CBRC - GED 1 (Purposive Communication In English) PDF

General Education 1 It is between two or more people Purposive Communication English * Components of the Communication Process * Purposive Communication in English – is Communication process is impor...

General Education 1 It is between two or more people Purposive Communication English * Components of the Communication Process * Purposive Communication in English – is Communication process is important about writing, speaking and presenting to particularly among professionals because of different audiences and for various purposes the following notable reasons according to Bhasin (2021): Chapter 1: Understanding 21st Century Develops coordination for people to Communication understand the thoughts and idea of one another Lesson 1: Communication Processes, Principles Its function in an organization for and Ethics smooth and proper functioning Contributes to effective and efficient * Language – method of human communication, decision making among people either spoken or written, consisting of the use Increases the managerial efficiency and of words in a structured and conventional way leader potentials in organizations Promotes the overall organizational Language Acquisition – process peace and cooperation among all whereby children learn their native employees language subconciously Boosts the morale of all employees and Language Learning – learning a new promotes a healthy working language involves listening, speaking, environment in the organization reading, writing, new alphabet and writing format * Elements of Communication Language Contact – occurs when Sender – who crafts the message, idea speakers of two or more languages or or information varieties interact and influence each Encoding – process of converting idea other or thoughts of the information into symbols * Communication – comes from the Latin word Message – information, idea thought “communicare” “to share” or “to common” that the speaker wants to convey - process of understanding and sharing Channel – means of transmission or meaning distribution of the message - relational process of creating and Interference – hindrance interpreting messages that elecit a response Decoding – receiver’s mental processing - systematic process to achieve its success of interpreting message into meaning Receiver – for whom the message was * Communication is the exchange of created and one who receives it information, ideas, thoughts and feelings by Feedback – the receiver’s response or one individual to another reaction Environment – physical and * Nature of Communication psychological space where the It is much more than words communication happens It is a process  Context – common and shared Cluster Chain – a person tells the understanding of the situation information to the selected people who will pass the information to other * Classification of Communication selected people 1. According to Mode Verbal (oral and written) * 9 Principles of Effective Communication into Non Verbal (body language, hand operation suggested by Kapur (2010) gestures, facial expressions) 1. Trustworthiness Visual (illustrations, charts, photo, 2. Effective Speaking Skills drawings) 3. Active Listening 2. According to Context 4. Good Writing Skills Intrapersonal – within an individual 5. Good Reading Skills Interpersonal – dyadic and small group 6. Objective Judgement Extended Communication – with the 7. Value Difference use of technologies tool 8. No Assumptions Organizational Communication – 9. Authenticity - being honest with yourself and business environments building relationships with people that are Intercultural Communication – among built on open communication, empathy, and people of diverse culture trust Mass Communication – to large audience through different modes * Ethical Considerations in Communication 3. According to Purpose and Styles 1. Respectful of their audiences Formal – it is carefully thought to 2. Considerate of the consequences of their selected audience to inform, persuade communication and entertain 3. Truthful Informal – casual and takes place in 4. Efficient in using information ordinary conversation to socialize 5. Watchful or falsified information 6. Respectful of the rights of others to * Forms of Non Verbal Communication information Kinesics – body movement Oculesics – eye movement * Models of Communication Haptics – touch 1. Linear Model – one way process with no Proxemics – distance external feedback (ex: newspapers, Chronemics – time broadcasting) Aristotle’s Model (300 B.C) – a * Grapevine Communication (Organizational) communication model which can be Single Strand Chain – passing used to develop public speaking skills or information through a line of persons to to create propaganda / sender is the the ultimate recipient only active member and the audience is Gossip Chain – only one person seeks passive and tells the information to everyone Probability Chain – random process in which someone transmits the information from person to person  to receiver and vice versa (ex: customers asking about the product) Schramm’s Model (1949) – views communication as a process wherein the message is tranmitted using a medium by a sender to receiver / he added field of experience that Lasswell’s Model (1948) – the “In which assimilates the mutual understanding of channel” both parties Osgood-Schramm’s Model (1954) – known as a circular model that indicates that messages can go in two directions / two parties decode, interpret and encode message Shannon and Weaver’s Model (1949) – also known as the “Mathematical Theory of Communication” that argues that human communication can be broken down into 6 pieces 3. Transactional Model – two-way process and more simultaneous as it has direct and immediate feedback (ex. f2f meeting, telephone conversation, skype call) White’s Model (1960) – there are eight Berlo’s SMCR Model (1960) – represents stages of the oral communication the process of communicationaccording process: thinking, symbolizing, to sender, message, channel and expressing, transmitting, receiving, receiver decoding, feedbacking, also monitoring. So, communication is a sequential interaction 2. Interaction Model – two-way process but more mechannical and has more delayed feedback. Deals with exchange of ideas and Dance’s Helical Model (1967) – message taking place both ways from sender disagrees with the concept of linearity  and circularity individually and Body language and gesture introduces the concept of time and continuous communication process * Strategies to Become an Effective Global Communicator Mindful Presence - bringing awareness to whatever one is doing moment to moment to moment. This process is a great way to quiet the mind down. And it brings joy to doingness Mindful Listening - a way of listening without judgment, criticism or interruption, while being aware of internal thoughts and reactions that Barnlund’s Transactional Model (1970) – may get in the way of people emphasizes a multi-layered feedback communicating with you effectively system for all parties involved and Mindful Speech - speaking our truth, as recognizes that anyone can be a sender best we can in any given moment, and or receiver anytime. Shared field of simultaneously being aware of what we experience is also a strength are saying and what it is like to say it Unconditional Friendliness - a kind of friendship without expecting the benefits and to receive something in return Mindful Responsiveness - the way in which a person responds, rather than reacts, to the messages they are Lesson 2: Communication and Globalization receiving, and in turn communicates messages that are clear and easy for the * Globalization – has opened borders and receiver to understand modernization froom one country to another / intertwined not only in the economy but also Lesson 3: Local and Global Communication in human communication * Communication in Multicultural Settings * Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication - Multicultural refers to a society that contains Language several cultural or ethnic groups. People Stereotypes and prejudices – live alongside one another, but each cultural generalization or assumptions group does not necessarily have engaging Behaviors and beliefs interactions with each other. Norms and values – basic beliefs and expectations Socio-Cultural Aspects of Communication Ethnocentrism - measuring or judging (Dapat, et al, 2016) one's own culture against another 1. Cultural identity culture 2. Gender role 3. Age identity d. Intracultural communication – interacting 4. Social class with members of the same racial or ethnic 5. Religious identity group or co-culture Cultural Factors in Multicultural Settings Improving Intercultural Communication (Cotton, 2013) Competence (Dapat, et al, 2016) 1. Mother tongue and secondary languages 1. People should be mindful of other 2. Race communicators who have different 3. Ethnicity cultures. 4. Gender 2. People should mindfully choose the 5. Local culture suitable words and actions that are 6. Religion culturally acceptable to others. 7. Regional attire 3. People should be skillful and tactful in 8. Ancestry, Parents and Families communicating in multicultural settings. 9. Teachers 4. People should be observant of the 10. Friends connection among communication 11. Neighborhood patterns. 12. Education 5. People should open their minds to 13. Profession dissimilar cultures because it can give 14. Experience them fresh options to try a new 15. Politics approach in life. 16. Physical features 17. Media Lesson 4: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language Intercultural Communication Varieties of Spoken and Written Language - People from different backgrounds often - Written language is carefully organized and encounter difficulties in processing meanings explanatory. Words of choice are deliberate and and understanding messages due to the follow a particular structure. Spoken language is difficulties in understanding certain factors of spontaneous and momentary; it is mostly communication such as language, context, and maintained in the form of a dialogue. meaning. Communication problems often occur when there is a lack of Characteristics of Written English and Spoken understanding about how certain cultures English: "work." Written Spoken Forms of Intercultural Communication English English a. Interracial communication – communicating Flow of Steady Pauses - with people from different races language utterances b. Interethnic communication – interacting with Organization Structured Less people of different ethnic origin particular c. International communication – with structure communicating between representatives from Register Both formal Mostly different nations. and informal informal Different Registers in different Forms and b. Geosemiotics Functions - It is the study of social meaning of the 1. Frozen or “static” register material placements of signs and 2. Formal register discourses and of our actions in the 3. Consultative register material world 4. Casual register 5. Intimate register Principles of Geosemiotics ▪ Indexicality - The meaning was Concentric Circles of English given to a sign by a place the a. Inner Circle English as a NATIVE sign was put in LANGUAGE ▪ Indexicality - The meaning was - USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New given to a sign by a place the Zealand sign was put in b. Outer Circle English as a SECOND ▪ Dialogicality - Signs have double LANGUAGE meaning and they correspond - Bangladesh, Ghana, India, Kenya, to each other Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, ▪ Selection - One does not see all Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Zambia signs c. Expanding Circle English as a FOREIGN LANGUAGE Kinds of Signs - China, Caribbean Countries, Egypt, ▪ Regulatory Signs - These are Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea, Nepal, used to indicate or enforce Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South traffic laws, regulations or America, Taiwan, Zimbabwe requirements which apply either at all times or at specified Lesson 5: Evaluating Messages and/or images times or places of different types of texts reflecting ▪ Infrastructural Signs - It is different cultures defined as the basic physical systems of a business, region, or Text Types nation and often involves the a. Linguistic Landscape production of public goods or - This is the language in the production processes environment, words and images ▪ Commercial Signs - These are displayed and exposed in public spaces, signs, displays, or devices that is the center of attention. designed, intended or used to encourage or promote purchase Features of Linguistic Landscape oruse of goods or services ▪ top-down (public signs, created ▪ Transgressive Signs - These are by the state and local signs which violate government bodies) (intentionally or accidentally) ▪ bottom-up (created by shop the conventional semiotics at owners, private businesses, that place etc.)  c. Online Landscape CHAPTER 2 COMMUNICATION AIDS AND - mode used to display wide-screen STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY content, such as a Web page, image, document or text Lesson 1: Preparing Multimedia Presentation Key Concepts of Media Literacy Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations ▪ Media refers to all electronic or digital (brainly.ph) means and print or artistic visuals used Multimedia systems must be computer to transmit messages. controlled. ▪ Literacy is the ability to encode and Multimedia systems are integrated. decode symbols and synthesize and The information they handle must be analyze messages. represented digitally. ▪ Media literacy is the ability to encode The interface to the final presentation and decode the symbols transmitted via of media is usually interactive media and the ability to synthesize, analyze and produce mediated Steps in Making Effective Communication messages. Presentations ▪ Media education is the study of media, Elements to consider: including ‘hands-on’ experiences and ✓ Create visual aids with purpose. media production. ✓ Strive for quality ▪ Media literacy education is the educational field dedicated to teaching Developing Effective Visuals the skills associated with media literacy. ▪ Visual aids are clearly integrated with the content of the presentation Skills as Media Literate Communicator ▪ Photographs and illustrations suit the 1. Understand and respect the power of overall tone of the presentation mass communication messages. ▪ Images and text are large and clear 2. Understand content by paying attention enough for the viewer to see or read and filtering out noise. ▪ Images are shown with explanatory text 3. Understand emotional versus reasoned or a caption reactions to mass communication ▪ Informational graphics include clear, content in order to act accordingly. easy-to-read labels and headings 4. Develop heightened expectations of ▪ Text within informational graphics is mass communication content. easy to read (Watch out for wordiness 5. Understand genre conventions and and crowded text or a font that is too recognize when they are being mixed. small and hard to read.) 6. Think critically about mass ▪ Formatting choices (color, different communication messages, no matter fonts, etc.) organize information how credible their source. effectively 7. Understand the internal language of ▪ Any text within graphics is free of errors mass communication to understand its ▪ Hyperlinks within slides function effects, no matter how complex. properly ▪ Display text for hyperlinks is concise and informative (Never paste a link into a  slide without modifying the display 7. Withhold a Compelling Piece of Information text.) 8. Debunk Conventional Wisdom 9. Lead With a Success Story Lesson 2: Preparing Pecha Kucha Presentation 10. Start With a Reader’s Question Pecha Kucha definition CHAPTER 3 COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS - Pecha Kucha is a presentation method that PURPOSES calls for telling a story using images rather than reading text from slides during a Lesson 1: Informative, Persuasive, and PowerPoint presentation. Argumentative Communication - Pecha Kucha presentations use 20 slides and allow only 20 seconds of Informative Persuasive Argumentative Communication Communication Communication commentary per slide. - That keeps a total presentation to focuses on act of used to settle just 6 minutes and 40 seconds. talking about presenting disputes and people, events, arguments discover truth processes, to move, Steps on how to make a Pecha Kucha places, or motivate, or Presentation things; however, change 1. Topic in a Sentence informing an your audience audience about 2. Keep Slide text to a Minimum one of these 3. Find the story in your topic subjects without 4. Tell story with images being persuasive is 5. Use just few points often a 6. Timing difficult task to 7. Visual Cues complete Lesson 3: Blogging Lesson 2: Public Speaking What is Blog ▪ Reading from a Manuscript - word-for- A blog (a shortened version of “weblog”) is an word iteration of a written message online journal or informational website ▪ Memorized - rote recitation of a written displaying information in reverse chronological message that the speaker has order, with the latest posts appearing first, at committed to memory. the top. It is a platform where a writer or a ▪ Extemporaneous Speaking - carefully group of writers share their views on an planned and rehearsed speech, spoken individual subject. in a conversational manner using brief notes Effective ways of introducing a Blog ▪ Impromptu - presentation of a short 1. Be Short and Direct message without advance preparation. 2. Quirky/Funny Opening Sentence or Paragraph 3. Ask a Thought-Provoking Question Lesson 3: Making Inquiries 4. Ask a Multiple Choice Question 5. Share a Shocking Fact or Statistic Inquiry Letter 6. Share Something Personal - A letter of inquiry is mainly about requesting, asking, or obtaining specific information to another party whom it addresses. This letter ❖ Third Paragraph - Conclusion intended to pose a request or question to the and end of the paragraph, you reader and persuade it to respond. may include here that you are expecting or waiting to have There are three types of inquiry letters: their response. And don’t forget ❖ Solicited - letter of inquiry is a letter to include gratitude in the used when a business is advertising letter. its product or services 7. Below the body of the letter, write the ❖ Unsolicited - a letter that inquiring sender’s name and signature, including regarding something thus it is a formal also the designation of the sender. letter if the sender doesn’t know the receiver and the latter is seeking Emails information with or without commercial - Internal operational communication is a proposition and must be clear with their system where members of an organization objectives communicate with one another to implement ❖ Inquiries asking for a favor - is very the business goals which has become useful when seeking information but be increasingly important. It has many forms such mindful of asking too much information as supervisors giving orders, oral exchanges especially if that information you can among employees about work matters, obtain easily assembling and distributing reports, and composing and sending e-mail messages to Context and Organization of Letter of Inquiry other workers within the company, other 1. Write the sender’s name and address, companies in and outside the country. you may also include phone number and email if it is required. Interview 2. Leave one space below the address - A job interview is a conversation which occurs then write the date. between a potential employer and a job 3. Include the receiver’s address. applicant. During the job interview, the 4. Subject of the letter; state what is your employer has the opportunity to appraise the main reason in writing this letter. applicant's qualifications, appearance and 5. Below the subject, write a salutation to general fitness for the job opening. address the person being written to. If not sure on the gender of the recipient, Tips in Conducting an Interview you may write Sir/Madam. 1. Display a sense of responsibility by 6. The body of the letter, it is divided into coming to the scheduled interview on three (3) paragraphs: time and prepared. ❖ First Paragraph – Introduce 2. Exhibit research skills by conducting a yourself and include the study about the employer, hiring purpose of the letter manager and job opportunities. ❖ Second Paragraph - Inform the 3. Suggest a sense of loyalty by verbalizing recipient about the details of an intention to stay longer with the your inquiry and the other company. information you wanted to 4. Insinuate leadership skills by articulating know that you can work with less supervision.  5. Show creativity by answering difficult Firming up: it becomes clearer, stronger, questions with style and ease or more definite. 6. Demonstrate professionalism and Concretizing: make something concrete, proper work ethic by dressing up Become specific; "the idea concretized corporately during the interview. in her mind" 7. Be natural, optimistic, focused, Introspecting: Consider one's own confident, candid, and precise. internal state or feelings. To look into or 8. Flaunt your sensibility by asking examine (one's own mind, feelings, insightful questions. etc.). 9. Illustrate confidence by positively selling yourself. Lesson 2: Communication for Journalists: 10. Exemplify social graces by thanking the Writing a Lead interviewer for his or her time. Writing opening paragraph of a News Article or CHAPTER 4 COMMUNICATION FOR WORK Lead PURPOSES - The Five W’s and H: News writing strives to answer “The Five W’s and H:” that is, Who, Lesson 1: Communication for What, When, Where, Why and How. Good leads Nurses: Writing Basic Patient Notes answer as many of these questions as possible in a single sentence. When writing a lead, it A patient note is the primary communication helps to think about which of these facts is the tool to other clinicians treating the patient, and most vital for readers to know. a statement of the quality of care. Keep It Short: A good lead provides all the Patient Notes information the reader requires in just a few ▪ Initial notes: refer to the first or earliest words. Ideally, a lead should be between 25 and assessment 40 words. ▪ Interim or progress note: refer to the Keep It Simple: Don’t clutter up the lead with assessment reports done in order to unnecessary adjectives or adverbs. Also make monitor the condition of the patient sure that your lead only discusses one idea to ▪ Discharge notes: are the reports given avoid confusion. once medication is discontinued or the Write in Active Voice: Avoid all forms of the patient is release from the hospital verb “to be.” Common exceptions include writing about fatalities (“two people were killed Way of Organizing Patient Notes Thursday”) and when discussing police activity Subjective (assessment given by the (“two people were arrested”). Passive voice is family member or patient himself) often the result of incomplete reporting. Objective (assessment seen by you or Structure Your Lead Properly: Put your most reflected in laboratory or other medical crucial information at the very beginning of the reports) sentence. Important secondary information can Assessment (diagnosis) go in subsequent sentences. Not following this Plan (procedures to be done to address practice is called “burying the lead.” If you need the diagnosis) attribution in your lead, make sure it goes toward the end of the sentence because it is Communication Techniques in Dealing with less important than the information itself. Complaints Understand the Context: Keep in mind what 1. Set a complaints handling policy your readers may already know about your 2. Respond quickly to complaints story based on previous media coverage. Write 3. Be patient, empathetic, and fair with in a way that speaks to these realities and adds customers relevant, useful information. 4. Research the customer’s situation Be Honest: Never mislead the reader. If you 5. Involve customers in the solution promise a certain type of information with your 6. Keep customers updated lead, you should be ready to deliver. 7. Touch base with the customer afterward Types of Lead Summary Lead or Straight Lead - brief Lesson 4: Communication for Teachers: summary, containing most of the Five Storytelling W’s and H in one sentence. Question Lead - ask a question. Storytelling - interactive art of using words and Although they are effective in sparking actions to reveal the elements and images of a interest, use them sparingly because story while encouraging the listener’s they generally do not provide the main imagination. points of a story as concisely Quotation Lead - use direct quotation Image Description - a detailed explanation of an used in first paragraph image that provides textual access to visual Funny Lead - lead written in a funny way content; most often used for digital graphics Anecdotal Lead - quick, relevant story to online and in digital files; can be used as alt text draw in the reader. The anecdote must in coding to provide access to more complete help enhance the article’s broader information. point, and you must explain the connection to that point in the first few Lesson 5: Communication for Business and sentences following the lead. Trade Descriptive Lead - describe how an event happened rather than simply A SWOT analysis is a compilation of your telling what the event is about company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Lesson 3: Communicating for Tour Guide: Tour Guiding The primary objective of a SWOT analysis: to help organizations develop a full Tourism awareness of all the factors involved in - To inform, remind and advise making a business decision Communication Tasks for Tour Guides Strengths (Internal) giving directions and commentaries; ▪ Financial resources explaining procedures and itineraries; ▪ Technical resources and capabilities providing advice on safety and security; ▪ Human resources and describing tourist attractions ▪ Product lines Threats (External) Lesson 6: Writing Business and Technical ▪ Technology innovations and changes Reports ▪ Competition ▪ Economic trends A report is a specific form of writing that is ▪ Government policies and legislation organized around concisely identifying and ▪ Legal judgments examining issues, events, or findings that have ▪ Social trends happened in a physical sense, such as events that have occurred within an organization, or A SWOT analysis pulls information from internal findings from a research investigation. sources (strengths or weaknesses of the (owll.massey.ac.nz/) specific company) as well as external forces that may have uncontrollable impacts to decisions Characteristics of a Report (University of (opportunities and threats). Lucknow) - An ideal report should be Clear, concise, Benefits of SWOT Analysis accurate and well organized with clear section (managementstudyguide.com) headings. 1. It is a source of information for - Easy for the audience to understand. strategic planning. - Presentation is a key element in successful 2. Builds organization’s strengths. report writing. Formatting, revising and 3. Reverse its weaknesses. Proofreading is an important process for good 4. Maximize its response to opportunities. report writing. 5. Overcome organization’s threats. - All reports should have an executive summary 6. It helps in identifying core that presents the essential elements of competencies of the firm. the report from the introduction through to the 7. It helps in setting objectives for recommendations and outcomes. strategic planning. - Reports should be visually appealing and easy 8. It helps in knowing past, present and to read. Diagrams, figures, charts, tables future so that by using past and current and graphs can all add interest to a report. data, future plans can be chalked out. Report Categories (qsstudy.com) How to make SWOT Analysis 1. Formal Report - reports that are prepared in (business.qld.gov.au/) prescribed forms 1. Decide on the objective of your SWOT ▪ Form of the report: Formal report is analysis highly structured and is prepared in a 2. Research your business, industry and prescribed format. Most Formal reports market are always written in a manuscript 3. List your business's strengths (narrative style) format. 4. List your business's weaknesses ▪ Purpose: Formal report is written to 5. List potential opportunities for your help management in making long term business and strategic decisions. 6. List potential threats to your business ▪ Objective: Objective of the formal 7. Establish priorities from the SWOT report is to assist decision making by 8. Develop a strategy to address issues in providing an effective recommendation. the SWOT  ▪ Length: It is long in size. Size of a formal ▪ Length: It is short in size. An informal report is large. It generally includes report is short in size. This report some particular pages (e.g. prefatory writing is generally complete in a page page) that do not appear in short or two. reports. ▪ Distribution: Short report is usually ▪ Distribution: In most cases, formal circulated within the organization. reports are circulated to top-level ▪ Nature of problem: Informal report executives and outside parties. deals with less complex and recurring ▪ Nature of problem: Formal report deals problems. It is not methodical in nature. with complex and non-recurring This report deals with the schedule problems. It is analytical and systematic matters. in nature. It deals with key complex ▪ Frequency of writing: It is written very problems. frequently, even daily and weekly. ▪ Frequency of writing: Formal report is ▪ Writing responsibility: These reports are written very infrequently. usually written by a subordinate. ▪ Writing responsibility: This type of ▪ Use of visual aids: This type of report report is usually written by internal or seldom uses visual aids. external experts. ▪ Writing Style: This report follows ▪ Use of visual aids: This type of report deductive (direct) and personal writing makes extensive use of visual aids to style. Informal reports follow deductive present the facts and findings. writing styles. A short report highlights ▪ Writing Style: This report follows facts and specific recommendations. It inductive (indirect) and impersonal avoids analysis and inclusion of writing style. A formal report on the supporting information. other hand, after analyzing and ▪ Recommendations: Recommendations interpreting the conclusion of the draw are not required in an informal report. and makes recommendations. ▪ Recommendation: Recommendation is Lesson 7: Communication for Employment: The an essential part of a formal report. Resume 2. Informal report - prepared not by following Business Writing any prescribed rule or formality. Basic Parts of a Business Letter ▪ Form of the report: Informal report is - Letterhead less structured and it is less important - Dateline to follow the prescribed format. Most - Inside Address Informal reports are written in - Salutation memorandum and letter formats. - Body of the Letter ▪ Purpose: The main purpose of an - Complimentary Close informal report is to present the facts - Signature that help managers in making thee-to- thy business decisions. Format of a Business Letter ▪ Objective: Conveying routine messages a. Full-block Style - All parts of the letter and to help routine functions are the flushed on the left margin. This is basic objectives of the informal report. considered the most popular, most  formal, and easiest of all the styles or qualifications mentioned in the resume. To put formats of business letters. it another way, the letter fits those credentials b. Modified Block Style - In this type with the specifications of the position, format of the business letter, the body illustrating how correct an applicant is for that of the letter is left justified. The Dateline role. It addresses details in the resume and Complimentary Close begin near selectively, as needed. Working with the center going to the right margin. information, examples, information about c. Semi-Block Style - It is much like the relevant aspects of your educational and job modified block style except that each history is one of the best ways to make an paragraph is indented instead of left application letter perfect. However, so little justified. It is the most balanced of all interest might be created by a letter that is too formats of business letters. general and ambiguous that the reader may not even want to turn to the resume. Working in a selective detail in the application text, which Resume - where you can display your top skills makes the person stand out, makes it and qualities it consists of one to two pages. it is unforgettable, and completes the statements the most required tool for every company when making about their abilities and experience. looking for a job because it will be a way to help you get your interview and it will be easy for the It is very important for an applicant to design a employer in hiring decisions. Structuring your successful cover letter before applying for resume and deciding what to include matters a new job and make adjustments to their the most. There are characteristics that must be resume to accommodate the organization to included in your resume. For example , which they are applying. People searching for communication skills, openness, creativity, jobs too often overlook their cover letters, commitment, etc. To have a good resume, it leaving them until the last minute, particularly must include the same keywords that can be not taking adequate time to provide valuable seen to the job description. and relevant information that is really important for a good first impression to be made. When There are three most popular formats that are applying for a position, the cover letter is used when writing Resume. These are: something that introduces the applicant and Chronological their resume, which is responsible for a first Functional impression. The cover letter is a prospective Combination employer’s first impression of the applicant. This single document offers the initial insight All of these types are useful for every person into who the applicant is as a professional and a who has different backgrounds and objectives person to potential employers. when applying for a company. These are the Guidelines that help us write a resume correctly. Writing a letter for an application letter is somewhat different from a short email to a Lesson 8: Communication for Employment: The friend or a message of thanks to a parent. When Application Letter it comes to the letter 's presentation and appearance, potential employers and The application letter is a clear link between the prospective interviewers have some standards, position the applicant is searching for and the from length (no more than a page) to font size the applicant may also provide follow-up and design to letter spacing. information. For the complimentary close: With a friendly close, such as "Favorite" or When it comes to length in an application letter "Sincerely," followed by the applicant’s should be no longer than one page long. Style signature, signing off the applicant’s account. and page margins provide a single-spaced Lastly, for the signature, the applicant must application letter that must have a space finish with its handwritten signature followed by between each line that uses margins of around the name of the applicant that must be typed, one and match the text to the left, which for lastly followed by the applicant’s contact details. most documents is the standard layout. Font varies on a conventional font such as Times New Lesson 9: Communication within a Company: Roman, Arial, or Calibri and the font size must The Memorandum be around ten to twelve. A Memorandum, or commonly known as a The rules for the parts used in the letter are also memo, is a short concise message or record laid down, from greeting to sign-off, to that is used for internal communication in a how the letter is arranged. Here's a short business, administration, or an institution. A lowdown on the key parts used in a letter note, document or a form of communication demanding a job: intended to issue a directive, execute a policy, present an information report, convey In the heading, both the applicant’s name and information, rebuke errors, give warnings, the employer's contact details (name, solve problems or make requests. This address, phone number & email) accompanied communication can be between or among by the date should begin with a letter of administrators, and subordinates or may suffice application. Include your contact information at subordinates coordinating with co-employees to the end of the message, after the applicant's carry out a task or activity. This communication signature. For the salutation, the applicant must is an interoffice tool. have a friendly greeting for this. The most frequent salutation is "Dear Mr./Ms." followed Basic Principles and Characteristics of by the last name of the user. The applicant must Memorandum according to Sharma, 2014: find out all about acceptable cover letter Necessary and Sufficient Information greetings, and what to do if the applicant does Do not Assume that Everyone knows not know the name of the recipient, or are Everything related to the issue uncertain of the gender of a communication. discussed in the Memo Be Clear, Concrete and Specific The applicant should note the position he or she Easy-to-Understand is applying for in the first line and where the Explain with Ease and Co-operation applicant has seen the job description. The most NO Emotional Appeal critical part of the applicant’s letter is the next paragraph. This is where the applicant can share The following are the uses of Memorandum the related knowledge about his or her according to Sharma, 2014: experience and achievements. The applicant To Provide Information must show gratitude to the employer for the To Issue Instruction third and last portion of the body of the letter; To Convey Policy Decision  To Offer/Invite Suggestion paper to a laptop or a recorder. Always check To Record/Report an Agreement your tools as one will need it for future To Establish Accountability references. Reading the meeting’s agenda may Helps you to avoid meeting personally, also help your outlining of the meeting where when necessary one can easily pinpoint what are the important points within the meeting. These are the guidelines in making Memorandums: During the meeting: Short as possible and concise. Passing the attendance is a sign that the Use simple English. meeting is starting, to know who is involved Avoid using jargon. within the meeting, to know who they are and Use a captivating Heading by bolding or what their main point is. One may not include using different colors for the heading. all comments instead the important notes are Be aware of the important information enough. Write all motion and who made them, that needs to be included in the and its results. Always remember to keep your memorandum. own biases. Be aware of the grammar and spelling. Anticipate any questions your readers After the meeting: might have. Encode the notes you have taken during the meeting. Include the participants and the Lesson 10: Writing Minutes of Meeting different key points they added. Add to your final record the organization, the title of the Meetings are set and conducted in different committee, the type of meeting, and the ways by different companies and organizations purpose of it. Always proofread your record and to discuss different agendas and matters that avoid lapses of important discussion within the affect the surrounding area and the people meeting, if needed a second opinion do not involved. Being in a meeting, one must keep hesitate to ask to fully verify your work. Submit record of the meeting’s agendas, suggestions, it to the person who ran the meeting unless and actions requested by the group; a list of instructed to do another way or otherwise. what happened during the meeting, the Minutes of the Meeting. CHAPTER 5 COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES A written record of the meeting that lets the attendees be reminded, and the absentees be Lesson 1: Avoiding Plagiarism informed of what happened in the meeting. A written record that serves as detailed notes - Quoting reflecting all actions done within the meeting; A - Plagiarism record that also serves as a reminder to the task - Paraphrasing that must be completed after the discussion. - Summarizing Before the meeting: Choose your recording tool. One may choose to use it in recording the meeting, from a pen and  Lesson 2: Writing a Research Proposal: The Use subjectivity that enriches the analytical Topic Proposal insights Gather information, insights that lead to Research search for further evidence (subjective) takes - Research involves a scientific method which place in the field uses logical and systematic procedure for the acquisition of new knowledge or for the Lesson 3: Writing a Research Proposal: The verification or confirmation of previous and Introduction existing knowledge to answer problems and to apply in practical life. How to Write Research Introduction - The introduction is a generalized discussion Types of Research which should lead to actually stating and clearly 1. Pure Research articulating the research problem. Thus, the The researcher tries to find the truth introduction provides a background that The research meant to seek knowledge simply establishes the status of the problem in context. for knowledge’s sake Also termed as library or desk research The background of the study that functions in terms of the following: 2. Applied Research 1. It establishes the problem by describing Practical application of knowledge to its nature, and narrating its everyday situations. development, occurrence or existence. Also termed as action research 2. It situates the problem by describing the setting where the problem is 3. Quantitative Research conceived. This actually refers to the Associated with positivist tradition (there is local setting where the respondents reality out there that can be studied and have directly experienced the problem. known) It sets the status of the problem. Gathers numerical values as its data 3. It explains the rationale of the problem Investigates concepts, constructs, variables by justifying the necessity for Use deductive reasoning conducting the study. Use control (imposing condition so that biases are minimized and validity and precision are Study the following sample introduction to maximized) determine how they are developed. The Gather empirical evidence (from objective introduction is a generalized discussion which reality collected through senses) should lead to actually stating and clearly articulating the research problem. Thus, the 4. Qualitative Research introduction provides a background that Associated with Naturalistic inquiry (reality is establishes the status of the problem in context. not a fixed entity but rather a construction of The background of the study that functions in individuals participating in research.) terms of the following: Gathers narrative description as its data 1. It establishes the problem by describing Investigates phenomena, and concepts its nature, and narrating its Use inductive process development, occurrence or existence.  2. It situates the problem by describing ❖ The “close-ended” or structured form of the setting where the problem is Questionnaire conceived. This actually refers to the - Has the response already prepared, local setting where the respondents the respondents merely checks, have directly experienced the problem. underlines or ranks the responses as It sets the status of the problem. directed 3. It explains the rationale of the problem by justifying the necessity for The Interview conducting the study. Study the - Is the second most common method for data following sample introduction to collection determine how they are developed. - It is a purposeful face to face relationship between two persons, one of whom called the Lesson 4: Writing a Research Proposal: The interviewer who asks questions to gather Method information and the other called interviewee or respondent who supplies the information asked The Questionnaire for Is a form prepared and distributed to secure responses to questions that are intended to Purposes and Uses of Interview obtain information about conditions or 1. The researcher may interview practices on which the respondent is presumed knowledgeable people to enable to gain to have knowledge insight into his problem Questionnaire can be provided as paper-and- 2. The researcher may interview pencil device, a telephone survey, or a knowledgeable people about the structured document uploaded onto the proper construction and validation of internet questionnaire 3. In case when the subject has some signs The questionnaire format could be: of abnormality, the interviewer may Dichotomous (yes/no) wish to gain physical and emotional Multiple choice reactions of the subjects Cafeteria 4. Interview can be used as a principal tool Rank order in gathering data or just to supplement Forced choice ratings data collected by other techniques Checklists Calendar What to Avoid in Interviews Visual analogue 1. Avoid exerting undue pressure upon a respondent to make him participate in Two Types of Questionnaire Items an interview ❖ The free response questions or “open- 2. Avoid disagreeing or arguing with or ended” or unstructured Questionnaire contradicting the respondent - The questions frequently asked are 3. Avoid unduly pressing the respondent why, what and how to make a reply 4. Avoid using a language well over and above the ability of the respondent to understand  5. Avoid talking about irrelevant matters Lesson 5: Writing Literary Analysis 6. Avoid placing the interviewee in embarrassing situations The review of related literature is a written 7. Avoid appearing too high above the summary of the existing knowledge base on a respondent in education, knowledge research problem obtained from an in-depth and social status search on non-research references and research 8. Avoid interviewing the respondent in an references. The review includes a statement unholy hour indicating what the present study will add to what is already known. It is a written, analytic Observation summary of research findings on a topic of - Is the most direct means of studying the interest. It is a comprehensive compilation of subjects when the researcher is interested in what is known about the phenomenon. It their behavior provides the background and the context on - Perceiving the data through the senses which the research is conducted Recording the Results of Observation 1. Conceptual Literature/Related Checklist - Is a device which contains Literature the items to be observed and a space - It is composed of discussions of facts for number or check marks or short and principles to which the present verbal entries study is related Rating scale - Is a checklist with an - These materials are usually printed evaluation standard and found in books, encyclopedias, Anecdotal forms - Is a checklist that professional journals, magazines, provides for less breakdown of newspapers, and other publications dimensions or factors hence, much - Also referred to as non-empirical space is provided for writing references Mechanical Recording - Are classified as local and foreign Stenographic Recording 2. Research Literature/Related Studies Records - These are studies, inquiries, or - Provide a readily available and valuable source investigations already conducted to of data which present proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity Three major criteria necessary to establish - These are usually unpublished authenticity and accuracy of records: materials such as manuscripts, theses, Authorship - the identity of the person and dissertations who conceived the material - Also referred to as empirical Body - the outward form of the material references Function - purpose for which it was - Are classified as local and foreign compiled Sources of Literature Psychological Association) Empirical References may be of primary writing style. and secondary sources: ▪ Use a minimum of three (3) 1. Primary Source scholarly sources: e.g., Taking - Description of studies written by Sides: Clashing Views on the researchers who conducted Political Issues, academic books, them journals, newspapers and - It is ideal to rely heavily on magazines, etc. primary sources of data ▪ Use subheadings as you begin - The researcher’s oral discussion of each section. his study in research forums, ▪ Have a separate title or cover seminars, conferences, and even page, and just staple all the competitions, may also be pages together considered primary sources 2. Secondary Source Lesson 7: Academic Presentation - Descriptions of studies prepared by someone other than the original Academic Presentation researcher 1. Determine the purpose for presenting - Secondary source documents are a your research at the forum. good way to start a literature review 2. Focus on Forecasting what you want to with because they provide a quick share with the audience about your summary and a good bibliography research; on Explaining the key findings of your study; Synthesizing your Lesson 6: Writing Political Analysis Paper research in relation to the statement of the problem Political Science analysis paper 3. Know your audience in terms of their - start from the premise that politics does not background knowledge, research consist merely of human actions and interaction interests or experience. - involves rational planning, motives, principles 4. Get ready with your outline and cue and beliefs cards. Requirements for a decent political analysis The Three P’s of an Academic Presentation paper 1. Prepare - Organize one’s content. 1. Topic and research question Relevant to audience’s needs 2. Preliminary research 2. Practice - Great delivery of the 3. Substantial research presentation 4. Thesis 3. Present - Well thought speech / Must 5. Impartiality be comfortable when presenting 6. Quotations and references ▪ Remember to cite all references you used, with either the MLA (Modern Language Association) or the APA (American