Carbohydrate Lecture Notes PDF 2012
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Uploaded by PoignantSparkle3808
2012
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Summary
These lecture notes cover the topic of carbohydrates, specifically focusing on monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The notes outline their structure, function, and importance in biological systems.
Full Transcript
Lecture 4: Biological Molecules BIOL 211 Spring 2012 1 Overview Macromolecules – Monomers and polymers The four classes of biological molecules – Lipids ...
Lecture 4: Biological Molecules BIOL 211 Spring 2012 1 Overview Macromolecules – Monomers and polymers The four classes of biological molecules – Lipids Saturated, unsaturated, trans fats Phospholipids Steroids – Carbohydrates Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides – Proteins Amino acids Primary, secondary, terGary, quarternary structure – Nucleic acids NucleoGdes DNA and RNA BIOL 211 Spring 2012 2 The four classes of biological molecules All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids These are macromolecules -‐ large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms Molecular structure dictates func0on “Macro” = “large” All four classes are organic molecules! Not all organic molecules are part of one of the four classes of biological molecules! BIOL 211 Spring 2012 3 What do macromolecules look like? BIOL 211 Spring 2012 4 What do they do? Type of macromolecule Example Func3on Lipids Fat Cell membranes, energy storage Carbohydrates Starch, sugar Energy storage, structure Nucleic acids DNA, RNA Store geneGc material Proteins Trypsin Cell machinery BIOL 211 Spring 2012 5 Polymer -‐ a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks Monomer – the building block Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers – Carbohydrates – Proteins – Nucleic acids BIOL 211 Spring 2012 6 Polymers and monomers (of both nonbiological type) Monomer Polymer BIOL 211 Spring 2012 7 Polymers and monomers (of the nonbiological type) Nylon monomer Nylon polymer A monomer is a single pa_ern repeated over and over. It can be composed of many atoms Nylon polymer BIOL 211 Spring 2012 8 Kevlar Polyethylene BIOL 211 Spring 2012 9 BIOL 211 Spring 2012 10 Monomer Monomer Polymer Polymer Class I: Carbohydrates Sugars and the polymers of sugars Simplest carbohydrate monomers are monosaccharides More complex carbohydrate polymers are called polysaccharides Purpose: fuel and fuel storage, building material – Sugar – Cellulose BIOL 211 Spring 2012 12 Examples of carbohydrates Sugar, starch, cellulose, glucose BIOL 211 Spring 2012 13 Sugars Carbo = carbon, Hydrate = water Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide Monosaccharides are named by – The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton 3, 5, or 6 carbons and where the OHs are BIOL 211 Spring 2012 14 Structure of carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Though often drawn as linear skeletons, in aqueous solutions many sugars form rings 15 Monosaccharides Some common carbohydrate monomers… – Fructose Fruit sugar – Glucose Produced by photosynthesis, used as energy storage – Ribose Important in RNA (ribonucleic acid) Glucose BIOL 211 Spring 2012 19 High fructose corn syrup Primary sweetener in the U.S. due to corn subsidies and foreign sugar tariffs FDA says GRAS, but sGll health concerns on the rise Normal corn syrup is all glucose – EnzymaGc processing converts glucose into fructose HFCS is 24% water, the rest sugar – 55% fructose, 45% glucose HFCS used in soda – Fructose is much sweeter than glucose BIOL 211 Spring 2012 29 2 Disaccharides Two monosaccharides bond together to create a disaccharide Examples of disaccharides: – Sucrose Table sugar – Lactose Sugar found in milk BIOL 211 Spring 2012 18 Lactose intolerance Inability to digest the sugar in milk Caused by a lack of the enzyme lactase, which hydrolyzes lactose into its monosaccharides glucose and galactose Bacteria in your gut can metabolize it through fermentaGon though, which produces hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane BIOL 211 Spring 2012 19 Many Polysaccharides Many monosaccharides linked together through glycosidic bonds The structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomers and how they are connected Two types of polysaccharides: storage and structural BIOL 211 Spring 2012 20 Examples of polysaccharides Storage-‐These are oken branched – Starch Found in plant – Glycogen found in animals BIOL 211 Spring 2012 21 Structural polysaccharides One structural polysaccharide is cellulose The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells BIOL 211 Spring 2012 22 BIOL 211 Spring 2012 23 What are the two main types of polysaccharides? What are some examples of each? BIOL 211 Spring 2012 24