Communication Models Overview

Communication Models

• Linear Model: A one-way communication process with no external feedback (e.g., newspapers, broadcasting).

• Grapevine Communication:

  • Single Strand Chain: Information passed through a line to the recipient.
  • Gossip Chain: One person conveys information to multiple individuals.
  • Probability Chain: Random transmission of information between people.

• Aristotle’s Model (300 B.C): Focuses on public speaking skills, where the sender is active and the audience is passive.

• Schramm’s Model (1949): Communication as a process involving a sender, medium, and receiver, emphasizing mutual understanding through shared experiences.

• Lasswell’s Model (1948): Addresses the channel used in communication, focusing on how senders and receivers understand each other.

• Osgood-Schramm’s Model (1954): Circular model showing two-way communication where messages are decoded and encoded by both parties.

• Shannon and Weaver’s Model (1949): Known as the "Mathematical Theory of Communication," it breaks down communication into six parts.

Sociocultural Aspects of Communication

• Stereotypes and Prejudices: Generalizations or assumptions about cultural behaviors and beliefs.
• Ethnocentrism: Judging one culture against another.
• Cultural Factors Affecting Communication:
  • Cultural identity, gender roles, age identity, social class, religious identity.

Improving Intercultural Communication Competence

• Be mindful of colleagues from different cultures.
• Choose words and actions that are culturally appropriate.
• Develop skills for effective communication in diverse settings.
• Observe communication patterns in multicultural contexts.
• Be open to different cultures for new perspectives and life approaches.

Concentric Circles of English

• Inner Circle: Countries where English is a native language (e.g., USA, UK, Canada).
• Outer Circle: Countries where English is a second language (e.g., India, Nigeria).
• Expanding Circle: Countries where English is a foreign language (e.g., Japan, Egypt).

Types of Signs

• Regulatory Signs: Indicate compliance with traffic laws or regulations.
• Infrastructural Signs: Represent basic physical systems essential for a region or business.
• Commercial Signs: Advertisements reflecting a business's offerings and branding.

Resume Writing Essentials

• A strong resume should include keywords from the job description, showcasing relevant skills and experiences.
• Three popular resume formats:
  • Chronological: Lists work experience in reverse chronological order.
  • Functional: Focuses on skills and experiences rather than chronology.
  • Combination: Merges chronological and functional elements.
• Crafting a well-designed cover letter is crucial as it introduces the applicant and often influences hiring decisions.

Interviewing Techniques

• Questionnaire: Structured form to collect information from respondents, can be conducted in various formats (paper, phone, online).

• Types of Questionnaire Items:

  • Dichotomous: Yes/No questions.
  • Multiple Choice: Select from given options.
  • Open-Ended: Allows free responses.

• Avoidances in Interviews:

  • Do not pressure respondents to participate.
  • Avoid debating or arguing with the interviewee.

Purpose and Uses of Interviews

• Gain insights from knowledgeable individuals about specific issues.
• Construct and validate questionnaires through expert consultation.
• Collect data for research or supplement other methods.

Explore various communication models including the Linear Model, Aristotle's Model, and Grapevine Communication. This quiz covers concepts like proxemics, chronemics, and the significance of feedback in communication processes. Test your understanding of these foundational theories of communication.