated dramatic changes. Workers were ○ was built in modern-day Syria for the moving away from home-based (cottage) industry and Knights Hospitallers of St. John in the shops to mills and factories. In England the countryside 12th Century A.D. was under assault as scores of towns emerged around Beauvais Cathedral country plants making anything from cast iron to cotton ○ with a ceiling of 154 feet cloth. In the country, industry could flourish away from ○ the tallest of all Gothic Cathedral the influence of guilds and government regulations. E. ENGINEERING John Smeaton ○ an Englishman IN THE RENAISSANCE AND THE AGE OF ○ Is credited with being the first person to ENLIGHTENMENT call himself a Civil Engineer. Renaissance ○ He identified a new distinct profession ○ which means rebirth that encompassed all nonmilitary ○ The name refers to the revival of learning engineering. that took place in that period. ○ He founded the Society of Civil Florentine Filippo Brunelleschi Engineers. (now unknown as The ○ He is one of the earliest engineers in Smeatonian Society the Renaissance period. Thomas Farnolls Pritchard ○ He mastered perspective drawing and ○ is an outstanding monument to both civil competed for and engineering and the Industrial ○ won the commission to build the famous Revolution. dome of Florence’s cathedral, Santa ○ He designed the Iron Bridge Maria del Fiore. ○ In 1779, Iron Bridge, the world's first cast ○ The city of Florence gave Brunelleschi iron bridge, opened for traffic over the the first known patent. River Severn in Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England. The bridge was Later in the 15th Century, the Printing Press cast in the local foundries by a man helped to disseminate engineering knowledge. named Abraham Darby Ill. His grandfather, Leon Battista Alberti Abraham Darby, ○ An Italian ○ was the first to use less expensive iron, engineer/architect/painter/phil rather than brass, to cast strong thin pots osopher/musician/poet. for the poor. ○ wrote a book in Latin on rules of thumb for the proportions and England’s most innovative uses of iron were structures, such as bridges. railroads stations and bridges. Civil Engineers embraced ○ The book was published in 1452. these new materials and created magnificent, ○ Later it was translated into awe-inspiring new structural forms, Italian, French, Spanish and English. Roberto Valturio ○ published a book that surveyed the state of military engineering. 2 HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 Scott Thomas Telford Just as the Greeks compiled a list of The ○ The first president of the Institution of Wonders of the Ancient World, the American Society of Civil Engineer (ICE) in the United Civil Engineers has compiled a list of wonders of the Kingdom, lived near Iron Bridge; he must modern world. Other innovative projects continue to have been fascinated by what he saw. excite the imagination. ○ He used cast iron in many innovative bridge designs. The Millau Viaduct ○ Including a chain suspension bridge over ○ a large cable-stayed road-bridge the Menai Straight in Wales. spanning the valley of the River Tarn in Marc Brunnel and Isambard Kingdom southern France, was completed in Brunnel 2004. Designed by structural engineer ○ also pushed the limits of civil engineering Michel Virlogeux and British architect design and construction with projects Norman Foster, such as the first tunnel under the River. ○ It is the tallest vehicular bridge in the ○ Brunnel’s design for world. Paddington Station in London (1849-1854) Taipei 101 resulted in a flexible ○ completed in 2005 in Taipei, Taiwan, was covered space without the world's tallest building until being columns. surpassed by Burj Khalifa. ○ Designed by C.Y. Lee & Partners and The following years are important in the constructed by Samsung Engineering & development of Civil Engineering and Architecture as Construction. professions: ○ The Mass Dumper acts like a giant Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) - launched pendulum to counteract the building's 1818 movement, reducing sway by 30 to 40 Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) - percent. launched 1834 Burj Khalifa American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) - ○ formerly called Burj Dubai launched 1952 ○ has held the record for the world’s tallest American Institute of Architects (AIA) - building at 2,717 feet since 2010. launched 1857 Croton Aqueduct ○ was a 41-mile water distribution system constructed for New York City between 1837-1842. ○ It brought water from the Croton River into reservoirs in Manhattan. John Roebling ○ A German immigrant to the United States. ○ Designed the first suspension bridge using steel cables—The Brooklyn Bridge. The Brooklyn Bridge ○ stretches 5,989 feet over the East River and connects New York City. ○ It was the longest suspension bridge in the world. G. MODERN ENGINEERING Civil engineering has continued to evolve. The 20th century saw increasing specialization and advancements in theoretical understanding, materials and methods, and technologies. 3 CIVIL ENGINEERING, SOCIETY, AND OTHER PROFESSIONS CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 Foundation ○ Mathematics, natural sciences, and A. INTRODUCTION humanities Civil engineering’s progress throughout time Technical introduces new contributions to people’s ○ Materials science, mechanics, and design. Problem-solving and daily lives. The U.S National Academy of sustainability. Engineering - a non government, non profit Professional organization, after an elaborate nomination ○ Communication, leadership, and ethics. and review process published the twenty ○ Global responsibility and lifelong greatest engineering achievements of the learning. 20th century in 200. These are; 1. Electrification The National Council of Examiners for 2. Automobile Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) in the United States 3. Airplane administers the civil engineering professional engineer 4. Water Supply and Distribution (Civil PE) exam. After passing the EIT (Engineer in Training) exam, the prospective engineer is tested with a: 5. Electronics 6. Radio and Television 1. BREADTH EXAM (MORNING) 7. Agricultural Mechanization - This exam contains questions from all six civil 8. Computers engineering areas: Construction, Geotechnical, 9. Telephone Structural, Transportation, Water Resources, 10. Air Conditioning and Refrigerator Environmental. 11. Highways 2. DEPTH EXAM (AFTERNOON) 12. Spacecraft - These exams focus more closely on a single 13. Internet area of practice in civil engineering. Examinees 14. Imaging must choose one of the following areas: Construction, Geotechnical, Structural, 15. Household Appliances Transportation, Water Resources, and 16. Health Technologies Environmental. 17. Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies In the Philippines, the civil engineering licensure 18. Laser and Fiber Optics exam, administered by the PRC, is held twice a year, 19. Nuclear Technologies typically in May and November. It covers three of the 20. High-performance Materials main undergraduate disciplines over the course of two days. Among the twenty, clearly Number 4 and Number 11 are the contributions of civil engineering. Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) ○ Administers a comprehensive exam Even Number 1, Electrification, the generation and covering key civil engineering areas, transportation of electrical power, cannot be ensuring only qualified individuals are achieved without the civil engineering contribution to licensed to practice. the designing and constructing power transmission ○ Administers, implements, and enforces towers and lines. Same is true for Number 2 and the regulatory laws and policies of the Number 3. country with respect to the regulation and licensing of the various professions and occupations. B. CIVIL ENGINEERING EDUCATION Over the course of two days, it covers three of Today's civil engineering integrates the major undergraduate disciplines. advances in physics, mathematics, and social and DAY 1 political contexts. Civil engineers typically earn a ○ Candidates take a 5-hour exam covering Bachelor of Science (B.S.) or a Bachelor of Mathematics Engineering in civil engineering, usually over four or Surveying five years. Programs initially cover various Transportation Engineering subdisciplines, allowing students to specialize later. ○ Afterward, they take a 4-hour exam Ideally, the degree should include courses in three covering major areas. Hydraulics Geotechnical Engineering. 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING, SOCIETY, AND OTHER PROFESSIONS CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 DAY 2 Coastal ○ On the second day, there will be a 5-hour ○ Helps manage coastal areas exam covering ○ Defends against flooding and erosion Structural Engineering ○ Designs ports Construction Exam ○ Also works to reclaim land To pass the examination, examiners should get Construction an average of 70% rating and above. Another condition ○ Plans and executes the designs from is that for each subject, examiners should not get a transportation, site development, score lower than 50% even if their average rating is hydraulic, environmental, structural and higher than 70%. geotechnical engineers So if the first subject has 75 items, the examiners ○ Writes and/or reviews contracts should correctly answer 37.5 questions which will then be ○ Evaluates logistical operations. rounded up to 38 questions. Each subject also has a ○ Controls prices of necessary materials, corresponding percentage for the final rating of the operations, and equipment examiners. Mathematics, Surveying & Transportation Engineering and Structural Engineering & Construction Environmental each have a 35% for the final rating ○ Deals with the treatment of chemical, while Hydraulics & Geotechnical Engineering biological, and/or thermal waste, covers the remaining 30% of the final rating for a total purification of water and air, and the of 100%. Once the examiners passed these conditions, remediation of contaminated sites they will then be given the title of Registered Civil ○ Works with pollution reduction, green Engineer (RCE) after they took their oath and receive engineering, and industrial ecology. their Professional License ID released by the PRC. Geotechnical ○ Deals with the complex nature of rock C. CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREERS and soil, subsurface investigation and Civil engineers are in high demand at financial testing, foundations and earth structures institutions and management consultancies because of (dams, levees, engineered fills, etc.) their analytical skills. They can find many career opportunities in high technology for the same reason. Land Surveying ○ Establishes the boundaries of a parcel of Areas of civil engineering specialization have land using its legal description and changed over time due to society's needs and the subdivision plans. complexities of projects and technologies. Currently, the ○ Lays out the routes of railways, tramway ASCE incorporates the following Institutes: tracks, highways, roads, pipelines, and streets as well as positions other ❖ Architectural Engineering (AEI) infrastructures, such as harbors, before ❖ Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers (COPRI) construction. ❖ Construction (CI) ○ Employs surveying equipment, such as ❖ Engineering Mechanics (EM) levels and theodolites, for accurate ❖ Environmental and Water Resources (EWRI) measurement of angular deviation, ❖ Geo (G-I) horizontal, vertical, and slope distances. ❖ Structural Engineering (SEI) ○ Makes use of electronic distance ❖ Transportation & Development (TRDI) measurement (EDM), total stations, global position system (GPS) surveying, General Civil and laser scanning with computerization, ○ Focuses on the overall interface of have supplemented (and to a large projects with their environments. extent supplanted) the traditional optical ○ Works closely with surveyors and instruments. specialized civil engineers. ○ Designs grading plans, drainage, Municipal or Urban Engineering pavement, water supply, sewer service, ○ Involves specifying, designing, electric and communications supply, and constructing, and maintaining municipal land divisions. infrastructure, such as streets, ○ Visits project sites, develops community sidewalks, water supply networks, consensus, and prepares construction sewers, street lighting, municipal solid plans and specifications. waste management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials 2 CIVIL ENGINEERING, SOCIETY, AND OTHER PROFESSIONS CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 used for maintenance and public works (salt, sand, etc.), public parks, and E. CIVIL ENGINEERING PROCESSES bicycle paths. PLANNING Structural ○ As any civil engineering projects, private ○ Analyses and designs the structures of or public, involve public interest and buildings, bridges, towers, overpasses, major funding, the planning phase could tunnels, offshore structures like oil and sometimes run into many years. gas fields in the sea, and other structures DESIGN ○ Identifies the loads which act upon a ○ At least two stages are involved in the structure and the forces and stresses design phase: that arise within that structure due to Preliminary Design those loads. Final Design ○ Considers strength, stiffness, and stability of the structure when it is Preliminary Design subjected to its own self weight, other ○ is to create an outline of the dead loads, live loads, including concept, scope, structure, furniture, wind, seismic, crowd or vehicle materials to be used, method of loads, or transitory, such as temporary construction, and cost and construction loads timeline estimate of the final ○ Also takes into account aesthetics, cost, project. constructability, safety, and sustainability wind engineering and earthquake Final Design engineering ○ includes all detailed designs of every structure Transportation ○ Deals with moving people and goods Construction efficiently, safely, and in a manner ○ Includes the physical erection of all the conducive to a vital community. structures and in the meantime the ○ Plans this movement using queuing observation of all applicable safety and theory, Intelligent Transportation environmental regulations during the Systems (TS), and infrastructure construction phase. management. Maintenance ○ The owner of the project usually takes Water Resources over all responsibilities, but the ○ Combines hydrology, environmental contractor is usually bound by a warranty science, meteorology, geology, agreement. conservation, and resource management in the collection and management of water as a natural resource. F. ATTRIBUTES OF A CIVIL ENGINEER ○ Relates to the prediction and 1. ANALYTICAL AND ORGANIZED management of both the quality and the Solving real-world problems in civil engineering quantity of water in underground demands analytical thinking and organization. resources (aquifers) and above ground Civil engineers are often highly organized in their resources (lakes, rivers, and streams). daily lives. 2. BOLD IN CONCEPTION AND CAREFUL IN DETAILS D. CIVIL ENGINEERING AS A PROFESSION Solving real-life problems requires bold design and unique solutions for each project. Civil John Philip Bachner engineers must ensure safety and accuracy in ○ A geotechnical engineer and author. every step of the process. ○ He also listed five characteristics of a 3. CREATIVE BUT CONSERVATIVE profession and their attributes. Creating affordable solutions in civil engineering Construction requires creative thinking beyond usual methods, Authority but ensuring the final product is reliable and safe Community Sanction needs careful checking, since failure isn’t an Ethical Codes option. Culture 3 CIVIL ENGINEERING, SOCIETY, AND OTHER PROFESSIONS CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 4. DEPENDABLE AND TRUSTWORTHY Civil engineers rely on teamwork to deliver reliable and accurate results. Timely project completion is crucial and often financially rewarded as may be written in the contract. 5. ETHICAL AND HONEST Civil engineering projects impact the public by shaping the built environment. Engineers must be ethical and honest to earn public trust. 6. FORTHRIGHT BUT PERSONABLE Civil engineers must communicate well and work effectively in teams, as solo work is rare. Strong interpersonal skills are essential. 7. PASSIONATE ABOUT WORK Civil engineers are passionate and proud of their work, often showcasing their contributions to visible structures like buildings and bridges. F. RELATED DISCIPLINES IN THE CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM Applied Mechanics ○ studies the nature and effects of force. This emphasizes the application aspects of the theory of mechanics. Architectural Engineering ○ specializes in the aesthetic and structural designs of buildings. Agricultural Engineering ○ deals with the skills on how to design agricultural machinery, agricultural equipment, and agricultural structures. ○ Traditionally entails two technical areas: Irrigation Engineering Mechanization Aerospace Engineering ○ entails aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering, which develops vehicles that fly through the earth’s atmosphere and beyond. Biomedical Engineering ○ specializes in the applications of engineering to the medical field, including medical imaging, surgical devices, and implant devices. Naval Architecture ○ specialized in the design of ships. 4 CURRENT FIELDS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING : STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 Live Load ○ weight of things moving about in or upon A. INTRODUCTION the structure Civil Engineering includes several very different Frame technical specialty areas. By describing these ○ skeleton of a building (it is the skeleton technical areas, it is hoped that a clearer picture that supports the entire load) of what civil engineering entails may emerge. Six civil engineering technical areas are Load bearing elements in a normal domestic described below. Each technical area has its own house are commonly the exterior walls. All that you see sub-areas of specialty. They are described of a bridge is “structure” following the short overview of each technical area. When you begin to take civil engineering PRIMARY ELEMENTS/ STRUCTURAL courses, you may identify each course with some of these technical areas. COMPONENTS A student is not expected to be exposed to all 1. Slabs the technical areas but at least four are ○ transmit the loading from where it is included in the curriculum of any civil applied to those members that support engineering degree program. Three the slabs. contemporary issues confronting civil engineers ○ transfer the load horizontally to are described following a description of other supporting beams, walls, or columns areas closely related to civil engineering. Beams Civil Engineering Technical Areas: ○ collects the load from one or more slabs ○ Environmental Engineering and transmits it to the members ○ Structural and Construction Engineering supporting the beam. ○ Transportation and Construction ○ Beams behave the same way as slabs, Engineering they tend to carry much higher load ○ Structural and Geotechnical Engineering intensities. ○ Water Resources and Environmental Truss Engineering ○ a beam made up of small individual units ○ Structural Engineering usually arrange to form triangulated structure. Columns B. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ○ collects loads from beams and slabs and Structural Engineering transmit them downward to the ○ deals with the analysis and design of foundation constructed structures ○ behave in a fundamentally different way Structural Design from beams and slabs ○ aims at providing a structure with Structural Walls sufficient level of resistance against ○ same function as columns, that is, they these loads with minimum cost. - transmit load downwards -important principle is the assurance of satisfactory function in stiffening the building against performance within the constraints of the lateral loads economy. ○ Architecturally, they serve to divide up a building into compartments. ○ Walls C. COMPONENTS OF A STRUCTURE AND ITS Generally, they are fairly lightly MEMBERS loaded ○ Retaining walls Structure wall that supports soil, similarly ○ subjected to the many "load: the behaving structurally more as a environment forces upon it. slab than wall. ○ essential starting point Foundation ○ collection of elements within a ○ take loads from the columns and walls construction and transfer them to the underlying soil ○ can have many form or rocks. ○ generally has to spread the load over a Dead Load sufficient are soil is normally much ○ omnipresent gravitational load of its own weight 1 CURRENT FIELDS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING : STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 weaker than the materials forming Epicenter structure. ○ ground motion occurs in a random Tie fashion in all directions radiating from ○ rare form of a member point ○ carries load by tension Tectonic Struts ○ large scale process affecting the ○ members carry only compression. structure of the earth crust. Volcano ○ mountain or hill having a crater through D. STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor 2. Many loads a structure must withstand during its and gas are or have erupted from the life span are mostly of a “random" nature, earth’s crust. meaning it cannot be defined precisely with respect to its magnitude and time of occurrence. Earthquakes may be classified as: 3. Design in the face of uncertainty requires the 1.) Natural Earthquake application of probability and statistics. Active faults movement of tectonic plates Structural Reliability due to volcanic eruption ○ methodology applying these 2.) Earthquake due to induced activities mathematical tools to the load-resistance These are caused by vibration induced analysis in structural design by atomic explosions. ○ used in the development of design codes and specifications. F. WIND ENGINEERING Reliability Analysis ○ using probability theory as a tool, 6. A survey of engineering literature for the past provides a rational and consistent basis 150 years reveals many references to structural for safety margins. failures caused by wind. Reliability 7. Perhaps the most infamous of these have been ○ probabilistic measure of assurance of bridge failures such as those of the: performance with respect to some ○ Tay Bridge prescribed conditions. Scotland in 1879 ( deaths of 75 ○ Condition can refer to an ultimate limit persons) state (collapse) serviceability (excessive ○ Tacoma Narrows Bridge vibration Tacoma, Washington in 1940. There have also been some disastrous building failures from wind during the same period, such E. EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING as that of the 4. Disaster ○ Union Carbide Building in Toronto in ○ means the occurrence of uncontrolled, 1958. painful and serious conditions. It is important to realize that a large percentage ○ There are various natural disasters like: of building failures are from wind. Earthquakes Volcanic Eruption Strong wind Cyclones ○ caused by e hurricane, a tornado, or a Fire storm creates effects on structures that Landslide are also time-varying and Tsunami multi-directional. Flood ○ Strong wind around a structure may 5. Earthquakes, cyclones, and fires need special push against a surface while creating a considerations in building design and partial vacuum behind another structural construction since they are more frequent, surface widespread and more disastrous. Cyclones ○ probabilistic measure of assurance of Earthquake performance with respect to some ○ sudden, rapid shaking of the earth's prescribed conditions. surface caused by the braking and shifting of rocks beneath. 2 CURRENT FIELDS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING : STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 The following care should be taken in designing ○ Balance must be achieved between buildings in cyclone prone areas: handling future traffic volumes and loads and the cost of a heavier and wider 1. Foundations should be deeper bridge structure 2. Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) framed ○ Strength is always the foremost structures are to be preferred over load bearing consideration. structures Typical Bridges 3. Sloping roofs should be avoided. ○ Stone Arch Bridge 4. Cantilever projections should be avoided. ○ Wooden Bridges 5. Roof and parapet wall should be properly ○ Metal Truss Bridges anchored to the columns and walls. ○ Suspension Bridges 6. Height of the buildings should be restricted. ○ Metal Arch Bridges 7. Suitable wind load should be considered in the ○ Reinforced Concrete Bridges building design. ○ Girder Bridges 8. Openings in the wall should be less. 9. Structure should not rest on loose soil. I. BUILDING ENGINEERING 10. Structural Engineers G. FIRE ENGINEERING ○ often become a building design 8. Fire Engineering specialist. ○ deals with the effective application of 11. Building Engineering protective materials to the structural ○ design special building such as stadium components such as steel beams and and large dome columns such that sufficient time is provided for the occupants to escape and the firefighters to arrive. BASIC ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING ○ Research in fire engineering 12. Foundation provides data to be incorporated ○ most important part of the building into design and construction ○ diffing the ground, lower part of the codes and specifications. building 13. Plinth It is reported that in the USA fire kills more ○ portion of the wall between the ground people each year than all other natural disasters level and ground floor lever combined including floors, cyclones and ○ usually stone masonry earthquakes. ○ 75 mm thick plain concrete - function keep the ground floor above ground A building may be made more fire resistant by: levels 1. Using suitable materials 14. Walls and Columns 2. Taking precautions in building construction ○ transfer load of the structure vertically 3. By providing fire alarm systems and fire downwards to transfer to its foundation. extinguishers 15. Sills ○ A window frame should not be directly placed over masonry H. BRIDGE ENGINEERING ○ It is placed over 50mm to 75mm thick 9. Bridge plain concrete course provided over the ○ are important to everyone mansory. ○ A bridge is a key element in a Lintels transportation system for three reason ○ are the stone beams provided over the It likely controls the capacity door and window opening to transfer the It is the highest cost per mile load transversely so as to see that door If the bridge fails, the system or window frame is not stressed unduly. fails Chejja ○ it controls the volume and weight of the ○ is the projection given outside the wall to traffic carried. protect doors and windows from the rain ○ Bridges are expensive. This is a major ○ varies from 600mm to 800mm. investment and must be carefully planned for best use of the limited funds available for a transportation system. 3 CURRENT FIELDS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING : STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 Doors and Windows Dimensional stability ○ Door ○ Excessive deformation of structural give access to different rooms, components gives a sense of instability. minimum possible Resistance to Dampness ○ Windows ○ dampness in a building is a great provided to get light and nuisance and it may reduce the life of ventilation. the building. Floor Resistance to fire ○ an important component of the building. ○ achieving resistance to fire ○ give working/ useful area for the Heat Insulation occupants. ○ Buildings should be so oriented and Roof designed that it insulates interior from ○ top most portion heat ○ top cover of the building Sound Insulation Steps, Stairs and Lifts ○ planned against outdoor and indoor ○ Steps noises. give convenient access from Protection from termite ground level to ground floor ○ protected from termites. level. Durability ○ Stairs ○ component of the building should be give access from floor to floor durable ○ Lifts Security against burglary to be located near the entrance. ○ basic need the owner of the building available capacity 4 - 20 persons expects. to be provided for the Lighting and Ventilation convenience of PWD people. ○ natural light and ventilations are Finishing required. Diffused light and good cross ○ Bottom portion of the slab (ceiling), walls ventilation should be available inside the and top of floor need smooth finishing building with plaster. Comforts and Conveniences ○ Provided with white wash, distemper ○ properly grouped and integrated keeping Building Service in mind the comfort and convenience ○ water supply, sanitation, and drainage work, electric supply work and construction of cupboards and K. FORENSIC ENGINEERING showcases constitute major building Forensic Engineering services. ○ study of causes of an engineering event, usually a disaster or failure of some kind. ○ It refers to the investigation of a J. BASIC REQUIREMENT OF A BUILDING structural failure. ○ determination of the physical or technical 1. Strength and stability causes of accidents or failures, 2. Dimensional stability preparation of reports, and presentation 3. Resistance to dampness of testimony or advisory opinions that 4. Resistance to Fire assist in resolution of related disputes. 5. Heat insulation ○ these are commonly are concerned with 6. Sound insulation the engineering aspects of legal 7. Protection against Termite problems 8. Durability A good example is the 1995 bombing of the 9. Security against burglary Alfred P. Murrah Federal. Building in Oklahoma 10. Lighting and Ventilation City. The collapse of the building was caused by 11. Comforts and Convenience the bombing that destroyed groundlevel columns 12. Economy in the front of the building. Strength and stability Committee on Forensic Engineering (CFE) ○ Buildings should be capable of American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) transferring the expected loads in its life Technical Council of Forensic Engineers period safely to the ground. (TCFE) 4 CURRENT FIELDS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING : STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION (CE OR) BSCE - 1C | SEM 1 2024 DISCIPLINES 1. Structures 2. Geotechnical works 3. Highways 4. Waterway, port, coastal, and ocean facilities 5. Culverts and pipelines 6. Air transportation and aerospace 7. Environmental facilities 8. Hydraulics, irrigation, and drainage installations 9. Architectural technology 10. Materials engineering This is demonstrated by the following stated purposes of the eight current committees and task committees of the ASCE/TCFE (ASCE 2000): Committee on Dissemination of Failure Information (CDFI) ○ disseminating accurate and complete information regarding the nature and causes of structural failures in civil. Committee on Practices to Reduce Failures ○ objectives for change in the design and construction Forensic Practices Committee ○ Enhance the competent and ethical practice of forensic engineering. Committee on Education ○ promoting the study of failure case histories in educational activities. Committee on Technology Implementation ○ investigation of constructed facilities that do not perform in accordance ‘ Publications Committee ○ manuscripts, technical notes and discussions submitted to the council for publication Task Committee on Avoiding Failures Caused by Computer Misuse ○ avoid failures cause by misuse of hardware. Task Committee on Lift-Slab Construction ○ titled "Guidelines for Lift-Slab Construction, design professional with information on aspects 5