APUSH Unit 7 PDF

Transition to Urban Industrial Economy Technological Advancements and Economic Shift ​ Introduction of assembly line by Henry Ford revolutionized production methods, influenced by Taylorism for task efficiency. ​ Focus on consumer goods production like radios, refrigerators, and cars enhan...

Transition to Urban Industrial Economy Technological Advancements and Economic Shift ​ Introduction of assembly line by Henry Ford revolutionized production methods, influenced by Taylorism for task efficiency. ​ Focus on consumer goods production like radios, refrigerators, and cars enhanced living standards. ​ Urbanization by 1920 provided economic opportunities for women, international migrants, and internal migrants. ​ Increased personal mobility, especially due to the accessibility of cars, transformed societal dynamics. Calls for Financial Regulation ​ Episodes of economic instability, notably the Great Depression, prompted demands for a stronger financial regulatory system. ​ Establishment of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) reduced bank failures and stabilized the financial sector. Progressive Era Reforms Journalistic Exposés and Social Reforms ​ Progressive journalists like Jacob Riis highlighted political corruption and social injustices. ​ Reformers such as Jane Addams focused on effecting social changes in urban areas and among immigrant populations. Legislative and Constitutional Changes ​ National Progressives advocated for economic regulation through acts like the Clayton Antitrust Act and the establishment of the Federal Reserve Bank. ​ Progressive amendments to the Constitution addressed issues like prohibition, woman suffrage, and income tax. New Deal and Political Realignment FDR's New Deal Initiatives ​ Utilization of government resources to provide relief, stimulate recovery, and reform the economy during the Great Depression. ​ Introduction of programs like Social Security and the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) to aid the unemployed and regulate farming. Reform Movements and Political Opposition ​ Radical, union, and populist movements pressured for extensive economic reforms, while conservative entities in Congress and the Supreme Court aimed to limit the New Deal's impact. ​ Legacy of the New Deal included the establishment of regulatory agencies and a shift in voting patterns towards the Democratic Party. Innovations in Mass Culture and Migration Patterns Impact of Mass Media on Culture ​ Emergence of radio and cinema as influential mediums for spreading national and regional cultures. ​ Movies like 'The Jazz Singer' and radio broadcasts like 'Fireside Chats' shaped public entertainment and communication. Artistic Expression and Cultural Restrictions ​ Harlem Renaissance celebrated African American culture through literature, music, and art. ​ World War I restrictions on freedom of speech, Red Scare, and attacks on labor activism highlighted societal anxieties and limitations. Cultural and Political Debates of the 1920s ​ Controversies over gender roles, modernism, science, religion, and immigration reflected societal shifts and tensions. ​ Events like the Scopes Trial and rise of nativism and the KKK showcased the clash of traditional and modern values. Immigration Policies and Urban Migration Nativist Campaigns and Immigration Quotas ​ Post-WWI nativist campaigns led to immigration quotas. ​ 1921 - Immigration restricted to 3% of US population based on 1910 census. ​ 1924 - Further restrictions to 2% based on 1890 census, targeting specific ethnic groups. ​ Exclusion of Asian immigrants from entering the US. Urban Migration and Economic Opportunities ​ Increased demand for labor during WWI and WWII. ​ Great Depression led to migration to urban centers for economic opportunities. ​ Migration reasons: economic prospects, war production, and fleeing the Dust Bowl to California. African American Great Migration ​ Movement from South to North and West during and after WWI. ​ Motivated by escaping segregation, violence, and limited economic opportunities. ​ Encountered discrimination despite finding new opportunities. Mexican Immigration and Government Policies ​ Increased migration from Mexico and Western Hemisphere for economic reasons. ​ Faced contradictory US government policies in the 1930s and 1940s. ​ Deportations during the Great Depression and the Bracero Program during WWII. US Role in Global Conflicts Imperialist Expansion and Anti-Imperialist Arguments ​ Imperialists advocated overseas expansion for economic gains and racial theories. ​ Anti-imperialists opposed overseas acquisition, citing self-determination and isolationism. ​ Debates intensified in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Spanish-American War and Territorial Acquisitions ​ US acquisition of territories in the Caribbean and Pacific post-Spanish-American War. ​ Involvement in Asia and suppression of nationalist movements in the Philippines. ​ Effects of the war: increased US presence in Latin America and Asia. World War I and Postwar Debates  ​ US neutrality in WWI followed by entry based on Wilson's principles. ​ American Expeditionary Forces tipped the balance in favor of the Allies. ​ Senate's refusal to ratify Treaty of Versailles or join League of Nations. US Foreign Policy and Isolationism ​ Unilateral foreign policy post-WWI using investment, peace treaties, and military intervention. ​ Maintained isolationism while engaging in international affairs. ​ Neutrality Acts of the 1930s and opposition to military action pre-Pearl Harbor. US in World War II and Postwar Era American Perspective and Mobilization ​ Viewed WWII as a fight for freedom and democracy against fascist ideologies. ​ Mass mobilization ended the Great Depression and equipped allies and troops. ​ Revelations about wartime atrocities reinforced the war's purpose. Social Impact and Allied Victory ​ Mobilization provided opportunities for women and minorities. ​ Debates over racial segregation and challenges to civil liberties. ​ Allied victory through cooperation, technological advances, and atomic bomb use. US Emergence as a Global Power ​ War-ravaged conditions in Asia and Europe led to US emergence as a superpower. ​ US dominance in postwar peace settlements and the creation of the United Nations. ​ Shift from isolationism to a leading role in global affairs.