American Nation History Lecture on Shocks and Responses (1992-Present) PDF

The American Nation A History of the United States Fourteenth Edition Chapter 32 Shock...

The American Nation A History of the United States Fourteenth Edition Chapter 32 Shocks and Responses: 1992-Present The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Shocks and Responses: 1992-Present A New Face: Bill Clinton The Election of 1992 A New Start: Clinton as President Emergence of the Republican Majority The Election of 1996 Clinton Impeached Clinton’s Legacy The Economic Boom and the Internet The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Shocks and Responses: 1992-Present The 2000 Election: George W. Bush Wins by One Vote The New Terrorism September 11, 2001 America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan The Second Iraq War 2004: Bush Wins a Second Term Crime: Good News and Bad Hurricane Katrina The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Shocks and Responses: 1992-Present Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” 2008: McCain v. Obama Financial Meltdown “Yes We Can”: Obama Elected President Obama as President Health Care Reform Immigration Reform Environmental Concerns and Disaster in the Gulf The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Shocks and Responses: 1992-Present Afghanistan, Again The Persistent Past and Imponderable Future The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A U.S. military convoy The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A New Face: Bill Clinton The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A New Face: Bill Clinton In 1946 William (Bill) Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe IV; father died in a car accident before he was born  Though stepfather was an abusive alcoholic, at 15 Bill legally took his name Graduated from Georgetown, won Rhodes scholarship to study at Oxford, graduated from Yale Law School The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Young Bill Clinton (left) shakes hands with President John F. Kennedy. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A New Face: Bill Clinton (cont'd) Returned to Arkansas, elected state attorney general In 1977 Clinton and his wife, Hillary Rodham, joined with James McDougal, a banker, to secure loan to build vacation homes in the Ozarks  Development named “Whitewater” became insolvent The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A New Face: Bill Clinton (cont'd) In 1977 Clinton and his wife, Hillary Rodham, joined with James McDougal, a banker, to secure loan to build vacation homes in the Ozarks  McDougal illegally covered debts with a loan from a savings and loan company he had acquired  In 1989 the savings and loan failed, costing the federal government $60 million to reimburse depositors The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A New Face: Bill Clinton (cont'd) In 1977 Clinton and his wife, Hillary Rodham, joined with James McDougal, a banker, to secure loan to build vacation homes in the Ozarks  In 1992 federal investigators claimed that the Clintons had been “potential beneficiaries” of McDougal’s illegal activities The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A New Face: Bill Clinton (cont'd) Clinton, now governor of Arkansas, was campaigning in the New Hampshire primary for the Democratic presidential nomination The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A New Face: Bill Clinton (cont'd) Few voters could make sense of the “Whitewater scandal,” but a far more explosive story threatened Clinton’s campaign  Clinton had extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers  Hillary Rodham Clinton appeared with her husband on CBS’s 60 Minutes to address the allegations The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A New Face: Bill Clinton (cont'd) Few voters could make sense of the “Whitewater scandal,” but a far more explosive story threatened Clinton’s campaign  Bill Clinton denied Flowers’s statements but issued an earnest if ambiguous appeal for forgiveness Clinton finished 2nd in New Hampshire, went on to win the Democratic nomination The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Election of 1992 The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Election of 1992 Bush expected to be easily renominated but encountered stiff opposition within Republican party  Patrick Buchanan, outspoken conservative, did well enough to alarm White House strategists The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Election of 1992 (cont'd) Ross Perot, billionaire Texan, announced he would run as an independent  Declared both major parties were out of touch with “the people”  Promised to spend $100 million of his own money on his campaign  Platform had both liberal and conservative planks The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Election of 1992 (cont'd) Polls showed Perot was popular in states Bush had been counting on and it seemed possible there might not be anyone with enough electoral votes to win Bush was renominated by the Republican convention The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Election of 1992 (cont'd) Clinton accused Bush of failing to deal with recession and promised to undertake public works projects, encourage private investment and to improve education and health insurance systems 44 million people voted for Clinton, 38 million for Bush and 20 million for Perot  Clinton won with 370 electoral votes to Bush’s 168 The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. A New Start: Clinton as President The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A New Start: Clinton as President Clinton first used executive authority to strengthen Supreme Court majority in favor of upholding Roe v. Wade Appointed Ruth Bader Ginsberg to the Supreme Court  Ginsberg was known to believe abortion to be constitutional  Clinton also indicated he would veto any bill limiting abortion rights The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A New Start: Clinton as President (cont'd) Reversed important Bush policies by signing a revived family leave bill into law and authorizing the use of fetal tissue for research purposes The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A New Start: Clinton as President (cont'd) Wanted to reduce the deficit by $500 billion over 5 years, half by spending cuts and half by new taxes  Since a number of Democrats refused to cooperate and the Republicans were firmly against it, Clinton was forced to accept changes The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A New Start: Clinton as President (cont'd) A major effort to reform health care, spearheaded by Hillary Clinton, emerged as too complicated and costly a plan, and never resulted in a vote in Congress Whitewater scandal created public pressure which forced Attorney General Janet Reno to appoint a special prosecutor, Kenneth Starr, a Republican lawyer The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Emergence of the Republican Majority The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Emergence of the Republican Majority Paula Corbin Jones, a State of Arkansas employee, charged that Clinton, while governor had asked her to engage in oral sex  Clinton’s attorney denied the accusation and sought to have the case dismissed on the grounds that a president could not be sued while in office but the case continued The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Emergence of the Republican Majority (cont'd) Republicans in 1994, led by congressman Newt Gingrich of Georgia, offered voters an ambitious program to stimulate the economy by reducing both the federal debt and the federal income tax  Would turn many of the function of the federal government over to the states or to private enterprise The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Emergence of the Republican Majority (cont'd) Republicans in 1994, led by congressman Newt Gingrich of Georgia, offered voters an ambitious program to stimulate the economy by reducing both the federal debt and the federal income tax  Federally administered welfare programs were to be replaced by block grants to the states  Many environmental protection measures were to be repealed The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Emergence of the Republican Majority (cont'd) Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress and tried to pass their “Contract with America” in the 1995 budget which Clinton vetoed, leading to an impasse  The government shut down all but essential services, for a time The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Emergence of the Republican Majority (cont'd) Contract with America  A pledge, signed by many Republicans running for Congress in 1994, to support conservative reforms limiting federal power and expenditures. Championed by House Speaker Newt Gingrich, it contributed to a Republican electoral victory; but opposition by President William Clinton, a Democrat, prevented passage of much of the contract’s legislative agenda. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Election of 1996 The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Election of 1996 Public blamed Congress, and especially Gingrich, for the shutdown and the president’s approval rating rose  Upturn during and after 1991 benefited Clinton  By 1996, unemployment was below 6 percent and inflation below 3 percent  Dow Jones industrial stock average soared above 6000 (triple the average in 1987) The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Election of 1996 (cont'd) Clinton was easily renominated for a second term Bob Dole, longtime senator from Kansas, got the Republican nomination  Poor campaigner, stiff and monotone; Dole’s proposals to reduce taxes and deficits were distressingly vague The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Election of 1996 (cont'd) Clinton won with 379 to 159 electoral votes but the Republicans retained control of both houses of Congress The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The British Colonial System The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton Impeached January 1998: A judge ordered Clinton to testify in the lawsuit Paula Corbin Jones had filed against him  To strengthen her case, Jones sought to show Clinton had a history of womanizing and so she subpoenaed a former White House intern, Monica Lewinsky  Clinton and Lewinsky both denied an affair, which Clinton restated to TV cameras after the information was leaked The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A seemingly anonymous well-wisher from the crowd greets President Bill Clinton. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton Impeached (cont'd) January 1998: A judge ordered Clinton to testify in the lawsuit Paula Corbin Jones had filed against him  Hillary Clinton denounced the charges as part of a right wing conspiracy The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton Impeached (cont'd) Lewinsky had been confiding in Linda Tripp, a former White House employee, and Tripp had secretly taped some 20 hours of their conversations  She turned these tapes over to special prosecutor Kenneth Starr The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton Impeached (cont'd) In the Tripp tapes, Lewinsky provided intimate details of sexual encounters with Clinton, making it appear Clinton and Lewinsky had lied under oath  Starr threatened to indict Lewinsky for perjury  In return for immunity, she repudiated her earlier testimony and admitted engaging in sexual relations with the president and being encouraged by him and his aides to provide false testimony The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton Impeached (cont'd) When called to testify before the Starr grand jury in August, Clinton admitted to “inappropriate intimate contact” but stated he had not had sex according to his definition  More legalisms followed The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton Impeached (cont'd) Clinton’s testimony  Infuriated Starr, who made public Lewinsky’s humiliatingly detailed testimony and announced that Clinton’s deceptive testimony warranted consideration by the House of Representatives for impeachment The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton Impeached (cont'd) Clinton’s testimony  Throughout this, opinion polls suggested 2 in 3 Americans approved of Clinton’s performance as president  Most Americans blamed the scandal on the intrusive Starr as much as on Clinton The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton Impeached (cont'd) In the November election, Republicans nearly lost their majority in the House The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton Impeached (cont'd) Republican leaders in the House impeached Clinton on the grounds that he had committed perjury and had obstructed justice by inducing Lewinsky and others to give false testimony in the Jones case  The vote closely followed party lines The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton Impeached (cont'd) The impeachment trial began in January 1999 with Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding  Republicans numbered 55, enough to control the proceedings but 12 short of the two-thirds needed to convict  Democrats, while publicly critical of Clinton’s behavior, maintained that his indiscretions did not constitute “high crimes and misdemeanors” as defined by the Constitution The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton Impeached (cont'd) The impeachment trial began in January 1999 with Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding  Article accusing Clinton of perjury was defeated 55 to 45; the obstruction of justice charge was defeated with a vote of 50 to 50 The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton’s Legacy The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton’s Legacy One reason Clinton survived was the health of the economy Until the final months, the Clinton years coincided with the longest economic boom in the nation’s history The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton’s Legacy (cont'd) Clinton deserves much of the credit—by reducing the federal deficit, interest rates came down, spurring investment and economic growth  By August 1998, unemployment had fallen to 4.5 percent, the lowest level since the 1960s  Inflation was a minor 1 percent, the lowest since the 1950s  In 1998, the federal government had its first surplus since 1969 The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton’s Legacy (cont'd) Clinton deserves much of the credit—by reducing the federal deficit, interest rates came down, spurring investment and economic growth  In the 2000 fiscal year, the surplus hit $237 billion The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton’s Legacy (cont'd) Clinton also promoted the globalization of the economy  Successfully promoted the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to reduce tariff barriers - Congress approved in 1993 During the last half of the 1990s, the U.S. led all industrial nations in the rate of growth of its real gross national product The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton’s Legacy (cont'd) New global economy harmed many  Union leaders complained that their members could not compete against convict or sweatshop labor in foreign countries  Others complained the emphasis on worldwide economic growth was generating an environmental calamity - International protests against the World Trade Organization culminated in the disruption of the 2000 meeting in Seattle, when thousands of protestors went on a rampage The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton’s Legacy (cont'd) Clinton’s record in foreign affairs was mixed 1993: Failed to assemble an international force to prevent “ethnic cleansing” by Serbian troops against Muslims in Bosnia The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton’s Legacy (cont'd) 1999: Clinton proposed a NATO effort to prevent Yugoslavian General Slobodan Milosevic from crushing the predominantly Muslim province of Kosovo, which was attempting to secede  After several months of intense NATO bombing of Serbia, Milosevic withdrew from Kosovo The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton’s Legacy (cont'd) 1999: Clinton proposed a NATO effort to prevent Yugoslavian General Slobodan Milosevic from crushing the predominantly Muslim province of Kosovo, which was attempting to secede  Within a year, he was forced from office and into prison, awaiting trial for war crimes before a UN tribunal The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton’s Legacy (cont'd) Clinton tried to broker peace between the Israelis and Palestinians  In 1993, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO leader Yassir Arafat signed a preliminary agreement preparing the groundwork for a Palestinian state  Extremists shattered the accord  1995: Rabin was assassinated by a Jewish zealot The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton’s Legacy (cont'd) Clinton tried to broker peace between the Israelis and Palestinians  Palestinians increased suicide bombings in reaction to construction of Israeli settlements on Palestinian territory The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton succeeded in brokering a deal between Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin (left) and Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Clinton’s Legacy (cont'd) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)  A 1993 accord signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to reduce and eventually eliminate barriers to trade, including tariffs, among the signatories. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Economic Boom and the Internet The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Economic Boom and the Internet A significant part of the prosperity of the 1990s came from new technologies  Such as cellular phones and genetic engineering, but especially from the development of the Internet  Developed in the 1970s by U.S. military and academic institutions to coordinate research, the Internet lacked a common language The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Economic Boom and the Internet (cont'd) A significant part of the prosperity of the 1990s came from new technologies  Early 1990s, Tim Berners-Lee, a British physicist working at a research institute in Switzerland, devised software that became the “grammar” of the Internet  With this language, the Internet became the World Wide Web (WWW)  The number of websites increased exponentially The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Economic Boom and the Internet (cont'd) In 1995, Bill Gates’s Microsoft entered the picture with its Windows operating system, which made the computer easy to use  It competed with Netscape by creating a web browser—Microsoft Internet Explorer—and embedded it in its software in the Windows 95 bundle  Netscape and other service providers protested that Microsoft was threatening to monopolize Internet access The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Economic Boom and the Internet (cont'd) In 1995, Jeff Bezos’s Internet company designed to sell books, Amazon.com, made its first sale  Within six years its annual sales approached $3 billion and its stock soared  Bezos became one of the richest men in the nation The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Economic Boom and the Internet (cont'd) Others thought they could do the same with products from pet food to pornography  Many start up companies consisted of little more than the hopes of the founders  “Venture capitalists” poured billions into emerging “dot-coms” The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Economic Boom and the Internet (cont'd) In 1999, some 200 Internet companies “went public,” selling shares in the major stock exchanges  Raised $20 billion easily  NASDAQ, the exchange which specialized in tech companies, had its index more than double between October 1999 and March 2000 The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Economic Boom and the Internet (cont'd) In 1999, some 200 Internet companies “went public,” selling shares in the major stock exchanges  Prices of dot-com stocks kept climbing though few companies generated profits and some lacked revenue all together The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Economic Boom and the Internet (cont'd) Spring 2000: A selling wave hit tech stocks and spilled over to other companies  Stock prices plummeted with the NASDAQ loosing nearly half its value in six months  In all, some $2 trillion in stocks and stock funds disappeared The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The 2000 Election: George W. Bush Wins by One Vote The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The 2000 Election: George W. Bush Wins by One Vote During the 2000 campaign, Vice President Al Gore, secured the Democratic nomination and chose as his running mate Senator Joseph Lieberman The Republican nominee was George W. Bush, son of former president Bush, who selected the defense secretary from his father’s administration, Dick Cheney, as his running mate The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. The 2000 Election: George W. Bush Wins by One Vote (cont'd) Consumer activist and environmentalist Ralph Nader also entered the race on the Green party ticket Main issue was what to do with the federal surplus of $1 trillion within five years  Bush wanted a substantial tax cut  Gore wanted to increase spending on education and shore up the social security system The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. The 2000 Election: George W. Bush Wins by One Vote (cont'd) Gore seemed stiff, though knowledgeable, while Bush often garbled the English language  Candidates spent a record $1 billion to get their messages to the voters The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. The 2000 Election: George W. Bush Wins by One Vote (cont'd) On election night, it appeared at midnight that Bush had 246 electoral votes and Gore 267 with 270 votes to win and Florida, with 25 votes, undecided  Bush had a lead in Florida of 1,784 out of nearly 6 million votes cast The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. The 2000 Election: George W. Bush Wins by One Vote (cont'd) After a machine recount, Bush’s lead was reduced to several hundred votes  Democrats complaining that a punch-card ballot was confusing and that machines routinely failed to count them correctly  Gore’s lawyers demanded several predominantly Democratic counties be recounted by hand The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. The 2000 Election: George W. Bush Wins by One Vote (cont'd) After a machine recount, Bush’s lead was reduced to several hundred votes  Republicans claimed could not change voting procedures after the election and demanded the hand count cease  Entire election wound up in courts until the Supreme Court ruled on December 12, in a 5 to 4 vote, that the selective hand recounts violated the Constitution The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. The 2000 Election: George W. Bush Wins by One Vote (cont'd) Gore received 51 million votes and Bush received 50.5 million  Nader received nearly 3 million The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The New Terrorism The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The New Terrorism In the wake of the Cold War, many military dictators who had been kept afloat by the U.S. or the Soviets found themselves having to seek the support of the people in order to stay in power The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The New Terrorism (cont'd) In many Arab nations, rulers cultivated popular support by denouncing Israel, which refused to return Palestinian land seized in the 1967 war  U.S. encouraged Israel to trade land for peace but few Israelis believed the promises of Arab leaders who routinely called for the destruction of Israel and had trained and funded terrorism The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The New Terrorism (cont'd) In many Arab nations, rulers cultivated popular support by denouncing Israel, which refused to return Palestinian land seized in the 1967 war  Because Israel relied on U.S. for support, Arab rage was increasingly directed at U.S. and at Americans abroad The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The New Terrorism (cont'd) Several dozen separate terrorist organizations were behind the attacks on American targets  1998: Osama bin Laden, the son of a Saudi oil billionaire, published a fatwa—a religious edict—to Islamic peoples throughout the world to “kill Americans and their allies, both civil and military….” The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The New Terrorism (cont'd) Several dozen separate terrorist organizations were behind the attacks on American targets  Bin Laden was protected by an extremist Islamic group, the Taliban, which ruled Afghanistan  Six months later, bin Laden’s organization— al-Qaeda—had perpetrated bombings of the U.S. embassies in Nairobi and Dar es- Salaam in Africa The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The gaping hole in the destroyer USS Cole The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 At 8:40 on the morning of September 11, 2001  Madeline Amy Sweeney, a flight attendant on American Airlines flight 11, placed a call on her cell phone to inform her supervisor in Boston that 4 Arab men had slashed the throats of two attendants, forced their way into the cockpit and taken over the plane  She provided their seat numbers The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 (cont'd) At 8:40 on the morning of September 11, 2001  When asked if she knew where they were headed, she looked out the window and realized they were headed for the World Trade Center The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 (cont'd) The Boeing 767 was traveling at 500 miles per hour at 8:46 when it slammed into the 96th floor of the north tower, causing a fireball to engulf 8 or 9 floors The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  A second jetliner approaches the south tower of the World Trade Center The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 (cont'd) Fifteen minutes later a second jet plowed into the 80th floor of the south tower  50,000 people worked in the World Trade Center  As thousands fled, hundreds of firefighters charged up the stairs to try to rescue those who were trapped The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 (cont'd) At 9:30 the White House received word that another hijacked airliner was barreling toward Washington, D.C.  Secret Service agents rushed Cheney to an emergency command bunker below the White House The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 (cont'd) At 9:35 the airliner plunged into the Pentagon and burst into flames  Cheney telephoned Bush, who was in Florida, to tell him the nation was under attack  Bush authorized the Air Force to shoot down any other hijacked airliners The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 (cont'd) A few minutes later a fourth hijacked airliner plowed into a field in Pennsylvania after passengers had declared their intention—by cell phone—to retake the plane The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 (cont'd) At 9:59, the south tower of the World Trade center collapsed followed by the north tower half an hour later  Nearly 3000 lay dead in the rubble, including the Fire Chief and 350 firemen  Several hundred more perished at the Pentagon and the crash of the airliner in Pennsylvania The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 (cont'd) Teams of four or five Arabic speaking men had hijacked each of the planes  Several of the hijackers were quickly linked to al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden, who had previously been indicted (but not captured) for the 1998 bombing of the U.S. embassies in East Africa and the 2000 attack on the USS Cole  Bin Laden operated with impunity in Afghanistan The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 (cont'd) That evening, President Bush assured Americans that the terrorists would be found and made to pay for their attacks and that any government harboring them would be held equally responsible  Bin Laden, in a video recording, denied involvement in the attacks but praised those who had carried them out The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 (cont'd) Several weeks later, Bush declared that bin Laden would be taken “dead or alive” and offered $25 million for his death or capture  Within the United States, thousands of Arabs were rounded up and detained  Those with visa and immigration violations were imprisoned The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  September 11, 2001 (cont'd) Several letters addressed to government officials included threats and anthrax spores which killed half a dozen postal workers and mail recipients  Bush created the Office of Homeland Security headed by Tom Ridge The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan Bin Laden was in Afghanistan protected by the Taliban  Taliban had fought the Soviet invasion in the 1980s, inflicting heavy losses with weapons and support from the U.S. Source of the anthrax letters was problematic, as they resembled strain developed in U.S. military laboratories The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan (cont'd) Bush’s secretary of state Colin Powell  Maintained that U.S. troops should only be deployed when their political objective was clear, military advantage overwhelming and means of disengaging secure—“Powell Doctrine”  Powell urged many European, Asian and Islamic states to crack down on terrorist cells in their countries and to provide assistance in the U.S. military campaign against the Taliban The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan (cont'd) Bush’s secretary of state Colin Powell  Persuaded anti-Taliban forces in Afghanistan to join forces to topple the regime The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan (cont'd) September 20: Bush ordered the Taliban to turn over bin Laden and top al-Qaeda leaders  When the Taliban refused, Bush unleashed missiles and warplanes against Taliban installations and defenses  Taliban forces hunkered in bunkers to withstand bombings and fought off attacks by anti-Taliban forces The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan (cont'd) September 20: Bush ordered the Taliban to turn over bin Laden and top al-Qaeda leaders  Small teams of American soldiers with hand- held computers and satellite-linked navigational devices, joined with anti-Taliban contingents, marking Taliban positions with laser spotters and communicating with high altitude bombers which dropped electronically guided bombs from 30,000 feet The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan (cont'd) September 20: Bush ordered the Taliban to turn over bin Laden and top al-Qaeda leaders  Taliban were driven from power with the loss of only one U.S. soldier to enemy fire The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan (cont'd) War on terror  Initially, a worldwide campaign to catch and prosecute those guilty of the September 11, 2001, attacks; as terrorist attacks spread throughout the world, the war became defined far more broadly. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War January 2002: After the Taliban had been crushed, Bush declared the U.S. would take “preemptive actions” against regimes that threatened it  Identified Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as an “axis of evil”  Immediately after September 11, he initiated plans to attack Iraq The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War (cont'd) Secretary of State Powell advised Bush not to attack Iraq  If Saddam were driven from power, U.S. would be left with Iraq and the following disarray  Cheney, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and others insisted Iraqis would welcome liberation and embrace democracy and a free Iraq would stimulate democratic reforms throughout the Middle East The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War (cont'd) Joint Chiefs of Staff proposed an invasion of half a million troops  Rumsfeld insisted on a smaller, faster, cheaper force of 125,000  Spring 2002: CIA agents were spirited into Iraq and airplanes and soldiers were deployed to Kuwait  Bush denied he had any plans to attack Iraq The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War (cont'd) In September, Bush sought congressional support, stating that the Iraqi leader had weapons of mass destruction  Congress voted overwhelmingly in favor of war appropriations  Bush called on the UN to join in the attack The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War (cont'd) Following the Iran-Iraq War, UN inspectors had destroyed thousands of tons of chemical weapons  In recent years these inspectors had found little further evidence of these weapons  Bush saw this as proof Saddam had hoodwinked the inspectors The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War (cont'd) Following the Iran-Iraq War, UN inspectors had destroyed thousands of tons of chemical weapons  When, after several months, the UN Security Council delayed taking action, Bush formed a coalition—Great Britain, Italy, Spain and a few other countries—to oust Saddam The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War (cont'd) March 20, 2003: American missiles and bombs—in the “Shock and Awe” campaign —pounded Saddam’s defenses  Two armored columns roared across the Kuwaiti border into Iraq  British forces moved along the coast toward the oil port of Basra  TV reporters provided live coverage  Iraqi resistance was disorganized and ineffective The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War (cont'd) March 20, 2003: American missiles and bombs—in the “Shock and Awe” campaign—pounded Saddam’s defenses  American forces advanced half way to Baghdad the first night April 4: U.S. Army seized the Baghdad International Airport The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War (cont'd) The next morning, 800 American soldiers in tanks and armored vehicles blasted their way into downtown Baghdad  Some Iraqis poured into the streets to celebrate  Others looted offices, museums, stores, and hospitals  Saddam disappeared and his government evaporated The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War (cont'd) The next morning, 800 American soldiers in tanks and armored vehicles blasted their way into downtown Baghdad  By mid-April, the Pentagon declared major combat operations had come to an end The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War (cont'd) Iraq was in chaos and there were too few U.S. soldiers to preserve order  Islamic radicals joined with Saddam supporters to attack occupation forces The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  The Second Iraq War (cont'd) Axis of evil  A pejorative phrase, coined by President George W. Bush in 2002, referring to states that supported terrorism and sought weapons of mass destruction. He specifically identified Iraq, Iran, and North Korea. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  “Mission Accomplished” proclaimed the banner on the USS Abraham Lincoln The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. 2004: Bush Wins a Second Term The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2004: Bush Wins a Second Term The war became the main issue of the election campaign By January, Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts was gaining in the polls and had won the Democratic nomination by April  Chose Senator John Edwards as his running mate The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2004: Bush Wins a Second Term (cont'd) In Iraq, the situation deteriorated as 60 Minutes revealed American captors had tortured Iraqi captives in the Abu Ghraib prison  Casualties mounted  Cost of the occupation was spiraling upward  No Iraqi weapons of mass destruction had been found The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2004: Bush Wins a Second Term (cont'd) At the Democratic Convention in July, Kerry emphasized his military service in Vietnam  Contrast to Bush who had served in the National Guard in Alabama and Texas during the war The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2004: Bush Wins a Second Term (cont'd) At the Democratic Convention in July, Kerry emphasized his military service in Vietnam  Criticized Bush for attacking Iraq before capturing bin Laden and for starting the war with insufficient international support and insufficient troops to maintain order and rebuild Iraq The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2004: Bush Wins a Second Term (cont'd) Bush mobilized conservatives and religious fundamentalists  Proposed a constitutional amendment that would define marriage as the union between a man and a woman - Kerry endorsed gay rights but endlessly qualified previous statements on same-sex marriage The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2004: Bush Wins a Second Term (cont'd) Bush’s campaign attacked Kerry’s war record  Some Vietnam veterans seized on the fact that in 1971 Kerry had told a congressional committee that the Vietnam war was wrong and immoral  Republicans also portrayed Kerry as opportunistic and Bush accused him of flip- flopping The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2004: Bush Wins a Second Term (cont'd) More than 12 million new voters came to the polls for one of the most divisive elections in recent history  Kerry received 57 million votes but Bush got 60 million and won with 286 electoral votes to 252 The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  DEBATING THE PAST Do Historians Ever Get It Right? The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Crime: Good News and Bad The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Crime: Good News and Bad Crime subsided during the 1990s:  By 2009, the homicide rate nationwide was 40 percent below 1991  In many big cities the decline was astonishing The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Crime: Good News and Bad (cont'd) Various explanations were offered for the drop in crime:  “Law and order” campaigns had put the worst criminals in prison  General health of the economy  Roe v. Wade (1973) and the legalization of abortion reduced the number of unwanted children The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Crime: Good News and Bad (cont'd) But if urban crime was down, violence repeatedly jolted the nation  Columbine, Virginia Tech massacres and numerous other tragic incidents occurred Each year, about 14,000 Americans are killed with guns The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Crime: Good News and Bad (cont'd) The spate of shootings reignited gun control debate:  Proponents of gun control deplored easy access to lethal weapons The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Crime: Good News and Bad (cont'd) The spate of shootings reignited gun control debate:  The National Rifle Association and other defenders of the right to bear arms, affirmed by the Second Amendment to the Constitution, blamed criminals for the mayhem  NRA insisted that law-abiding citizens needed guns to defend themselves The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Crime: Good News and Bad (cont'd) In 2010 the Supreme Court struck down municipal laws banning handguns in Chicago and the District of Columbia (McDonald v. Chicago) The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Hurricane Katrina The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Hurricane Katrina August 28, 2005, the National Weather Service warned that hurricane Katrina would create “devastating damage”  Federal officials evacuated the Louisiana coastline  Millions fled though 100,000 residents of New Orleans, most of them poor, remained  Ten thousand took refuge in the Superdome Katrina made landfall early on August 29 The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Hurricane Katrina (cont'd) Within minutes it destroyed nearly every building in Plaquemines Parish and 150 mile per hour winds ripped two holes in the Superdome  Water dumped by the hurricane as it headed north caused the collapse of canals and the breeching of the Lake Pontchartrain levees, flooding much of New Orleans  Rural areas were hit equally hard The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Hurricane Katrina (cont'd) By evening, much of New Orleans was under water and 25,000 crowded into the Superdome while those locked out took over the Convention Center At first, no one understood the dimension of the disaster and the situation worsened over the next three days  Over a million people were displaced from their homes The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Hurricane Katrina (cont'd) At first, no one understood the dimension of the disaster and the situation worsened over the next three days  Dead bodies, sewage, rotting food and plants and factory effluents combined to form a toxic inland sea  The Convention Center, housing 20,000, descended into anarchy The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Downtown New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Hurricane Katrina (cont'd) Television crews arrived long before help from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)  Viewers saw horrible conditions even as Michael Chertoff, who oversaw FEMA, expressed satisfaction with the agency’s response  By then more than 1,300 were dead The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Hurricane Katrina (cont'd) Many shared the blame for conditions  Engineers had long warned that the levees and canals could fail but little was done to strengthen them  Environmentalists and complained of the overdevelopment and erosion of coastal marshes and wetlands and were ignored The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Hurricane Katrina (cont'd) Many shared the blame for conditions  Officials in New Orleans had neglected to devise an evacuation plan for those without cars and one-sixth of the police force abandoned the city before the storm struck  The mayor did not respond well  FEMA director was so worried about making a mistake that he did little at all  Bush complimented the beleaguered director publicly The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Hurricane Katrina (cont'd) The 1900 hurricane which destroyed the city of Galveston and killed 10,000 people was a worse disaster than Katrina The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Hurricane Katrina (cont'd) So was the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and resulting fires which burned 500 blocks and killed 700—a larger proportion of the population than perished in Katrina What was so disturbing about Katrina, in addition to the loss of life, was it illustrated the nation’s vulnerability The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” Iraq suffered from a breakdown of civil society after Saddam While coalition forces attempted to halt the violence, political officials laid the foundations for a new Iraqi government  Despite targeting of polling places and warnings to stay away, nearly 8 million Iraqis voted in the January 30, 2005 elections The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) In the north, the Kurdish majority won most of the seats  June 28, 2004: The coalition transferred nominal authority to the Iraqi Governing Council whose chief task was to organize the election of a National Assembly to draft a constitution  They sought to form a Kurdish state and secede The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) In the south, the Shiites embraced a messianic strain of Islam and had strong ties to Iran The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) The Sunnis dominated the region around Baghdad but constituted only 20 percent of the overall population  Sunnis boycotted the election and vowed to have nothing to do with the ensuing government The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) The Shiite dominated new government quickly drafted a constitution which struggled between elements supporting an Islamic state and those supporting individual freedoms  Voters approved it on October 15, 2005 The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) On February 22, 2006, insurgents blew up the golden dome of the Askariya Mosque, a Shiite shrine  Enraged Shiites attacked Summi mosques and clerics, triggering an endless cycle of reprisals  Some Iraqi military and police officers formed extralegal death squads to eliminate Sunni leaders and terrorize their followers  Sunni militias responded in kind The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) Fall 2006: An Iraqi tribunal convicted Saddam of killing 148 Shiites  Saddam was hanged on December 30, 2006 in a proceeding that seemed less like justice and more like revenge The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  In 2006 an Iraqi tribunal convicted Saddam Hussein The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) Americans struggled to find a policy that would isolate Iran and build democracy in Iraq  Also wanted Sunni participation in the government which both Shiites and Sunnis saw as absurd  U.S. policies offended everyone The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) As U.S. congressional elections approached, the war cost $2 billion a week and the annual U.S. deficit soared to half a trillion dollars  Democrats increasingly withdrew their support from the war  Some Republicans also defected The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) Midterm elections resulted in a decisive defeat for the Republicans as Democrats control of Congress—and the budget Democrats named Nancy Pelosi Speaker of the House  First woman to hold the position The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) In January 2007, when Bush called for a modest increase in troop levels in Iraq, Pelosi and the Democrats opposed the measure and voted to reduce funding for the war  Bush vetoed In January 2007, Bush named General David Petraeus to command a “surge” in American troop levels in Iraq The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) Petraeus advanced a doctrine summarized by the phrase “clear, hold, and build”:  Remove insurgents from a region  Establish military control over it  Build stronger ties with the Iraqi people By spring of 2008, violence in Iraq had declined and the surge appeared to be working The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) Improvised explosive device (IED)  Also known as “roadside bombs,” IEDs are homemade bombs that usually consist of captured artillery shells that are wired to a detonator. Either they are exploded remotely or by suicide bombers. IEDs accounted for over a third of the casualties sustained by American and United Nations forces in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved. Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” (cont'd) “Surge”  The sudden increase in troop strength that appeared to have been used successfully against the Iraq insurgency in 2007. President Barack Obama similarly adopted a surge in 2009 to stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Four Heroes The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Francisco (“Paquito”) Martinez The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Curtis E. Glawson Jr. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Wayne R. Cornell. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Daniel J. Geary. The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2008: McCain v. Obama The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2008: McCain v. Obama John McCain, Republican senator from Arizona, won the party’s presidential nomination  McCain had piloted a navy fighter-bomber during the Vietnam war  After his plane was shot down over North Vietnam, he was held as a prisoner-of-war for six years; occasionally he was tortured  At 71, McCain if elected would be the oldest person to serve as a first-term president The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2008: McCain v. Obama (cont'd) McCain surprised pundits by naming Sarah Palin, the little-known governor of Alaska, as running mate Barack Obama, a first-term senator from Illinois, won the Democratic nomination and named Joe Biden, a senator from Delaware, as his running-mate The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  John McCain and Sarah Palin The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2008: McCain v. Obama (cont'd) During the general election McCain pointed out that Obama had failed to serve even a single full term as U.S. senator: Obama, he claimed, was unqualified for the presidency  But McCain’s choice of Palin deprived McCain of his strongest issues: experience and judgment The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2008: McCain v. Obama (cont'd) Obama criticized the Republican administration for waging war against Iraq, thereby diverting resources from defeating the main 9/11 culprits: the Taliban and bin Laden  Obama proposed moving troops from Iraq to Afghanistan  Advocated a major expansion of federally backed health care The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2008: McCain v. Obama (cont'd) McCain sought to send more troops to Iraq and criticized Obama’s health-care proposal as step toward socialized medicine McCain, a conservative, accepted public support to help finance his campaign, while Obama, a liberal, rejected public financing—the first candidate to do so The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  2008: McCain v. Obama (cont'd) Obama raised a staggering $750 million and vastly outspent McCain Obama mobilized and energized young people, especially through new electronic media The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Financial Meltdown The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Financial Meltdown The fault lines of the 2008–2009 economic crisis began in the 1990s Consumers went on a spending spree and within a decade their savings were gone By 2005, for the first time since the Great Depression, the American people spent more than they earned The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Financial Meltdown (cont'd) Mostly they bought houses  But how, without savings, could they afford down payments?  Politicians, bankers, and financial “wizards” devised several solutions In 2002 President Bush and both parties in Congress advocated steps to encourage home ownership, including easier lending requirements The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Financial Meltdown (cont'd) Federally-owned mortgage companies were prodded to issue more mortgages Private mortgage companies followed suit  Reasoned that as house prices increased, the ability of homeowners to repay loans mattered less: A repossessed house could be sold for more than the original mortgage loan Millions of Americans for the first time bought homes The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Financial Meltdown (cont'd) In 1994, 64% of U.S. families owned homes; by 2004, increased to 69%, highest ever  Housing prices soared and many homeowners bought bigger ones Soon banks and mortgage companies had exhausted their capital The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Table 32.1 Causes of the 2008–2009 Financial Crisis The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Financial Meltdown (cont'd) Large international investment banks such as Goldman Sachs, Lehman Brothers, and Bear Stearns more than filled the void  Bought tens of thousands of mortgages from the original banks and lending institutions  Lending banks used revenue to loan out more mortgages The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Financial Meltdown (cont'd) Large international investment banks such as Goldman Sachs, Lehman Brothers, and Bear Stearns more than filled the void  International investment firms chopped up mortgages, clumped them into complicated investment bundles, and sold them to investors worldwide  Credit-rating companies, such as Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s, pronounced the bundles to be sound investments The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Financial Meltdown (cont'd) Many investors bought insurance from the American Insurance Group (AIG) to protect them if the bundles somehow went bad  AIG, perceiving little risk, failed to set aside much money to cover potential losses By late 2008, millions of homeowners were swamped with bills they could not pay The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark C. Carnes John A. Garraty All rights reserved.  Financial Meltdown (cont'd) Total household debt in the United States exceeded $14.5 trillion—20x more than in 1974 Nearly 10% of all American mortgages were delinquent or in foreclosure Goldman Sachs quietly placed bets that the mortgage bundles it had mass- marketed would lose their value