Unit-1-Introduction (2) PDF

# +3 English Communication ## STATE MODEL SYLLABUS UNDER C.B.C.S PATTERN (U.G) ### 3rd SEMESTER Guide Book ## ENGLISH COMMUNICATION ### (AECC/SEC-1) ### ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSE ### SKILLS ENHANCEMENT COURSE ## CONTENT | No. | Topics | Page | |---|---|---| | UNIT 1 : Introduction : | 1-30...

# +3 English Communication ## STATE MODEL SYLLABUS UNDER C.B.C.S PATTERN (U.G) ### 3rd SEMESTER Guide Book ## ENGLISH COMMUNICATION ### (AECC/SEC-1) ### ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSE ### SKILLS ENHANCEMENT COURSE ## CONTENT | No. | Topics | Page | |---|---|---| | UNIT 1 : Introduction : | 1-30 | | (i) What is communication? | | | (ii) Types of communication (Horizontal, Vertical, Interpersonal, Grapevine). | | | (iii) Use of communication, Inter-cultural communication, Communication today. | | | (iv) Distinct features of Indianisation, alternative texts of language learning, global English and English in the print and electronic media in India. | | | UNIT 2 : The Four Skills and Prospect of new material in language learning : | 31-46 | | (i) Listening Passive and active, Speaking effective, intelligibility and clarity. | | | (ii) Methods and techniques of reading such as skimming, scanning and searching for information. Reading to understand the literal, metaphorical and suggested meaning of a passage. | | | (iii) Identifying the tong (admiring, accusatory, ironical, sympathetic, evasive, indecisive, ambiguous, natural etc.) of the writer and view-points. | | | (iv) Cohesive and Coherent writing. | | | UNIT 3 : Grammatical and Composition Skills : | 47-148 | | (i) Doing exercises the filling in the blanks, correcting errors, choosing correct forms out of alternative choices, joining clauses, rewriting sentences as directed, and replacing indicated sections with single words / opposites / synonyms, choosing to use correct punctuation marks, gettings to understand and use formal and informal styles, learning to understand the usages of officialese, sexism, racism, jargon. | | | (ii) Learning to understand information structure of the sentence such as topic-focus relationship, strategies of thematization, postponement, emphasis, structural compression (deletion of redundant part, nominalization, cleft, and pseuco-cleft sentences, eliptical stractures etc.). Logical Connectors between sentences, Methods of developing a paragraph, structure of an essay and methods of developing an essay. | | | UNIT 4: Exercises in Written Communications: | 149-204 | | (i) Precis writing | | | (ii) Note-taking skills | | | (iii) Writing reports | | | (iv) Guidelines and essentials of official correspondence for making enquiries, complaints and replies. | | | (v) Making representations, writing letters of application for jobs, writing CV, writing letters to the editor and social appeals in the form of letters/pamphlets. | | # SYLLABUS ## Introduction This paper intends to build up the four primary skills in students in the academic as well as in the wider domains of use like public offices. The books recommended only provide guidelines for what to teach and the list is in no way exhaustive. Teachers must be free and resourceful enough to collect teaching materials on their own, and even use newspaper clippings as teaching materials. This is an activity-based, goal-oriented, functional course in English Communication, which aims to make the students able and efficient communicators by helping them to be self-reflexive about English. This course has a pre-defined context of being supportive and complementary to the core courses to various disciplines. Therefore, unlike most other courses in English Communication on offer. It does not seek to build facile fluency that passes off as communicative competence Rather, it intends to equip the students with the relevant skills of presentation and expression needed in the academic as well as in the professional domains of communicative use. While reading skills exercises are meant to promote the acquisition of analytical and comprehension skills, writing skills exercises are centered on sentence construction, paragraph development and precis writing. Teachers must be free and flexible enough in relation to teaching materials, using newspaper clippings, non-conventional and multimedia resources in the classroom. There is simple scope to build the speaking and listening skills of students in the way the course is planned with an emphasis on interactive learning and articulation. ## UNIT 1 : Introduction: (i) What is communication? (ii) Types of communication (Horizontal, Vertical, Interpersonal, Grapevine). (iii) Use of communication, Inter-cultural communication, Communication today. (iv) Distinct features of Indianisation, alternative texts of language learning, global English and English in the print and electronic media in India. ## UNIT 2 : The Four Skills and Prospect of new material in language learning: (i) Listening Passive and active, Speaking effective, intelligibility and clarity. (ii) Methods and techniques of reading such as skimming, scanning and searching for information. Reading to understand the literal, metaphorical and suggested meaning of a passage. (iii) Identifying the tong (admiring, accusatory, ironical, sympathetic, evasive, indecisive, ambiguous, natural etc.) of the writer and view-points. (iv) Cohesive and Coherent writing. ## UNIT 3 : Grammatical and Composition Skills : (i) Doing exercises like filling in the blanks, correcting errors, choosing correct forms out of alternative choices, joining clauses, rewriting sentences as directed, and replacing indicated sections with single words / opposites / synonyms, choosing to use correct punctuation marks, getting to understand and use formal and informal styles, learning to understand the usages of officialese, sexism, racism, jargon. (ii) Learning to understand information structure of the sentence such as topic-focus relationship, strategies of thematization, postponement, emphasis, structural compression (deletion of redundant part, nominalization, cleft, and pseuco-cleft sentences, eliptical stractures etc.). Logical Connectors between sentences, Methods of developing a paragraph, structure of an essay and methods of developing an essay. ## UNIT 4: Exercises in Written Communications: (i) Precis writing (ii) Note-taking skills (iii) Writing reports (iv) Guidelines and essentials of official correspondence for making enquiries, complaints and replies. (v) Making representations, writing letters of application for jobs, writing CV, writing letters to the editor and social appeals in the form of letters/pamphlets. # INTRODUCTION ## UNIT 1 (i) What is communication? (ii) Types of communication (Horizontal, Vertical, Interpersonal, Grapevine). (iii) Use of communication, Inter-cultural communication, Communication today. (iv) Distinct features of Indianisation, alternative texts of language learning, global English and English in the print and electronic media in India. ## GROUP-A Write the answer of the following questions in one sentence. 1. From which word is the word "communication derived"? Ans. Word communication is derived from the Latin word "Communis". 2. What is the meaning of the word "Communis” ? Ans. Meaning of the word "Communis" is common. 3. What is Communication ? Ans. Communication is the process of meaningful interaction among human beings. 4. Why communication is necessary ? Ans. Communication is necessary to deal with change in an effective way. 5. Who should have excellent communication skills? Ans. Business executives should have excellent communication skills. 6. Why do they use Communication ? Ans. They use communication to communicate their compelling vision and motivate the persons or parties concerned. 7. Write a definition of communication. Ans. Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons. 8. Who said - "Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions by two or more persons"? Ans. W.H. Norman and Summer said. 9. What is one-way communication ? Ans. One-way communication is that communication where no feed back is received from the receiver. ## EXCELLENT ## 2 10. How many elements are there in communication process? Ans. There are seven elements in communication process. 11. What is two-way Communication ? Ans. Feed back from the receiver is received in two-way communication. 12. What is formal Communication? Ans. Communition made on the basis of hierarchy, accountability and authority is called formal communication. 13. Give some examples of formal communication ? Ans. Departmental meetings, conferences, circulars, interviews etc. 14. What is verbal communication ? Ans. Communication through words and languages is called verbal communication. 15. What is non-verbal communication ? Ans. Communication through symbols is called non-verbal communication. 16. What is horizontal communication ? Ans. Horizontal communcaition is the flow of information among the peers or employees of same rank in a unit. 17. What is horizontal communication ? Ans. Vertical communication is the flow of message between the superiors and subordinates. 18. What do you mean by interpersonal communication ? Ans. Exchange of information, feelings and meaning amoing people through verbal and non-verbal ways is called interpersonal communication. 19. What is grapevine communication ? Ans. Communication which takes place out side work place is called grapevine communication. 20. What is the other name of grapevine communication ? Ans. The other name of grapevine communication is informal communication. 21. What is inter-cultural communication ? Ans. Communication or sharing of information among the people of different cultures is called as inter-cultural communication. 22. What is Indianism? Ans. Influence of Indian languages on English is called Indianism. 23. What are the different uses of communication ? Ans. Communication is used for business, official, cultural, social and personal purposes. 24. What are the alternative texts of language learning ? Ans. Alternative texts of language learning are-softwares, web-sites, apps, multimedia etc. 25. What is global English ? Ans. Global English is the common English language used for international communication. 26. What means of communication is used to day ? Ans. Wireless and electronic means of communication if used today. ## +3 ENGLISH COMMUNICATION ## GROUP - B 1. Write about different forms and means of communication. Ans. Different means of communication are-face-to face or telephone conversation, reading and writing reports, letters, memos and e-mails. 2. Why and how is communication a social process? Ans. Communication is a social process. If enables everyone in the society to satisfy his basic needs through exchange of through written, spoken or non-verbal message. 3. Write about the role of message in communication. Ans. Message blaes an important role in communication. Desired information is communicated through message only. 4. Write a definition of communication? Ans. According to D.E. Mc Farland - "Communication may be broadly defined as the process of meaningful interaction among human being”. 5. Write about formal communication. Ans. Formal communication refers to the communication that flows among officially recognised positions for smooth, orderly and finely flow of information. 6. Write about lateral communication. Ans. Lateral communication or horizontal communication that flows between persons of equal rank. Its purpose is to exchange information, co-ordination among various departments etc. 7. Write about interpersonal communication. Ans. Interpersonal communication takes place between persons. Such type of communication is informal and oral or verbal. 8. Give two examples of interpersonal communication. Ans. Examples of interpersonal communication are – (a) Two friends having a quiet chat and (b) A group of co-workers meeting to decide how to use their budget for the next year. 9. Write about the types of grapevine communication. Ans. Types of grapevine communication are - the wheel, the culture, the chain and free flow. 10. Write about vertical communication. Ans. Flow of message between superiors and subordinates within an organization is known as vertical communication. It may be downward or upward communication. ## EXCELLENT ## 4 ## GROUP-C Write short notes on A1. Features of communication. Ans. There are some essential features of communication. It is a dynamic process where required message is encaded by the sender. The receiver decides the message and sends feedback. It is also a continuous process, aystematic and universal. People from any corner of the world communicate each other. Communication is unnavoidable for bussiness. Because the enterpreneur of business personnel require to communicate with the customers. 2. Effective communication. Ans. Effective communication creates an impression upon the receiver to understand the message or information exactly as per the sender. It creates an effect upon the receiver. It is a two way communication. It transfers message with transmition of understanding. It is consciously and carefully planned. 3. One way communication. Ans. One-way communication is that type of communication where no feed back is received from the receiver. In this communication both the sender and the reveiver are evaluated. They are not interdependent. The sender conveys the message and the receiver makes the meaning of his own. 4. Formal communication. Ans. Formal communication is built upon the bases of heirarchy, authority and accountability. Departmental meetings, conferences, circulars, company news, interviews etc. are the examples of formal communication. Formal communication may be upwards downward or lateral. 5. Informal Communication. Ans. It is otherwise known as gropevine communication. Communication which takes place outside the formal prescribed and planned network or channel. It normally takes place outside the workplace between the employees. They communicate while coming to the workplace, in the canteen during lunch etc. when they come together, they are likely to hear or pass on information about their happiness in the organization. 6. Horizontal communication. Ans. Horizontal communication is the flow of information among peers or employees of same rank, within the same unit. For example the administration division holds a weekly staff meeting at which three employees, Jena, Lorry and Eric exchange information about the status of their operation. 7. Vertical Communication. Ans. Flow of message of information between superiors and subordinates is called vertical communication of may be downward flowing from the superiors to subordinates or upward flowing from the lower to the laugher. 8. Interpersonal Communication. Ans. Interpersonal communication is derived from the latin word 'Inter' which means between. Interpersonal communication is the "communication between persons. It happens wherever there are several people communicating with each other. It may be verbal, written, with gestures, lip reading, dancing, giving gets of. 9. Uses of Communication. Ans. No bussiness today can run without communication. It has become a part and parcel of business world. Communication is used for interview fro jobs. It is also used for negotiation. It helps in presentation and sales promotion, written communication adresses all the querries. 10. Indianism. Ans. English in India is influenced by Indian regional languages, dilects, cultures etc. This is called Indianism mother tongue also influences english in India. As English is taught as second language, learners are acquanded with translating english from regional languages. Therefore it is difficult on the part of a native speaker of english to understand Indian English. 11. Global English. Ans. Global English is otherwise unown as international english. It is a means of demonstrating that English is spokenes every part of the world, both speakers within a particular country where it is native and the first language an in other countries where it is second language. 12. Alternative texts of language learning. Ans. Besides prescribed text books, there are some other texts which enriches learning of the concerned text. These alternative texts include reference books, related articles from print and electronic media. Besides there are some IT tools which can be used as effective and self learning texts. Some of these are different apps, websites, live devices such as YOUTUBE etc. 13. Multimedia as an alternative text. Ans. Open and distance education now have become a com popular and common phenomena. This coupt is based on self learning and self preparation students are required to prepare themselves home. Therefore, these universities prepare teaching and learning devices through multimedia. Through these materials learners follow the teachings of the teachers as if in the class-room. 14. International Business English. Ans. Globalization has made a drastic change in the field of orld business. MNCS have entered into worldwide business. So an internation business communication has been developed to bring an uniformity in world business sector. These corporate and MNCs have developed a common english for such communication which has been globally used as International business English all over the world. 15. English in the print and electronic media. Ans. Print and electronic media English has been changed over a period of time. It differs in countries. It is because print and media English is decy influenced by culture. Abbreviations are widely used fro commonly known shings. With the development of global english, practice of phonetics has made electronic media english universally understandable. ## EXCELLENT ## 6 ## GROUP-D Q.1. What is Communication and what are the different types of communication? Ans: Communication is as old as human life on the earth. Since time immemorial it has been an integral part of human life and society. The word 'communicate' is derived from the latin word 'commnicare' and the French word 'communis'. Both the words mean 'to give to another'. The Oxford Advance Learners' Dictionary defines communication as "The activity process of expressing ideas and it slings of giving people information". Social interaction which is the basic need of man is impossible without communication. To communicate with one another is a human need. Human relationship is impossible without human communication. So man is called not only a social animal but also a communicating being. He is the only animal gifted with the ability to express thoughts in words. Communication is the story of man and his efforts to express effectively, Human civilization woud not have developed to this extent without communication. The ancient people long before they could invent language, communicated to one another through loud gluttoral sounds. Before invention of written script our forefathers communicated through pictures. These hierographical pictures on the papyrus rolls of Egyptians or on the walls are the testimonials to the rudimentary stages of communication. The urge to reach out to others, to be listened to and to be understood has encouraged men, women and children from time immemorial to communicate with each other, individually as well as en masse. Hence communication can be defined as an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons through a common system of symbols. Some definitions of Communication - Communication is too broad a term to define. It is defined, understood and used in different ways by people from different walks of life and different institutions. 'Communication is the exchange of meaning between individuals through a common system of symbols' - Encyclopaedia Britanica.) "Communication is a process of passing information and understanding from one person to another" - Keith Davis. "Communication is a dynamic process that individuals use to exchange ideas, relate experiences and share desires through speaking, writing, gestures or sign language". Glenn and & Smith. "Communication is the sum of all things one person does when he wants to create understanding in the minds of another. If involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding" -Allen Louis. Communication can be described as "the successful transmission of information through a common system of symbols, signs behaviour, speech, writing or signals”. Communication is the reciprocal sharing with individuals of written oral and non-verbal information according to a set of rules of language. Types of Communication - Communication flows in different forms. To get success in business communication plays an important role. It maximises the possibility of success. The most common types of communication are- (a) Horizontal (b) Vertical (c) Interpersonal (d) Grape vine) ## +3 ENGLISH COMMUNICATION ## 7 ## (a) Horizontal Communication - Horizontal communication is the transmission of information between people, divisions, departments or units within the same level of organisational hierarchy. It is different from vertical communication which is the transmission of information between different levels of organisational hierarchy. Horizontal communication is known as lateral communication. This is the primary method of co-ordinating the various units and departments of an organisation. It is essential to coordinate or integrate all the diverse units of an organisation form smooth running and effective management) Horizontal or lateral communication needs to be effectively used to socialize people into the system of organisation and create a sense of belongingness among them. It helps to facilitate the process of problem solving and to promote friendly and cooperative spirit e mong employees of the organisation. **Examples -** (i) Telephonic conversation (ii) Face to face communication (iii) Meetings (iv) Letters (v) Memos **Advantages** - Horizontal communication has some advantages like - (i) It decreases misunderstanding between departments of an organisation. (ii) It increases efficiency and productivity and reduces conformation and confusion. (iii) It helps in better implementation of official and orders for organisational development. (iv) It allows employee 5 at lower level to coordinate with each other directly. (v) It facilitates team work in a better and effective manner. (vi) It helps to increase job satisfaction and motivation. (vii) It also helps in creating employee empowerment in an organisation.) **Disadvantages** (i) It causes problems for management to control employees. (ii) It provides management much control and power with more flow of information. (iii) If creates conflict between employees by exposing each other openly. (iv) It consumes more time of an organisation. (v) If creates a lack of discipline without imposition of strict procedural rules. (vi) It brings rivalry, territoriality, specialisation and lack of motivation.) ## (B) Vertical Communication - Vertical communication or two way communication is the communication where the management can give directives and send information downward. It can also help to receive periodic information from subordinates about effectiveness of their directives and progress of the organisation. Vertical communication can be upward and downward communication. So vertical communication provides a proper channel to management to transmit ideas, information and instruction to employees. It enables to communicate their response upwards which is called upward communication. **Example -** The following can be taken as examples of upward communication (i) Feelings (ii) Attitudes (iii) Opinions (iv) Suggestions (v) Complaints) When a communication flows from a higher level of authority to a lower level of authority it is called a down ward communication. **Example -** Downward communication can be written or oral. Written form of down ward communication are - (i) manuals (ii) handbooks (iii) notices (iv) electronic news display Oral media of down ward communication are - (i) Face of face conversation (ii) Telephonic conversation (iii) Speeches (iv) Meetings **Definitions-** 1. L.C. Bovee defines vertical communication as 'A flow of information's up and down the organisations hierarchy'. 2. Stoner and Freeman define it as 'A communication which consists of communication up and down the organisations chain of command'. 3. According to Ricky and W. Griffin 'vertical communication is communications mat flows both up and down the organisation along formal reporting lines'. **Advantages** - (i) Helps to convey message of sub-ordinates The upward direction of vertical communication system helps the management to convey their suggestions, complains and recommendations to the sub ordinates. (ii) Maintains positive relation between labour and management The vertical communication is a systematic flow of communication which helps to create good relationship between authority and subordinates. (ii) Brings organisational discipline The chain of command in vertical communication system develops a sense of discipline among the employees. **Disadvantages** (i) Delays the process Vertical communication system maintains a long chain of command in a large organisation which makes a delay in the process of work. (ii) Disturb discipline e and reduces efficiency - Any doubt of the sub-ordinate employees for the boss brings indiscipline and workers become inefficient (iii) Loss or distortion of information - Information through this communication loose, its originality when it is fabricated by the employees. (iv) Affects relationship - This communication system gives scope for misunderstanding between superior and subordinates. (v) Slow system and negligence of superiors - As the slowest communication method, vertical communication passes through various levels of organisation for which the superiors sometimes neglect to send messages to subordinates.) ## +3 ENGLISH COMMUNICATION ## 8 ## (C), Interpersonal Communication : Language is is nothing but sub vocal speech. Communication is an on-going process and it continuously takes place within us irrespective of the presence of audience. Interpersonal communication is the process by which people exchange information, feelings and the meaning through verbal and nonverbal messages. It is face to face communication. It is a transaction between people and their environment, which includes other individuals such as friends, family, children co-workers and even strangers) Interpersonal communication is not just about what is actually said and the language used but how it is said and the non-verbal messages sent through tone of voice, facial expressions, gestures and body language. Some kinds of interpersonal communication that are commonly used is formal settings within any business organisation include staff meetings, formal project discussions and employee performance reviews. Besides that there are a number of articles of inter personal communication. These are- (i) Empathy (ii) Assertiveness (iii) Cultural Sensitivity (iv) Perseverance (i) Empathy - The ability to understand another person's feeling is called empathy. It begins with awareness of such feelings like pleasure and pain. Empathy enhances the sensitivity to relate with another person's expressed or unexpressed emotions by enabling you to put yourself in their shoes before taking action. (ii) Assertiveness - Assertiveness is the ability to stand by one's own conviction than following others direction. This quality enables one to follow his/her mind and heart. Heartley explains it as "A type of behaviour based on self-respect and respect for others". It means handling people with confidence and self-assurance while respecting others feelings and acknowledging their rights". Heartley explains that assertiveness is not about being a winner but about finding a comprehensive solution. (iii) Cultural/Sensitivity - Cultural sensitivity depends on the cultural awareness that is built up over a period of time. The most important and influential is the culture one shares within the territorial boundary of one's country. The cultural sensitivity enables one to connect and build successful relationship with people before going to other cultures. (iv) Perserverance - Perseverance is the ability to continue the efforts to achieve the desired goal. The truth is that only small percentage of people ever achieve their full potential and those who do are the ones who preserve towards their goals. **Uses of interpersonal communication:** Interpersonal Communication is a key life skill and can be used to - (i) Gives and collects information (ii) Influence the attitude and behaviour of others, (iii) Forms contacts and maintain relationships, (iv) Makes sense of the world and our experiences in it. (v) Expresses personal needs and understand the needs of others, (vi) Gives and receives emotional support, (vii) Makes decisions and solves problems, (viii) Anticipates and predicts behaviour. ## GRAPEVINE : Communication is the backbone of an organisation or business farm. It is communication that allows a small group of people to manage thousands of people effectively. The style and mode of communication varies from person to person and place to place. So there are two types of communication like formal and informal. When the information is communicated through the hierarchical line of authority, it is called formal communication. Upward, downward and horizontal communication are examples of formal communication) The two types of informal communication are grapevine and consensus. The most vital element of an organisation is their technique for management of the staff. Grapevine is the most effective tool in the hands of management which have commanding hand over employees without having any bitterness. It provides an alternative path of exchanging information without following tedious path of formal communication. It is neither preplanned nor deliberately motivated by the management. It is not written but oral. It does not have any set of rules and regulations besides that, it is not confined to a particular direction, but just spreads like grapevine. The formal channels of communication are systematic, but not speedy or spontaneous. The formals are slow and expensive where as the grapevine is non-expensive and most rapid oral method of transmitting the information to a maximum number of receivers. Grapevine is described as the barometer of public opinion in the organisation. Hence 'Grapevine' is defined as "instructured and informal network formed on social relationship rather than organisational charts or job descriptions. It is actually an informal vehicle through which message flows throughout the organisation". ## EXCELLENT ## 9 ## GRAPEVINE : Communication is the backbone of an organisation or business farm. It is communication that allows a small group of people to manage thousands of people effectively. The style and mode of communication varies from person to person and place to place. So there are two types of communication like formal and informal. When the information is communicated through the hierarchical line of authority, it is called formal communication. Upward, downward and horizontal communication are examples of formal communication) The two types of informal communication are grapevine and consensus. The most vital element of an organisation is their technique for management of the staff. Grapevine is the most effective tool in the hands of management which have commanding hand over employees without having any bitterness. It provides an alternative path of exchanging information without following tedious path of formal communication. It is neither preplanned nor deliberately motivated by the management. It is not written but oral. It does not have any set of rules and regulations besides that, it is not confined to a particular direction, but just spreads like grapevine. The formal channels of communication are systematic, but not speedy or spontaneous. The formats are slow ans expensive where as the grapevine is non-expensive and most rapid oral method of transmitting the information to a maximum number of receivers. Grapevine is described as the barometer of public opinion in the organisation. Hence 'Grapevine' is defined as "instructured and informal network formed on social relationship rather than organisational charts or job descriptions. It is actually an informal vehicle through which message flows throughout the organisation". ## EXCELLENT ## 10 ## GRAPEVINE : Communication is the backbone of an organisation or business farm. It is communication that allows a small group of people to manage thousands of people effectively. The style and mode of communication varies from person to person and place to place. So there are two types of communication like formal and informal. When the information is communicated through the hierarchical line of authority, it is called formal communication. Upward, downward and horizontal communication are examples of formal communication) The two types of informal communication are grapevine and consensus. The most vital element of an organisation is their technique for management of the staff. Grapevine is the most effective tool in the hands of management which have commanding hand over employees without having any bitterness. It provides an alternative path of exchanging information without following tedious path of formal communication. It is neither preplanned nor deliberately motivated by the management. It is not written but oral. It does not have any set of rules and regulations besides that, it is not confined to a particular direction, but just spreads like grapevine. The formal channels of communication are systematic, but not speedy or spontaneous. The formats are slow ans expensive where as the grapevine is non-expensive and most rapid oral method of transmitting the information to a maximum number of receivers. Grapevine is described as the barometer of public opinion in the organisation. Hence 'Grapevine' is defined as "instructured and informal network formed on social relationship rather than organisational charts or job descriptions. It is actually an informal vehicle through which message flows throughout the organisation". ## EXCELLENT ## 11 ## GRAPEVINE : Communication is the backbone of an organisation or business farm. It is communication that allows a small group of people to manage thousands of people effectively. The style and mode of communication varies from person to person and place to place. So there are two types of communication like formal and informal. When the information is communicated through the hierarchical line of authority, it is called formal communication. Upward, downward and horizontal communication are examples of formal communication) The two types of informal communication are grapevine and consensus. The most vital element of an organisation is their technique for management of the staff. Grapevine is the most effective tool in the hands of management which have commanding hand over employees without having any bitterness. It provides an alternative path of exchanging information without following tedious path of formal communication. It is neither preplanned nor deliberately motivated by the management. It is not written but oral. It does not have any set of rules and regulations besides that, it is not confined to a particular direction, but just spreads like grapevine. The formal channels of communication are systematic, but not speedy or spontaneous. The formats are slow ans expensive where as the grapevine is non-expensive and most rapid oral method of transmitting the information to a maximum number of receivers. Grapevine is described as the barometer of public opinion in the organisation. Hence 'Grapevine' is defined as "instructured and informal network formed on social relationship rather than organisational charts or job descriptions. It is actually an informal vehicle through which message flows throughout the organisation". ## EXCELLENT ## 12 ## GRAPEVINE : Communication is the backbone of an organisation or business farm. It is communication that allows a small group of people to manage thousands of people effectively. The style and mode of communication varies from person to person and place to place. So there are two types of communication like formal and informal. When the information is communicated through the hierarchical line of authority, it is called formal communication. Upward, downward and horizontal communication are examples of formal communication) The two types of informal communication are grapevine and consensus. The most vital element of an organisation is their technique for management of the staff. Grapevine is the most effective tool in the hands of management which have commanding hand over employees without having any bitterness. It provides an alternative path of exchanging information without following tedious path of formal communication. It is neither preplanned nor deliberately motivated by the management. It is not written but oral. It does not have any set of rules and regulations besides that, it is not confined to a particular direction, but just spreads like grapevine. The formal channels of communication are systematic, but not speedy or spontaneous. The formats are slow ans expensive where as the grapevine is non-expensive and most rapid oral method of transmitting the information to a maximum number of receivers. Grapevine is described as the barometer of public opinion in the organisation. Hence 'Grapevine' is defined as "instructured and informal network formed on social relationship rather than organisational charts or job descriptions. It is actually an informal vehicle through which message flows throughout the organisation". Grapevine is a channel through which the actual communication between various troops of the organisation takes place and gives the desired outcome. Since it is unstructured and not under complete control of management, it moves through the organisation in every direction. It moves upward, downwand, diagonally, within and without chains of command between workers and managers and even with and without a company. It gives out an idea that grapevine is not a form of communication which flows in a structural path. **Definitions of Grapevine :** - According to Bovee "Grapevine is an informal interpersonal channel of information not officially sanctioned by the organisation". - R.W. Griffin defines grapevine as “An informal communication network that can permeate an organisation". - News torm and K. Davil opines that "Grapevine is an informal system that arises spontaneously from the social interaction of the organisation”. **Types of Grapevine** - Prof. Keith Davis classifies grapevine into four basic types (a) Single strand chain (b) Gossip chain (c) Probability chain (d) Cluster Chain **Single strand chain -** The single strand chain involves the passing of information through a line of persons to the ultimate recipient. For example a person named X tells something to Y who tells it to Z and Z tells it to M and so or till up information has reached most of the persons involved or concerned. **Gossip chain -** In the gossip chain, one person seeks and tells the information to everyone. This chain is just like the wheel where one person stays at the centre and the information passes along the spokes of wheel to other persons on the rim. In the figure below 'A' is at the centre and passes information to others. **Cluster Chain :** In the cluster chain, one person tells the information to the selected persons who may inturn relay the information to other selected persons. Most of the information communication flows through this chain. The figure below shows the process of cluster chain. **Probability Chain:** The probability chain is a random process in which someone transmits the information to others in accordance with laws of probability and then others transmit the information in the sameway. This chain may also be called random process. The probability chain is shown below- ## EXCELLENT ## 13 **Advantages and disadvantages of Grapevine Communication** The advantages of grapevine communication (1) Helps in complete of work- The information is given by the top level management under the formal system. It's easy for the employees to take the explanation by the informal system. So grapevine system plays a vital role for interpretation and completion of a work. (2) Helps to present the grievance - Under the informal system, the employees disclose their needs, sentiment and their emotions to authority without sitation. (3) An alternative to reach the employees- The management of an organisation is not able to reach all information by formal system. Informal system covers the gap of familiarity and provides an alternative to reach the employees. (4) Improves relationship - The problem between workers and the management can be solved easily by an informal system. So it makes good relationships among the employees and the management. **Disadvantages:** (1) Not trustworthy - Grapevine is not trustworthy because if does not follow official path of communication and is spread more by gossips and unconfirmed report. (2) Wrong information - Most of the times rumours are made just to pretend that any individual is full of information about any particular farm. (3) Hampers good will - Grapevine hampers the good will of the organisation or any particular individual. **Conclusion:** The grapevine communication among the employees and employer cannot be stopped even though the upper level of management put an effort on it. As communication is a spontaneous activity, an organisation cannot stop or prevent it. But it can be positively used as a medium