Career Week 4 PDF

Week 4: Learning Theories Leila K Warraich, PhD, NCC Some slides adapted from Pearson Agenda 01 02 03 04 Check In FishBowl Chapter 4 Questions Housekeeping  01 Check-In  02 FishBowl  03 Chapter 4 Learning Theories  Learning Theories...

Week 4: Learning Theories Leila K Warraich, PhD, NCC Some slides adapted from Pearson Agenda 01 02 03 04 Check In FishBowl Chapter 4 Questions Housekeeping  01 Check-In  02 FishBowl  03 Chapter 4 Learning Theories  Learning Theories Learning Theorists Bandura’s Foundational specific to the Career Theories Counseling Professional Social Learning Krumboltz Theory Social Cognitive Lent, Brown & Theory Hackett Peterson, Sampson, Lenz & Reardon  Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory Social Cognitive Theory Neither of these theories is specific to the profession of career counseling, but they each serve as a foundation for the learning theories of career development Social Learning Theory People learn not only as a result of their own behaviors and the consequences they experience directly… but also as a result of observing others. This is called vicarious or observational learning. Examples? Social Cognative Theory Whereas social learning theory emphasizes the impact of observation and modeling on a person’s learned behaviors, the focus of social cognitive theory is on how an individual’s internal processing of information affects his or her behavior. 1. Triadic reciprocity 2. Self-efficacy  Triadic Reciprocality Bandura believed that a person, that person’s behavior, and the environment all affect one another.  Self-Efficacy “A judgment of one’s capability to accomplish a certain level of performance” (Bandura, 1986, p. 361) Affected by: 1. Performance accomplishments 2. Vicarious Experience 3. Verbal Persuasion 4. Physiological states Self Efficacy Theory Low self efficacy → avoidance or tentative completion of tasks High self efficacy → confident completion of tasks  Career Counseling Learning Theories Krumboltz Social Learning Theory of Career Selection Learning Theory of Career Counseling Happenstance Learning Theory Lent, Brown & Hackett Social Cognitive Career Theory Peterson, Sampson, Reardon & Lenz Cognitive Information Processing Approach  John Krumboltz Three primary areas of emphasis: Applied Bandura’s Impact of past social learning learning on career His theory has decision making theory to the field evolved over time Use of learning in of career career counseling counseling Role of chance in career development and career counseling  Social Learning Learning Theory Happenstance Theory of Career of Career Learning Theory Selection Counseling Social Learning Theory of Career Selection/Decision-Making Genetic endowment and special abilities Environmental conditions and events Learning Experiences (instrumental and associative) Task Approach Style Instrumental Learning Experiences Associative Learning Experiences  Social Learning Learning Theory Happenstance Theory of Career of Career Learning Theory Selection Counseling Learning Theory of Career Counseling An extension of Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory of Career Selection More emphasis on using learning in the career counseling process Two primary approaches Developmental/ preventative Targeted remedial  Developmental/Preventive Working with young people to Generally targets students in K-12 assist them in experiencing settings! positive instrumental and A great rationale for school counselors associative learning, developing and school guidance curricula accurate self-observation generalizations, and acquiring useful task approach skills  Targeted/ Remedial Actions career counselors may Generally targets faulty learning take to help clients address experiences career-related problems L T T C encourages career counselors to take an active role in understanding how clients’ past learning experiences have affected them, in assessing the accuracy of self-observation generalizations, and in challenging faulty thinking. Ways to Help: Help clients acquire more accurate self-observation generalizations Help clients learn new task approach skills Help clients take appropriate career-related actions  Social Learning Learning Theory Happenstance Theory of Career of Career Learning Theory Selection Counseling Happenstance Learning Theory The latest iteration of Krumboltz’s Theory Focuses on the role of chance events In affecting our initial career choice In presenting new career opportunities Chance events are common and skills are needed to benefit when they arise Curiosity: exploring new learning opportunities Persistence: exerting effort despite setbacks Flexibility: changing attitudes and circumstances Optimism: viewing new opportunities as possible and attainable Risk Taking: taking action in the face of uncertain outcomes  Career Counseling Learning Theories Krumboltz Social Learning Theory of Career Selection Learning Theory of Career Counseling Happenstance Learning Theory Lent, Brown & Hackett Social Cognitive Career Theory Peterson, Sampson, Reardon & Lenz Cognitive Information Processing Approach Social Cognitive Career Theory Based directly on More specific regarding Abbreviated as Theorists: Lent, the cognitive factors Bandura’s Social SCCT Brown and Hackett that affect decision- Cognitive Theory making  Triadic Reciprocality Self Efficacy Impact of Contextual Outcome expectations Factors Personal goals Models  4 Models in this theory 1. Interest Model (how career interest develops) 2. Choice Model (how people pick their career) 3. Performance Model (job performance) 4. Persistence/Satisfaction Model (still emerging) Developmental Approach in SCCT Focus on Provide broad exposure to the world preventing Encourage exploration of interests problems and Promote skill development supporting Assist with development of accurate healthy self-efficacy career Teach about the world of work Assist with development of accurate development outcome expectations in youth Remedial Approach in SCCT Address Challenge inaccurate self- efficacy impact of beliefs Support skill development to self-efficacy improve accurate but low self- beliefs efficacy beliefs Identify and address environmental barriers  Career Counseling Learning Theories Krumboltz Social Learning Theory of Career Selection Learning Theory of Career Counseling Happenstance Learning Theory Lent, Brown & Hackett Social Cognitive Career Theory Peterson, Sampson, Reardon & Lenz Cognitive Information Processing Approach Cognative Information Processing (CIP) Focuses on using a cognitive, learning approach to assisting Theorists: Peterson, Samson, clients with the decision- Reardon, and Lenz making step in Frank Parsons’ three step model  CIP Assumptions One’s ability to make Both affective and sound career decisions cognitive processes are depends not only on self- important to career and occupational decision-making and knowledge, but also upon problem solving. cognitive processes. The goal of career Career development is a counseling should be to lifelong process requiring help clients develop more many decisions along the effective information way. processing skills.  CIP Operations Information Gathering Information Processing Knowledge Domain Decision Making Domain Executive Processing Domain CIP Decision Status Taxonomy CIP’s Two Dimensional Model of Readiness to Make Career Decisions  CIP Decision Making Model CASVE Counselor Version Client Version Questions to Be Answered C: Communication Identifying a gap Knowing I need to make a What am I thinking and feeling choice about my career choice at this moment? What do I hope to attain as a result of career counseling? A: Analysis Interrelating problem Understanding myself and my What are the reasons for the gap components options between my present state of indecision and a more desired state (pronounced kasah’vy) of decidedness? S: Synthesis Creating likely alternatives Expanding and narrowing my What are the possible courses of list of options action I could take to reduce or eliminate the gap? V: Valuing Prioritizing alternatives Choosing an occupation, Which alternative is the best course program of study, or job of action for me, and in some cases, my significant others, my cultural group, community, or society? E: Execution Forming means-ends strategies Implementing my choice How can I transform my first choice into an action plan and set the plan into motion?  CIP 7 step delivery sequence 1. Initial Interview 2. Preliminary Assessment 3. Definition of Problem and Analysis of Causes 4. Formulation of Goals 5. Development of an Individual Learning Plan 6. Completion of the Individual Learning Plan 7. Summative Review and Generalization Questions? 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